Supplying food safety issues in Uzbekistan

: The article presents an overview of food security, the development of the purchasing power of the domestic market, providing the population with food products in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The food safety issue is of great importance in all countries. The fact that the decrease of the material level of the families were observed, the majority of the population of more than were in dif-ficulty of starvation, decrease of length of live and more than 840 million people of the suf-fer of are vivid attention to food all the

The food safety issue is of great importance in all countries. The fact that the decrease of the material level of the families in 54 countries were observed, the majority of the population of more than 20 countries were in difficulty of starvation, decrease of length of live in 12 countries, and more than 840 million people of the world suffer of starvation are the vivid proof of it. [1]. Therefore much attention is paid to food safety all over the world.
According to the Food and Agricultural Organizations of the UN, "to reach food safety means to supply all human beings with physically, socially and economically safe food products any time. These products should satisfy a person according to physiological norms, meet his needs and should form healthy mode of life".
Food safety proves to manage satisfying the population of the country with self-supply of basic food products independently. As well as it means to get rid of full relying on food imports. It is appropriate to state that food safety is not limited only with full self-supplying of food products. In this case food import is also taken into consideration.
In food safety policy of the state, it, mainly, takes into consideration its agricultural production and developing its inner market, and partially on the basis of the import of food products from abroad to satisfy appropriate need of the population for food. The state policy of maintaining of food safety directed at self-supplying with food products and rational balancing of their importing, creating a guaranteed possibilities to supply the population of the country with food products and ability of it to establish international cooperation in this respect. In addition, this policy is also directed at creating of renewing food reserves [2].
Food safety includes supplying of food physically and economically as well as nutrition safety (Table 1). As is seen from the table, physical supplying with food requires the increase of producing food. Economic supply with food requires the increase of population's income, through preserving the inflation on satisfactory degree to increase the population's capacity of buying food production. Safe nutrition means the increase of population's healthy nutrition elements.
It should be stressed that food safety for each person means decreasing the waste (by-products), increasing of the quality of food and nutrition, keeping out a person from over nutrition, supplying food with macro-and microelements and the balance of energy and calorie. Specific features of types of food and nutrition include religion, customs and traditions, as well as advertisement and psychological state of the population.
Providing food safety is the guarantee of socialeconomic and political stability in Uzbekistan. According to the statistic research, at the period when the former Soviet Union broke up, i. e. in 1989, there were 95% of shortages in supplying of all types of food and it caused to introduce ration card system in the former Soviet Union. In the interviewing held by the Republican organs of statistics among the population of Uzbekistan 89,3% of the participants of the inquiry informed that they do not eat meat products sufficiently. And this index on milk products comprises 56,5%, on sugar -55,3, confectionary -49,5 and potatoes -17,5% [4].
These figures show that food safety had strong threats on the thresholds of independence of Uzbekistan and Uzbekistan was not able to provide with safe food. There-fore after gaining independence providing food safety became vital.
On the basis of improvement of supplying the population of Uzbekistan with the basic agricultural products providing food safety started on the initiative of the First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I. A. Karimov before gaining independence. At the state meeting of the Republic headed by I. A. Karimov held August 17, 1989 there was adopted a Resolution "On Creating All Favorable Conditions for Supplying Every Family which lives in the Village with Truck Farms". The Resolution specified to allot in average 25 hundred parts of land for every person who lives in the village and increase of truck farm lands by 4,5 times. As a result of implementation of the Resolution more than 1,5 mln families obtained additional land between 1989-1990. 700 thousand families obtained truck farm lands. And along with it cotton growing plan was decreased by 700 tons [5]. It was an initial but very important practical step towards of eliminating cotton monopoly.
Starting from the first days of independence of Uzbekistan a strategy directed at carrying out agrarian reforms envisaged re-considering the structure of the agricultural crops and improving it. It was also directed at obtaining crop independence in the country. Implementation of the programmer requires great social and economic importance. As a result of it during the independence years in 2015 potato growing increased by 705,0%, fruits -528,6%, grapes -323,8%, vegetable products -298,5% and melons and gourds 199,8%, and crops by 4 times in comparison with 1991. (See: Table1).   Table 3).
As a result of sharp increase of agricultural products the volume of it per capita also increased. Growing of fruit, vegetables, melon and gourd, potatoes and grapes shows that supplying the population with agricultural food products per capita also is growing (Table 4). During the period of analyzing, i. e. in 2015 consumption of vegetable and melon and gourd products per capita grew by 2,66%, potatoes -196,6% and fruit and grapes by 2,33 time in comparison with 2005. If we take the norm per capita producing grape products grew by 3,1 times. Other products also have more than per capita volume. It proves that during the independence years as a result of reforms in the sphere of agriculture and structural changes efficiency of using agricultural lands increased and therefore the volume of producing agricultural products and crop-producing power increased and providing food safety became stable. Therefore in 2015 Uzbekistan was recognized and awarded, along with 14 countries, for the attained the goal of millennium development in the field of providing food safety among the member countries of Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN [9].
The increase of the agricultural products is determined by a number of factors including the increase of soil fertility and improvement of soil structure which are considered to be one of the topical issues of the present day. One of strategic tasks in this respect is to decrease the cotton field step by step and widen fields of items of food.
According to the Resolution # PD-2460 as of December 29, 2015 adopted by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Measures of More Reforming and Developing of Agriculture in 2016-2020", the strategy of decreasing the cotton fields starting from 2016 and during 5 years 170,5 thousand hectares will be decreased and growing raw cotton to 350 thousand tons. And grain fields starting from 2017 will be decreased 50 thousand hectares and along with this at the expense of increasing crop-producing power to preserve the volume of growing grain were determined [10].
It should be underlined that in the time when the world financial-economic crisis is still going on and in the time when the population is growing and demand for food products is increasing it would be of great importance to optimize the sowing areas and diversification of the structure of the products in providing food safety in our country.
The implementation of scientifically grounded system of building up economy into production practically is considered to be the most important direction of efficient use of land areas in agriculture. As a result of it they manage to use the sowing areas intensively and efficiently without expanding them. In addition, in order to place the land types efficiently it is appropriate to consider soil-climate conditions, lay of land and organization of production economically cost-effective and others. In this case the land use will be economically grounded and effective from production point of view. This, in its turn, equals to expanding of the land areas in agriculture. For example, vivacious fruit trees should be re-planted from irrigated cotton plain lands to piedmont (submontane) and mountainous areas and by this it is possible to empty large parts of irrigated areas for other agricultural crops; removing plants from cotton complex from sandy, stony and other types of land to fertile lands will enable to increase the volume of farming products.
The most efficient way of using irrigated lands is to improve the sowing lands, scientifically grounded rotation of crops cotton, rice, vegetables and others, and to improve the structure of the soil. And it, in its turn, will increase productivity of plants, will create fodder base for developing cattle breeding and increase fertility of the soil.
To our opinion, the most important directions of increasing agricultural food products include the following: -More deepening economic reforms in agrarian sphere and improving the formation of property relations and building up economy; -Improving the mechanism of using lands and encouragement of effective use in agriculture; -Studying the modern agro technologies and taking it up seriously and implementation of it in practice, improving selection and working out a complex of measures on increasing productivity of agricultural production; -Developing the branch of re-processing of agricultural raw production and increasing export capacity in agrarian sphere; -Improving the system of rendering services in villages; -Improving financial-credit, taxation and insurance systems in agriculture; -Developing agrarian science and implementing scientific achievements and advanced foreign experience to production; -Using effectively the labor resources and increasing population's income.