CC BY
32
DOI 10.46566/2541-9285_2023_73_25
Soatova Sh.B.
English Philology Department Alisher Navo'i Tashkent State University of Uzbek language and Literature Uzbekistan, Tashkent Yespembetova D.N.
"Department of Informatics and Mathematics" Peoples' Friendship University named after Academician A.Kuatbekov
TYPES OF SENTENCES AND NOTION OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Abstract. The article is based on types of sentences, notion of conditional sentences, the comparative analysis of the characteristics of speech in English and Uzbek. Students learn types of sentences in English and Uzbek languages. They also find information about conditional sentences, a declarative sentence, an exclamatory sentence, an interrogative sentence, a complex sentence, a mixed sentence or compound-complex sentence. The results of the article can be used in lectures and seminars on general linguistics, lexicology, comparative linguistics, linguoculturology, as well as in seminars, dissertations, textbooks, manuals.
Key words: contitional sentences, types of sentences, conjunction, complex sentences, dependent subordinate clauses, conjunctive adverbs, conjunctive pronouns, compound-complex sentence.
Syntax studies combinations of words (phrases), sentences, units bigger than sentences and their types. It also considers how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences. According to the purpose of utterance a sentence, both in English and Uzbek languages, may be formed into 4 types:
1. A declarative sentence (Darak gap) which either states a fact (declarative affirmative) or deny something (declarative negative), and at the end of a sentence, according to a rule, punctuation mark "full stop" should be used:
e.g. The young man looked at his wife. - Yosh yigit o'z rafiqasiga qaradi.
From the examples stated above, it can be said that declarative sentences in English and Uzbek are somehow similar (not fully) to each other in the way they are constructed.
2. An interrogative sentence which expresses a question can be seen in both English and Uzbek at the same time.
a) General question. It is a question which refers to the whole sentence. The first place is taken by an auxiliary or modal verb, then the subject follows, then notional verb, and the rest. In Uzbek language, the equivalent of these types of
sentences can be called as "So'roq yuklamali so'roq gaplar" The reason for this is that some type of grammar units must be applied in Uzbek language while, in English language, auxiliary, modal or link verbs are in use to form such interrogative sentences.
e.g. Will you join us?- Bizga qo'shilasanmi?
Could you show me the way to Mustaqillik Square? - Mustaqillik maydoniga olib boruvchi yo'lni ko'rsata olasizmi?
b) Alternative question. It is a question in which choice is suggested. The question begins like a general question but after the word to which choice is given the conjunction 'or' is put. In fact it is two general questions combined by the conjunction 'or' but in the second part we omit an auxiliary or modal verb and the subject. In Uzbek language, the exact equivalent does not exist; however, we may call these types of sentences in Uzbe k as "Ayiruv bog'lovchili so'roq gaplar" To be more precise, the conjunction 'or' - 'yoki' is used in both languages when it comes to this formation of questions [1].
e.g. Do you study or work? - Siz ishlaysizmi yoki o'qiysizmi?
Would you like coffee or tea? - Kofe ichasizmi yoki choy?
c) Disjunctive question or tag question. The first part of this question is not a question. It is either an affirmative or negative sentence, the second part is the beginning of a general question, with the negation 'not if the first part is affirmative and without the negation 'not' if the first part is negative. Unfortunately, in Uzbek language, such type of questions does not exist at all.
e.g. You live in Tashkent, don't you?
You don't live in Tashkent, do you?
It was a difficult question, wasn't it?
It wasn't a difficult question, was it?
Note: Mind the following sentences which express agreement.
Close the window, will you?
Don't speak loudly, will you?
Let's turn the television down, shall we?
He used to sleep late, didn't he?
I am happy, aren't I?
We hardly know him, do we?
d) Special question. This question is put to one of the members of a sentence.
The first place is taken by an interrogative word, then the general question follows; but the word to which we put a question is omitted. In Uzbek language, it is the same with "So'roq olmoshli so'roq gaplar"; however, the formation differs in terms of grammar structure [2,p.150]. More specifically, in Uzbek language, the subject is usually used at the beginning of such questions whilst, in English language, special question words (in some sources, wh- question words) must always come at the beginning.
e.g. What does your father do? - Otang nima ish qiladi? or Otangning kasbi nima?
3. An exclamatory sentence which expresses strong feelings: astonishment, surprise, delight, joy, anger, indignation, etc. In Uzbek language, the term "Undov, his-hayajon gaplar" can be used in this case as in these types of sentences, emotions are of great importance.
e.g. How wonderful! What a beautiful picture! - Qanchalar ajoyib! Bunchalar chiroyli surat!
4. An imperative sentence, in Uzbek language, can be called as "buyruq gaplar" as in both languages, the function of these sentences is to command or request something.
e.g. Open the door, please.- Iltimos, eshikni oching.
Do come to see me tomorrow.- Ertaga meni ko'rishga kelgin albatta.
According to the structure a sentence, in English and Uzbek, is the following:
1. A simple unextended sentence (Sodda yig'iq gap) consists of the main parts, only the subject and the predicate:
e.g. I am writing. -Men yozyapman.
As can be seen from these both examples, in such sentences whether in English and Uzbek, the rules applied are the same: only principal parts are used within a sentence.
Regarding this, some viewpoints stated by scholars can be given as an example. To be more precise, Byrd and Benson (2001: 37-53) says that a simple sentence is a type of sentence that has at least one subject and predicate with a complete thought [3].
2. A simple extended sentence (Sodda yoyiq gap) consists of some secondary parts (attribute, object, adverbial modifier) besides the main parts both in English and Uzbek:
e.g. The boy has fallen from the chair.- Bola stuldan yiqilib tushdi.
3. A compound sentence (Qo'shma gap) consists of two or more independent clauses joined together by means of coordination [4, pp. 34-108 ].
e.g. Leo was playing in the room, Nick and Nelly were playing with him there.- Leo xonada o'ynayotgan edi, Nik va Nelli ham u bilan birga o'ynashyotgan edi.
4. A complex sentence (Ergashtiruvchi bog'lovchili qo'shma gap) consists of a principle clause and one or more dependent subordinate clauses. According to M. Rahmi, S. Saun and A.Adnan (2016), A complex sentence is made up of a simple sentence plus one (or more) subordinate clause(s) by adding the subordinating words. Subordinate clauses (Tobe gaplar) are introduced by:
Conjunctive adverbs introduce subordinate adverbial clauses of different types. Conjunctive pronouns introduce subject, object and predicative clauses. Relative pronouns introduce attributive clauses.
e.g. Helen wants to enter the University when she leaves school.
5. A mixed sentence or compound-complex sentence (Aralash qo'shma gaplar). It is a sentence consisting of one or more independent clauses with one or more subordinate clauses [5]. M. Rahmi, S. Saun and A.Adnan (2016) say that a compound-complex sentence is made up of two (or more) simple sentences and one (or more) dependent or subordinate clause(s).
Below analysis of compound sentences can be seen.
Jane sat down and Mrs. Clark offered her a cup of tea.
The sentence: compound, declarative, affirmative, consists of two independent clauses joined by means of the coordinate conjunction and.
The 1st sentence: Jane sat down.
The sentence: simple, unextended, declarative, affirmative.
The principal parts are:
The Subject (who?): Jane (a proper noun, singular, Common Case)
The Predicate (what did the subject do?): sat down - a simple verbal predicate (intransitive, irregular simple notional verb "to sit" in Past Simple, Active, Indicative Mood).
The 2nd clause: Mrs. Clark offered her a cup of tea.
The sentence: simple, extended, declarative, affirmative.
The principal parts are:
The Subject (who?): Mrs. Clark (a proper noun, singular, Common Case).
The Predicate (what did she do?): offered - a simple verbal predicate (regular transitive verb 'to offer', Past Simple, Active).
The secondary parts are:
A cup of tea (what?): a direct object to the predicate (a prepositional phrase is expressed by two common nouns, Common Case).
In linguistics, the interest of researchers in major linguistic and communicative-pragmatic units of language has been growing in recent years. In particular, simple and compound sentences from major linguistic units and their types have been in the focus of attention of many linguists. In such studies, all existing aspects of communicative units serve as the object of research, for example, their structural, semantic, cognitive, functional, pragmatic and stylistic aspects are studied with special attention by research scientists [12]. The study of communicative units of language and their comprehensive linguistic analysis and description has been carried out with great success not only in private linguistics but also in typological and general linguistics, but there are still a number of serious problems and issues in this field. From this point of view, the monograph of Professor of our university G.M. Hoshimov "Typology of conjunctions of languages in different systems" is devoted to a topical issue that is almost undeveloped in modern linguistics - the typology of conjunctions in languages of different systems, which is closely related to typological and general syntax theory. and a series of synonymous units in Uzbek languages.
Syntactically, conditional sentences consist of two clauses: the conditional clause (or if clause) which states the condition upon which the main (or result)
clause depends. In Uzbek, the conditional clause is called "shartli ergash gaplar" and the main clause "bosh gap"[6]. On this point, Thomson and Martinet (1995:197) give the same opinion saying conditional sentence has two parts one of which is dependent clause and another is independent one [7].
As can be seen from the definitions given in different sources in English and Uzbek language, the structure is similar to each other. More specifically, the examples can be seen below:
If it rains, I will stay at home.
Agaryomg'iryog'sa, men uyda qolaman.
In the first sentence, the part "If it rains" is a dependent clause (in other sources "If clause"), and the second part is called independent clause as this is the part which a speaker can use separately with a complete meaning [10]. However, paying attention to the second sentence, here, "Agar yomg'ir yog'sa" is a dependent clause while the second part "men uyda qolaman " can be considered as an independent one.
Although a wide variety of conditional sentences can be introduced by different subordinators in both languages such as "unless" and "... bo'lsa" in English and a "agar.masa", " In Uzbek, the present work is going to focus on the structure introduced by the adverbial subordinator "if" in English and "agar" in Uzbek [11].
Furthermore, there are other distinctions based on the syntactic role of the adverbial clause of condition within the sentence, i.e. as adjunct or as style disjunction, which Quirk has classified as direct and indirect conditions respectively [9, p.375-379].
According to Quirk, direct conditions, which constitute the central use of conditionals, "convey that the situation in the matrix clause is directly contingent on that of the conditional clause i.e. the truth of the proposition in the matrix clause is a consequence of the fulfillment of the condition in the conditional clause" [8, p.1779].
References:
1. Hoshimov G.M. Typology of language phrases in different systems. Monograph. Tashkent, 2016
2. Abdurahmanov G. Compound sentence (materials from the syntax of the Uzbek language). - T.: - UzSSR O'quvped publication, -1957.-150 p
3. Byrd, Patricia and Beverly Benson.(2001). Applied English Grammar. United States of America: Phyllis Dobbins.
4. Abdurahmanov G'. Syntax of the compound sentence. -T.: -UzFanakademnashr, 1964. 3.34-108.
5. M. Rahmi, S. Saun and A. Adnan (2016). A STUDY OF SENTENCE TYPES ONTHE WRITING OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2014. Journal of English Language Teaching ISSN 2302-3198
6. Protasis and apodosis also appear in some articles in English "A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language", Quirk, 1985
7. Thomson and Martinet. 1995. APractical English Grammar. New York: Oxford UniversityPress
8. That work: Randolph Quirk (1985). Page 1779.
9. Абдуллаева, Ч. Б. (2021). Лингвокреативность в контексте антропоцентризма. Бюллетень науки и практики, 7(3), 375-379.
10. Abdullaeva, C. B. (2022). ROMANCE LANGUAGES. Главный редактор, 32.
11. Tairova, F. F. (2023). THE COGNITIVE SPACE OF A FICTION TEXT AND THE REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE. CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 4(01), 01-07.
12. Tairova, F. F. Cognitive Principles of Information Coverage in Literary Texts in English and Uzbek.
