38THEORY OF THE PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING OF PRESCHOOL
CHILDREN
Aziza Raximovna Sanakulova
Teacher, Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan
ABSTRACT
In the article discusses the definition of the principles of teaching preschool children. As we know, teaching and upbringing, the original aspects of a single process have their own composition, their own specific methods, their material and psychological prerequisites. In the early stages of a child's life, education and upbringing act in a closer unity, and it is difficult to differentiate them, but as the child grows up, upbringing and education become more and more clearly differentiated. But this does not mean at all that teaching loses its educational power, and education ceases to be teaching. Preschool education is an integral part and the first link in a unified system of continuous education, where the foundations of the personality are being formed.
Keywords: preschool education, definition of principles, system of continuing education.
INTRODUCTION
Preschool education is an integral part and the first link in a unified system of continuous education, where the foundations of the personality are being formed. In accordance with the generally accepted age periodization of human development, preschool childhood covers the period from birth to 6 years old, when the child's motor, sensory and intellectual spheres are actively formed, the development of his speech and basic mental processes. The high intensity of the process of personality formation during preschool childhood makes it especially effective to carry out pedagogical interaction with the child and to solve the problems of his development, education and training [1, 54].
At the same time, children develop a more loyal attitude towards work, interest in the work of adults, and hard work. Education and upbringing are usually in one whole: teaching, we educate, and educating - we teach.
At the same time, teaching and upbringing as a kind of aspects of a single process have their own composition, their own specific methods, their material and psychological prerequisites. In the early stages of children's life, education and upbringing appear in a closer unity, and it is difficult to differentiate them, but as the
child grows up, upbringing and education become more and more clearly differentiated. But this does not mean at all that teaching loses its educational power, and education ceases to be teaching. Teaching at all stages of a child's development remains upbringing, and upbringing remains teaching [2].
The principles of teaching are such initial positions that the educator uses during the selection of content, organization and teaching methods. They reflect the internal natural aspects of the activities of the educator and the child, determine the effectiveness of training at different age stages with various forms of organization of training.
The principles of teaching are not once and for all accepted categories. With the development of psychological and pedagogical science, they improve, acquiring a deeper justification (the principle of active learning, developmental learning, etc.) [3,
91].
METHODOLOGY AND LITERATURY REVIEW
The organizational form of teaching is classes that differ from lessons at school in structure, less stringent requirements, a greater degree of cooperation between the teacher and children. The main feature of training sessions with preschoolers is that cognitive activity is based on the child's practical, mental actions and mental actions with prompts. However, the general laws and principles of teaching preschool children and primary school children are the same. Knowledge of these principles ensures the productivity of solving educational, upbringing and developmental problems.
The success of the learning process largely depends on the provisions that guide the teacher in his organization. These provisions or laws of teaching were called in pedagogy - didactic principles of teaching.
The principles of teaching are the starting points that determine the activities of the teacher and the nature of the cognitive activity of students. Ignorance of the principles or their inept application inhibits the success of learning, complicates the assimilation of knowledge, the formation of the qualities of the child's personality [4].
The set of principles allows us to characterize the entire educational process, all aspects of the teacher's activities and the cognitive activity of children. In practice, the following principles of teaching preschool children are used.
Its essence lies in the fact that real knowledge that correctly reflects reality must penetrate into the child's mind. In the classroom, the educator definitely forms in children specific ideas, knowledge about the world around them, which do not conflict with those that the school will give. The student's initial scientific knowledge does not arise out of the blue, but on the basis of real ideas received by children in
kindergarten. Thus, a deeper scientific knowledge of reality arises on the basis of a less deep one. Undoubtedly, it is not easy to adhere to this principle when explaining the simplest things to preschoolers. Didactics is designed to prepare educational material in such a way that, on the one hand, it correctly reflects the surrounding reality, and on the other hand, it would be understandable and accessible to children. The scientific principle ensures the formation of elements of a dialectical-materialistic understanding of the surrounding world in preschool children.
The importance of this principle is determined by the specific specifics of the child's thinking in kindergarten. The principle of visibility is not new. At the same time, it is possible that in the process of a child's development, qualities are formed in him that are directly opposite to those that we would like to see [5].
The period of preschool childhood is a favorable time for the gradual formation of the foundations of a scientific worldview in a child, that the knowledge, experience of activity, attitude, behavior acquired at this age stage - all this, taken together, prepares in the child that qualitative leap that occurs in the process of forming a worldview on at a later age stage - school education [6, 32].
It is no coincidence that children strive to translate any story into a figurative language, to imagine events in the form of some kind of visual picture. The most difficult thinking skills - reasoning, counting, proving, analyzing and comparing -come from initial external actions, from working with specific objects. To learn to count in your head, you have to work hard, counting real objects. Real objects and visual images contribute to the correct organization of the mental activity of children. The value of visualization of learning is convincingly confirmed by studies, which show that basic information is assimilated by a person through visual and auditory perception. Visual information is perceived instantly. On the other hand, auditory information enters our brain sequentially and takes much longer.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Implementing the principle of visibility in the pedagogical process of kindergarten means enriching and expanding the child's direct sensory experience to clarify his empirical knowledge.
In preschool institutions, the following types of visualization are used in the learning process:
1. subject;
2. figurative;
3. conditionally - symbolic visualization [7].
Using objective visualization, I show children natural objects of the outside
world, volumetric images (toys, models, dummies of vegetables, fruits).
When using figurative clarity, I show children pictures, illustrations, slides.
When using conditional - symbolic visualization, mathematical signs, schemes of words, sentences, tables for studying the composition of numbers are demonstrated.
In teaching children in the classroom, visualization is used, first of all, in connection with communicating new knowledge to children, as well as when consolidating them, when organizing independent activities of children.
The following requirements are imposed on the visibility used in the classroom: they must fully reflect everything around, correspond to the level of development of preschoolers, be highly artistic in content and design,
What the teacher of children teaches should be clear to him and also definitely correspond to the development of the child.
To master the literacy, the child must learn to distinguish the phonetic side of the text. In addition, children at this age are characterized by physiological inarticulateness (they cannot pronounce hissing, whistling sounds, etc.), which means that they cannot be prepared for direct literacy training.
An essential feature of the principle of accessibility is the connection between the acquired knowledge and those that have already been formed in the child's mind. If such a connection cannot be established, then knowledge will be inaccessible to children [8].
However, what is available in teaching children cannot be exemplified with light. Easy training does not cause any mental effort, stress in children, and, therefore, does not contribute to their development. Accessible teaching always presupposes setting for children such tasks, such tasks, the solution or implementation of which would be within the reach of the children and at the same time cause some strain on their mental strength.
Experimental data show that if children do not show interest in learning, then the information coming from teacher to child is not perceived by them. Even with a neutral mental state of the child, information coming from the outside is not perceived by the child's brain.
The practice of kindergarten shows that many children are intellectually passive due to the fact that the teacher, when explaining the educational material, does not foresee in advance the techniques that activate the cognitive abilities, thinking and behavior of the child, when he "chews" everything down to the smallest details himself, without relying on activity and independence of the child, who has no choice but to "swallow" the next dose of material [9].
The following parameters of the child's personality are taken into account in the work of the teacher:
1. the nature of the switching of mental processes;
2. level of knowledge and skills;
3. working capacity;
4. level of independence and activity;
5. attitude to learning;
6. level of volitional development.
Guided by didactic principles, you can achieve better results in teaching preschool children.
Thus, the above principles of teaching give the unity of the teacher's practical activity and the cognitive activity of children. Methods, content, organization of training sessions with preschool children are significantly dependent on the teacher's understanding of the principles of teaching and the ability to apply them in their activities.
Foreign experience of teaching preschool children
In foreign pedagogy, the solution to the problem of interaction between the family and the preschool institution differs significantly from the solution of the same issue in Russian pedagogy. There, the focus is on the child and his family, and the interaction of the preschool institution with the parents is seen as helping the parents in raising the child, and not as teaching the parents what teachers know.
In England, there are public (free) and private preschool institutions. They are subordinate to the authorities in charge of primary and secondary education. There are no official instructions regarding the content of the work or programs. Employees of preschool institutions draw up programs independently, taking into account the recommendations that are given at special conferences and courses. The guiding principles in the work of preschool institutions are the child's self-expression in activity as the best means of identifying abilities and setting on their spontaneous, spontaneous development.
In the United States, there is also no single preschool [10] education program, no single state system, no general laws, so work in each state is structured differently. In the United States, preschool institutions are different: public kindergartens at public schools, universities, colleges, private kindergartens and child centers. The concept of preschool education is largely based on the pragmatic pedagogy of J. Dewey. In accordance with it, independent activity of children prevails in preschool institutions, games with building materials are widely used. Much attention is paid to teaching children the ability to independently plan their work, carry it out carefully,
and bring it to the end. Children are taught to be leaders.
There are also public and private preschools in France. They were included in the public education system in 1982, while the state ones are free and secular, and the private ones, which are attended by the children of wealthy parents, work according to different educational programs.
The abundance of educational programs and the focus of preschool education primarily on the family, and not on society as a whole, find expression in different pedagogical approaches to the interaction of the family and the preschool institution. The following models of interaction with parents can be distinguished: the Adler model, the educational-theoretical model, the sensory communication model, the model based on the transactional analysis of E. Bern, the model of group consultations by H. Jinota, etc.
CONCLUSION
Thus, in order for the teaching of preschool children to be effective and bring good results, it is enough to observe the basic principles of teaching:
1. The principle of learning in play. Play activity in preschool age is the leading activity. Therefore, it is most effective to conduct training sessions in a playful way.
2. Classes should be interesting for children and in an active manner. If the classes are interesting for the child, he actively takes part in them and thus knowledge is assimilated faster and more reliably.
3. The principle of visibility. In working with babies, this teaching principle is one of the leading. The preschooler is still dominated by visual-figurative thinking. This is why it is so important to provide your child with visual examples and material.
4. The principle of consistency. Learning should be consistent, that is, knowledge is given from simple to complex, and not vice versa.
5. The principle of accessibility and individuality. This means that knowledge and skills should be given to a child, taking into account his age and individual characteristics.
Compliance with these principles will help the baby to develop harmoniously and effectively.
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