Научная статья на тему 'Supplying food safety issues in Uzbekistan'

Supplying food safety issues in Uzbekistan Текст научной статьи по специальности «Сельское хозяйство, лесное хозяйство, рыбное хозяйство»

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ECONOMY / FOOD SECURITY / INTERNAL LABOR MARKETS / THE MODERNIZATION OF THE RURAL ECONOMY

Аннотация научной статьи по сельскому хозяйству, лесному хозяйству, рыбному хозяйству, автор научной работы — Saidaxmedova Nodira Ilxomovna, Abulkasimov Hasan Pirnazarovich

The article presents an overview of food security, the development of the purchasing power of the domestic market, providing the population with food products in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

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Текст научной работы на тему «Supplying food safety issues in Uzbekistan»

Section 3. Marketing

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJEMS-17-1-17-21

Saidaxmedova Nodira Ilxomovna, Jizzakh Politechnical Institute, candidate of economics, associate professor of the Management Departament, Jizzakh.

E-mail: i. g.g@mail.ru Abulkasimov Hasan Pirnazarovich, doctor of economic Sciences, professor the National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent

Supplying food safety issues in Uzbekistan

Abstract: The article presents an overview of food security, the development of the purchasing power of the domestic market, providing the population with food products in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Keywords: Economy, food security, internal labor markets, the modernization of the rural economy.

The food safety issue is of great importance in all countries. The fact that the decrease of the material level of the families in 54 countries were observed, the majority of the population of more than 20 countries were in difficulty of starvation, decrease of length oflive in 12 countries, and more than 840 million people of the world suffer of starvation are the vivid proof of it. [1]. Therefore much attention is paid to food safety all over the world.

According to the Food and Agricultural Organizations of the UN, "to reach food safety means to supply all human beings with physically, socially and economically safe food products any time. These products should satisfy a person according to physiological norms, meet his needs and should form healthy mode of life".

Food safety proves to manage satisfying the population of the country with self-supply of basic food products independently. As well as it means to get rid of full

relying on food imports. It is appropriate to state that food safety is not limited only with full self-supplying of food products. In this case food import is also taken into consideration.

In food safety policy of the state, it, mainly, takes into consideration its agricultural production and developing its inner market, and partially on the basis of the import of food products from abroad to satisfy appropriate need of the population for food. The state policy of maintaining of food safety directed at self-supplying with food products and rational balancing of their importing, creating a guaranteed possibilities to supply the population of the country with food products and ability of it to establish international cooperation in this respect. In addition, this policy is also directed at creating of renewing food reserves [2].

Food safety includes supplying of food physically and economically as well as nutrition safety (Table 1).

Table 1. - Components of Food Safety [3]

Physical Supply with Food Economic Supply with Food Safe Nutrition

Effective activity of agriculture and processing Supporting of stable level of population's income Product and raw material quality control

Development of food products and raw market Maintaining of economic stability in the country Creation of quality managing system and certification

Development of trade networks Creating favourable conditions for purchasing plot of land Improvement of population health

Creation of new workplaces Creating safe conditions for getting land areas Formation of healthy life-style

Supporting of the population employment Increase of budgetary payments

As is seen from the table, physical supplying with food requires the increase of producing food. Economic supply with food requires the increase ofpopulation's income, through preserving the inflation on satisfactory degree to increase the population's capacity of buying food production. Safe nutrition means the increase of population's healthy nutrition elements.

It should be stressed that food safety for each person means decreasing the waste (by-products), increasing of the quality of food and nutrition, keeping out a person from over nutrition, supplying food with macro- and microelements and the balance of energy and calorie. Specific features of types of food and nutrition include religion, customs and traditions, as well as advertisement and psychological state of the population.

Providing food safety is the guarantee of social-economic and political stability in Uzbekistan. According to the statistic research, at the period when the former Soviet Union broke up, i. e. in 1989, there were 95% of shortages in supplying of all types of food and it caused to introduce ration card system in the former Soviet Union. In the interviewing held by the Republican organs of statistics among the population of Uzbekistan 89,3% of the participants of the inquiry informed that they do not eat meat products sufficiently. And this index on milk products comprises 56,5%, on sugar - 55,3, confectionary - 49,5 and potatoes - 17,5% [4].

These figures show that food safety had strong threats on the thresholds of independence of Uzbekistan and Uzbekistan was not able to provide with safe food. There-

fore after gaining independence providing food safety became vital.

On the basis of improvement of supplying the population of Uzbekistan with the basic agricultural products providing food safety started on the initiative of the First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I. A. Karimov before gaining independence. At the state meeting of the Republic headed by I. A. Karimov held August 17, 1989 there was adopted a Resolution "On Creating All Favorable Conditions for Supplying Every Family which lives in the Village with Truck Farms". The Resolution specified to allot in average 25 hundred parts of land for every person who lives in the village and increase of truck farm lands by 4,5 times. As a result of implementation of the Resolution more than 1,5 mln families obtained additional land between 1989-1990. 700 thousand families obtained truck farm lands. And along with it cotton growing plan was decreased by 700 tons [5]. It was an initial but very important practical step towards of eliminating cotton monopoly.

Starting from the first days of independence of Uzbekistan a strategy directed at carrying out agrarian reforms envisaged re-considering the structure of the agricultural crops and improving it. It was also directed at obtaining crop independence in the country. Implementation of the programmer requires great social and economic importance. As a result of it during the independence years in 2015 potato growing increased by 705,0%, fruits - 528,6%, grapes - 323,8%, vegetable products - 298,5% and melons and gourds 199,8%, and crops by 4 times in comparison with 1991. (See: Table1).

Table 2. - Indexes of some agricultural products in the Republic of Uzbekistan (thousand tons) [6]

Types of production 1991 1995 2000 2010 2015 2015 in comparison with 1991

Crops 1908 3215,3 3915 7391,0 7500,1 393,1

Fruits 516,6 602,3 801,0 1710,3 2731,0 528,6

Grapes 480,5 620,9 573,0 997,5 1556,0 323,8

Vegetables 3324,1 2712,6 2643,1 6346,4 9923,0 298,5

Potato 355,7 439,9 730,7 1692,9 2670,0 705,0

Melon and Gourd 925,8 471,9 359,1 1182,4 1850,0 199,8

Structural changes are also taking place in cattle breeding. If the number of cattle in 1995 was 5,2 and by 2005 its number reached 6,5 mln and in 2015 it reached 11 mln 635 thousand. The number of sheep and goats in 1995 was 9,3 mln. Their number reached 11,3 mln in 2005 and in 2015 it reached 18 mln 906 thousand (Table 3).

The number of cattle in 2005-2015 increased by 77,06% including cows 42,5%, sheep and goats - 57,7% and poultry - 2,9 times.

As a result of sharp increase of agricultural products the volume of it per capita also increased. Growing of fruit, vegetables, melon and gourd, potatoes and grapes shows that supplying the population with agricultural food products per capita also is growing (Table 4).

Table 3. - Growing dynamics of cattle and poultry in the Republic of Uzbekistan (at the beginning of the year, thousand heads) [7]

Types of cattle 2005 2015 In 2015 in comparison with 2005 in%

Cattle 6571 11635 177,06

Including cows 2821,3 4020,6 142,5

Sheep and goats 11351,9 18906 157,7

Poultry 20540,4 60800 296,0

Table 4. - Principle consumption products in the Republic of Uzbekistan (per capita, in kgs) [8]

1990 2000 2010 2014 2015 In 2015 in comparison with 1991 in%

Cereals 170 167 160 173 170 100

Meat and meat products 31 34 38 42 42,5 138,7

Milk products 183 162 239 248 266,4 145,6

Egg (pieces) 97 47 138 215 230,4 2,38 thousand

Vegetable and melon and gourd 107 128 238 281 285 2,66 thousand

Potato 29 36 45 55 57 196,6

Vegetable oil and other oils 12 12 13 22 22 183,3

Sugar 12 16 17 28 28 2,35 thousand

Fruit, grapes 23 42 83 142 145 6,3 thousand

During the period of analyzing, i. e. in 2015 consumption of vegetable and melon and gourd products per capita grew by 2,66%, potatoes — 196,6% and fruit and grapes by 2,33 time in comparison with 2005. If we take the norm per capita producing grape products grew by 3,1 times. Other products also have more than per capita volume. It proves that during the independence years as a result of reforms in the sphere ofagriculture and structural changes efficiency of using agricultural lands increased and therefore the volume of producing agricultural products and crop-producing power increased and providing food safety became stable. Therefore in 2015 Uzbekistan was recognized and awarded, along with 14 countries, for the attained the goal of millennium development in the field of providing food safety among the member countries of Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN [9].

The increase of the agricultural products is determined by a number of factors including the increase of soil fertility and improvement of soil structure which are considered to be one of the topical issues of the present day. One of strategic tasks in this respect is to decrease the cotton field step by step and widen fields of items of food.

According to the Resolution # PD-2460 as of December 29, 2015 adopted by the President ofthe Republic of Uzbekistan "On Measures of More Reforming and Developing of Agriculture in 2016-2020", the strategy of decreasing the cotton fields starting from 2016 and

during 5 years 170,5 thousand hectares will be decreased and growing raw cotton to 350 thousand tons. And grain fields starting from 2017 will be decreased 50 thousand hectares and along with this at the expense of increasing crop-producing power to preserve the volume of growing grain were determined [10].

During 2016-2020 sowing fields will be decreased at the expense ofcotton and grain in 36 thousand ha (16,3%), 91 ha (41,2%) vegetables, 18 thousand ha (8,1%) intensive gardens, 50,3 thousand ha (22,8%) fodder plants, 14 thousand ha (6,3%) oil plants and 11,2 thousand ha (5%) other food plants in total out of220,5 thousand hectares of sowing fields will be placed in our country. During 2016-2020 cotton growing fields from 1285,5 thousand ha in 2015 will be decreased to 1115 thousand in 2020 and crop-growing capacity will reach 26,9 metric center from 26,1 metric center. Cereals from 1329,5 thousand ha in 2015 will decrease 1279 thousand in 2020 and productivity will comprise 66,4 metric center from 54,9 metric center, i. e. it will increase 121% [11].

As a result of optimization of sowing areas and implementation of modern agro technology it is planned to increase growing grain crops by 16,4 times and gain its volume 8 mln 500 thousand tons, potatoes -35%, vegetables - 30%, fruit and grapes - 21,5%, meat -26,2%, milk - 47-3%, eggs - 74,5% and fish breeding by 2,5 times.

It should be underlined that in the time when the world financial-economic crisis is still going on and in the time when the population is growing and demand for food products is increasing it would be of great importance to optimize the sowing areas and diversification of the structure of the products in providing food safety in our country.

The implementation of scientifically grounded system of building up economy into production practically is considered to be the most important direction of efficient use of land areas in agriculture. As a result of it they manage to use the sowing areas intensively and efficiently without expanding them. In addition, in order to place the land types efficiently it is appropriate to consider soil-climate conditions, lay of land and organization of production economically cost-effective and others. In this case the land use will be economically grounded and effective from production point of view. This, in its turn, equals to expanding of the land areas in agriculture. For example, vivacious fruit trees should be re-planted from irrigated cotton plain lands to piedmont (submontane) and mountainous areas and by this it is possible to empty large parts of irrigated areas for other agricultural crops; removing plants from cotton complex from sandy, stony and other types of land to fertile lands will enable to increase the volume of farming products.

The most efficient way of using irrigated lands is to improve the sowing lands, scientifically grounded rotation of

crops cotton, rice, vegetables and others, and to improve the structure of the soil. And it, in its turn, will increase productivity of plants, will create fodder base for developing cattle breeding and increase fertility of the soil.

To our opinion, the most important directions of increasing agricultural food products include the following:

- More deepening economic reforms in agrarian sphere and improving the formation of property relations and building up economy;

- Improving the mechanism of using lands and encouragement of effective use in agriculture;

- Studying the modern agro technologies and taking it up seriously and implementation of it in practice, improving selection and working out a complex of measures on increasing productivity of agricultural production;

- Developing the branch of re-processing of agricultural raw production and increasing export capacity in agrarian sphere;

- Improving the system of rendering services in villages;

- Improving financial-credit, taxation and insurance systems in agriculture;

- Developing agrarian science and implementing scientific achievements and advanced foreign experience to production;

- Using effectively the labor resources and increasing population's income.

References:

1. Jonikhonov M., Rahmonov S. The Program of Products: the basics of country development, stabilization of economy and, the prosperity.//Xalk suzi, - June-7, - 2014.

2. Abdulkasimov H. P. The security of country economy. Handbook. - T.: Akademy, - 2012. - 212 p.

3. Gulamov S. S. Report made in April 24, - 2015 on the topic entitled "Innovation and the security products".

4. The Principle Tendencies and Indexes of Economic-Social Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the years of Independence (1990-2010) and Forecast for the Years of - 2011-2013: The Statistic Collection. - T.: Uzbekistan, - 2011, - P. 85-86. (In Uzbek).

5. Karimov I. A. Uzbekistan on the Thresholds of Independence. - T.: Uzbekistan, - 2011, - P. 12-13 (in Uzbek).

6. The Statistic Collection of Uzbekistan. - T., - 2013, - P. 227; The Annual Statistic Collection of the Regions of Uzbekistan. - T., - 2014, - P. 87-88; The author made some corrections on the basis of the information presented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Management of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

7. The Annual Statistic Collection of the Republic of Uzbekistan. - T., - 2013, - P. 238; The Annual Statistic Collection of the Regions of Uzbekistan. - T., - 2014, - P. 92-93; The author made some corrections on the basis of the information presented by the Ministry ofAgriculture and Water Management of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

8. The information of the Ministry of Economy and Statistics State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekisan.

9. Karimov I. A. Our main goal is to deepen the reforms and structural changes which take place in our economy, and open up great opportunities for private property ownership, small business and entrepreneurship: The report was made at a special meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan devoted to the final results of social-economic development of the country in - 2015 and to the most important priority directions of the economic programme designed to - 2016. - Tashkent: Uzbekistan, - 2016, - P. 12. (in Uzbek).

10. The Resolution - No PD-2460 as ofDecember 29, - 2015 adopted by the President ofthe Republic of Uzbekistan "On Measures of More Reforming and Developing of Agriculture in - 2016-2020".

11. The information of the Ministry of Economy and Statistics State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekisan.

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