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168. Туркестанские ведомости. -1902. - N° 103. 24 октября.
9. Туркестанские ведомости. - 1903 г. - № 47.- 12 июня; 1903. - № 48.- 15 июня; 1903. - № 49.- 19 июня; 1903. - №50. - 22 июня.
10. Туркестанские ведомости. -1904. - №89.- 28 июня; 1904. - №90. - 2 июля; 1904. - № 91. - 4 июля; 1904 - № 92.- 6 июля; 1904. - № 93.- 7 июля.
11. Туркестанские ведомости. - 1904. - № 105.- 28июля; 1904. - № 112.- 10 августа; 1904. - № 123.- 29 августа; 1904. - № 128.- 8 сентября; 1904. - № 134.- 21 сентября
12. Туркестанские ведомости. -1908. - № 233.- 30 октября и др.
А.Е. СНЕСАРЕВ - ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬ СРЕДНЕЙ АЗИИ
В статье рассматривается вкратце основные этапы жизни и деятельности замечательного писателя и педагога, большого знатока военного искусства, известного ученого-востоковеда Андрея Евгеньевича Снесарева Талантливого дореволюционного и советского исследователя, оставил яркий след в изучение истории и этнографии народов Центральной Азии и в особенности таджикского народа.
Присоединением Памира к России, открыло широкую возможность для всестороннего изучения этого горного региона. А.Е.Снесарев, который, по долгу службы имел прямую причастность к нему не мог быть только пассивным наблюдателем неповторимого природного ландшафта, истории и быта местного населения.
Ключевые слова: царизм, завоевания, колония, среднеазиатские ханства, Бухара, Туркестан, генерал-губернаторства, русско-английская соперничества, Памир, Афганистан, Индия, Англия, Тибет, Кашгар, Рушан, Шугнан, Вахан.
AE. SNESARYOV - THE SCHOLAR OF CENTRAL ASIA
The article briefly explores the basic stages of life and work ofgreat writer andpedagogue, great connoisseur of martial arts, famous scientist and orientalist Andrey Evgenevich Snesarev. Talentedpre-revolutionaty and soviet scholar who left a bright trace in the study ofhistory and ethnography of Central Asia peoples andparticular Tajik people.
The accession of Pamir to Russia opened a wide-ranging opportunity for comprehensive study of this mountainous region. A.E. Snesaryov in an official capacity had direct involvement to it could not only be a passive observer of unique natural landscape, history and local life.
Key words: tsarism, conquest, colony, Central Asia khanate, Bukhara, Turkistan, Government-General, Russian-English rivalry, Pamir, Afghanistan, India, Englant, Tibet, Kashgar, Rushan, Shugnan, Vakhan.
Сведения об автора:
Пирумшоев Мунир Хайдаршоевич - кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры отечественной истории факультета истории и международных отношений Российско-Таджикского (Славянского) университета (РТСУ) (Республика Таджикистан, г. Душанбе), E-mal: munir.85@mail.ru
About the author:
Pirumshoev Munir Khaidarshoevich - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Russian History, Faculty of History and International Relations of the Russian-Tajik (Slavonic) University (RTSU) (Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe), E-mail: munir.85@mail.ru
TAJIKISTAN RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA ON THE BASIS OF THE «OPEN DOORS» POLICY
Karimzoda B.M.
Academy of Public Administration under the President ofthe Republic of Tajikistan
The foreign policy «open doors» declared at the turn of 2002-2003, implied mandatory modernization of the Tajik-Russian cooperation through strengthening of its economic and human dimensions, adjusting the strategic partnership and alliance between the two states to the new global political realities [2]. Moreover, one of the most important directions of this foreign policy should be strengthening of friendly relations with Russia, which was proclaimed a strategic partner. That is why Tajikistan supports the development of the integration processes on the post-Soviet space and maintains close ties with Russia. The reasons for this support are economic, cultural, educational, political and military spheres.
Tajikistan and Russia are historically linked throughout the centuries by old tradition, close interaction, friendship of people, and deep interpenetration of cultures. For 70 years Russia and Tajikistan were tied together, first as parts of a single political, economic and social body and second as «Centre» and «periphery». Tajikistan is traditionally considered one of Russia's most stable geopolitical allies in the post-Soviet space. A considerable part of their relations now takes place at the level of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and their relations fall into three patterns:
• the gradual breaking of old relations and changing them into conventional interstate relations;
• the transformation of relations within CIS processes and further multilateral proj ects;
• the preservation of informal and indefinite relations under cover of the CIS during the period necessary for both countries to determine many aspects of their internal and external policy;
On April 8, 2014 Russia and Tajikistan marked the 22nd year of diplomatic relations that were signed into effect on 25 May 1993 as well as the «Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Aid». At present there is a very intensive search for the best forms, ways and means of cooperation. That is why for achieving desirable results from their mutual relations both sides effectively work on their foreign policies, trade and economy, and educational interactions. [1, p.148]
As for the foreign policy and external security of Tajikistan, Tajik Minister of Defense Sherali Khairulloyev said in the Parliament, «The Agreement on Russian military base will provide regional stability, and the presence of a large army unit on the territory of Tajikistan will help to eliminate potential outside threats on the Tajik-Afghan border, especially after the removal of United States troops from Afghanistan» (Lower House of the Tajik Parliament Approved Placement of the Russian Base for Another 30 Years, supra). According to the treaty, the Russian military base will remain in Tajikistan through 2042, and Russia will provide assistance to the armed forces of Tajikistan by training its military, modernizing Tajik armed forces, and supplying arms. Since 2005, the amount of this assistance has exceeded US$411 million (id), an additional US$200 million might be provided before 2025 (TajikLegislators Ratified the Treaty on Russian Base, supra.) [8].
In fact, Russian Federation (Rf) and the Republic of Tajikistan (RT) acted together for 70-years under the umbrella of the USSR as one of the global superpower in the last century. That's why, today they have the close political and military relations that have extraordinary background.
Tajikistan's economy, which was the poorest in the Soviet Union, was severely disrupted by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and in the civil war of 1992-97. With independence, Tajikistan lost nearly 50 percent of its state revenue because most of it had come as transfers from Moscow, as well as barter arrangements that brought food from other republics in exchange for cotton and aluminum. The civil war disrupted both agricultural and industrial production that lowered economic ties with Russia. Particularly hard-hit was the cotton industry, a key economic element of the country. The output of aluminum Tajikistan's most important industrial product has not approached the pro-independence level in the early 2000s. In 2001, «Gazprom Neff» has invested more than $ 40 million in Tajikistan. In accordance with the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan and «Gazprom», parties implement the projects to conduct exploration work on prospective oil and gas areas of the Republic of Tajikistan [3]. However, in October 2004, an event occurred in the economic relations between the two countries that journalists and experts described as a «historical breakthrough» and Russia's «triumphant» return to the region. Fifteen agreements were signed during Russian President Vladimir Putin's visit to Tajikistan. The most important for the Tajik side were agreements on investments in the republic's economy of approximately 2 billion dollars (primarily in the energy industry and aluminum production).
Overall, the economic relations between Russia and Tajikistan have been set back during the early period of independence, but later beginning from 2000 it has changed gradually for the better.
Despite the importance of military-political and economic partnership, educational cooperation also plays an important role in the relations between the RT and RF. The package deals also specifies cultural, educational and scientific cooperation. One good example can be The Russian-Tajik Slavonic University (RTSU), which was established on 5 April 1996 by RT, governmental regulation №№ 141, in accordance of the «Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation» between the two. The university operates under the joint jurisdiction of the RT and RF located in Dushanbe. Educational activity of the RTSU is carried out in conformity with the legislation and educational standards of the two. At present, there are four faculties at RTSU - Economics, Philology, History and International Relations, and Law. Teaching staff includes about 260 employees and about 5000 students study at the university (2015). The University offers training in six specialties of professional training and 10 bachelor's degree training.
Another important event of educational cooperation between both countries happened on July 1 in 2010, the ceremony of official opening of the Branch of Moscow State University (MSU) took place in Dushanbe. The Branch is fully founded from the budget of the Republic of Tajikistan [6]. Additionally, Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow State University of Culture and Art, the Pushkin State Institute of Russian Language and other several universities participate in exchanges of students. Exchange activities are wholly welcomed by local universities, such as Tajik National University (TNU), Tajik State University of Commerce (TSUC), and other leading institutions of higher education [6].
As we observed before, a very productive cooperation in the spheres of education, science, culture, and technology innovation can be seen in history of educational and cultural collaboration between both countries.
The recapitulation of this scientific articles- the breakdown of USSR undermined security for many parts of the post-Soviet territory. New states, particularly Tajikistan, was in many ways unable to protect itself from internal and external threats. Military- political and economic security in many respects was sustained with outside help, specifically by Russia.
The approaches of Tajikistan and Russia to international and regional problems are often very close or coincide completely, as we have similar opinions and views on the current world order and the international rule of law and
we closely cooperate within the framework of mutual understanding. Our political dialogue is always developing and has serious potential and Russia remains one of Dushanbe's closest partner. Therefore, the two countries are connected by mutual interests in terms of history, security of foreign policy, economic ties, educational and cultural cooperation, and mass labor migration. Because of such effective interactions, the development of Tajik-Russian relations has a solid foundation. There is a mutual desire to work more closely in accordance with the potential needs and mutual interests, taking into account the interests of each other and close positions on issues of regional and global politics. Thus, it is logical for Tajikistan to consider ties with Russia a priority and to act accordingly in the framework of regional and international organizations.
LITERATURE
1. Agreement on friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the Republic of Tajikistan and the Russian Federation/ No-14, Dushanbe-1995, p.148
2. Emomali Rahmon, K. Yuldashev, the Founder ofDiplomacy and Foreign Policy of sovereign Tajikistan/ Dushanbe-2003.
3. Gleason Gregory, Why Russia is in Tajikistan, Comparative Strategy/Vol. 20, 2001.
4. Global Security. org., Operational Group of Russian Forces in Tajikistan /http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ogrvtajikistan.htm Accessed 11.02.2015.
5. Hamrokhon Zarifi, Tajikistan Diplomacy: The past and the present I / Dushanbe - 2009.
6. Mavjouda Hasanova, ASIA-Plus, Moscow State University's Branch moves to new building.
7. Orr, Michael, The Russian Army and the War in Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence/ New York-1997.
8. Peter Roudik, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Global Legal Monitor, Russian Federation and Tajikistan: Military Cooperation Treaty Ratified/ http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/artide/russian-federation-tajikistan-military-cooperation-treaty-ratified/ Accessed: 30.10.2013
ОТНОШЕНИЕ ТАДЖИКИСТАНА С РОССИЕЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ПОЛИТИКИ
«ОТКРЫТЫХ ДВЕРЕЙ»
В этой политической научной статье рассматриваются особенности развития таджикско российских политических отношений в период становления внешней политики Таджикистана вплоть до начала политики «открытых дверей». Кроме того, в нем описывается развитие сотрудничества двух государств в трех основных сферах. Во-первых, данная статья объясняет наиболее важные политические и военные вопросы, потому что вышеупомянутые проблемы играют ключевую роль в достижении национальной безопасности Таджикистана и его стабильных отношений с Россией на основе политики «открытых дверей». Во-вторых, этот статья изучает экономику, торговлю и Российские инвестиции в Таджикистан, поскольку улучшение каждой независимой республики зависит от ее экономического, международного взаимодействия. В-третьих, оно показывает процесс укрепления социального, культурного и образовательного партнерства между двумя государств.
Ключевые слова: дипломатия, политика «Открытых дверей», внешняя политика, «Соглашение о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи», национальное безопасность, международные отношения, Центральная Азия, Таджикистан, Россия, Содружество Независимых Государств, Советский Союз, глобальная сверхдержава, правовая база, стратегический партнер.
TAJIKISTAN RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA ON THE BASIS OF THE «OPEN DOORS» POLICY
This political scientific article, investigates the development peculiarities of the Tajik-Russian political relations during the establishment of Tajikistan's foreign policy up to the commencement of «open doors» policy. Additionally, it describes the development of cooperation of both states in three main spheres. Atfirst, it will explain the most important political and military issues, because above mentioned issues plays key role for achieving national security of Tajikistan and its stable relations with Russia on the basis of the «open doors» policy. Secondly, it will survey economy, trade and Russian investments to Tajikistan, as the improvement of every independent republic depends on its economic international interactions. Thirdly, it shows the process of enhancement of social, cultural and educationalpartnership between two countries.
Keywords: diplomacy, policy of «open doors», foreign policy, «Agreement on Friendship, national security, Cooperation and Mutual Aid», international relations, Central Asia, Tajikistan, Russia, Commonwealth of independent States, Soviet Union, global superpower, legal framework, strategic partner. Сведения об автора:
Каримзода Бобоназар Мусо — преподаватель кафедры дипломатия и международных отношений, Академии государственного управления при Президенте Руспублики Таджикистан, 734003, город Душанбе, улица Саида Носира 33, тел.:(+992) 93 479 7992, E-mail: karimzoda8oan2@gmail com About the author:
Karimzoda Bobonazar Muso — Teacher of the Department ofDiplomacy and international relations of the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, 734003, Dushanbe city, Said Nosir street 33, phone: (+992) 93 479 7992, E-mail: karimzoda8oan2@gmail.com
