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national applied art, etc. To use positive experience of developed dissemination of mythical stories and interesting stories, related to tourism countries (Turkey, Algeria, Egypt) in composing and wide places of pilgrimage
References:
1. The UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, URL: http://mkt.unwto.org/barometer.
2. "Development of tourism in Uzbekistan: problems, international cooperation, perspectives", Scientific project "Evolution of national statehood of Uzbekistan", URL: http://www.uzstathood.uz.
3. Where to go in - 2017?, Financial times, - December 27, - 2016, URL: http://www.ft.com.
4. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On tourism", National database of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, URL: http://lex. uz/index.aspx; The Wall Street Journal, USA; IIA "Russia today", - March 29, - 2016, "The number of foreign tourists visiting Turkey dropped more than 10%", Turner R. Travel & Tourism. Economic impact. - Malaysia. - L., - 2015.
5. ICT as a factor in the development of tourism in Uzbekistan, magazine "infoCOM.UZ", - November 19, - 2016.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-267-271
Nosirov Ilkhom Abbosovich, (PhD) Tashkent Economy University, Tashkent city, Uzbekistan E-mail: Lutfullobek@mail.ru
Development perspectives of ecological management in Uzbekistan
Abstract: Ecological management is to make use of nature in socio-economic affairs and make a good science-based choice in environmental protection regulations, and especially, it comprises the management of ecological socio-economic affairs. From this point of view, it is closely related to production and, therefore, has a part in all phases of the process of socioeconomic repeated production. Moreover, it is considered ecological and ecologic-anthropogenic system. Here, the regulations of ecological and economic affairs are directed towards the preserving the objects of nature (ecosystems), improving, restoring and making an effective use of them. Furthermore, it aims at preserving the environment for future as well as current generations. Examining the mutual effects of ecological management with local, national and international problems serves as the scientific object of our article.
Keywords: ecological and economic environment, ecological management, ecological safety, ecological right, biological diversity, ecological regression, national economy, flora and fauna, ecological markets.
Introduction
Modernization of economy and making structural changes based on reforms requires utilizing the country's natural and economic possibilities prudently as well as the consideration and regulation of the environment. During the Independence years in Uzbekistan some measures were taken on this issues, which became an inseparable integral part of reforming national economy. Paying attention to this process, the first President of our country Islom Karimov stated: "... fundamental changes to approaches and principles of management system made a major contribution in disposing of conservative views and in supplying for its obtaining a real marketing features" [1].
In this process relying on management, making use of principles of it is one of the essential categories for the branches of economy. Management teaches the secret of leadership skill and the art of leadership, the secrets of economic running household, means and methods, managing principles employed in increasing the effectiveness of a company, forms of effective work. In our republic carrying out effective economic reforms creates a need for closely approaching to preparation of flexible modern managers who are eager for news.
Basing the methods of decreasing the ecological danger to minimum, economizing the resources, improving the ecological safety of the production and consumption processes, ecological management allows to carry out the following: a) determining the expenses
of companies, firms, small business, businessmen' companies and occupying new ecological markets, increasing the competitiveness;
b) raising the quality of the protection of environment and nature taking into account the benefit of the current and future generations;
c) preserving the biological diversity in nature and protecting the natural resources".
Analysis of literature
The matters of economic evaluation and of making an effective use of natural resources, some aspects of providing the socioeconomic development by sticking to the principles of ecological management were approached by contemporary authors like Ab-alkin, L., Averchinkov, A., Aganbagyan, A., Agapov, N., Akhimova, T., Anisimov, A., Babayeva, E., Balaski, O., Boboshko, V., Bobilev, S., Borgayakov, S., Bocharov, V., Vernadski, V., Voronsov, A., Vivares, A., Glasbrenner, G., Golub, A., Danilov, V., Lukyanchikov, N [2]. Uzbek scientists like Eshmukhamedov, A., Sakharov, G., Abduganiyev, A., Salimov, B., Murodov, Ch., Choriyev, K., Kodirov, A., Khakimov, R., Otakulov M., Yusupov, M [3].
The rise of attention to the international cooperation in the protection of nature, renewable and non-renewable resources, in the contamination of nature whilst using of land, water, climate. Mineral and biological resources (flora and fauna) and also in the occupying the natural resources by human. Because, nature supplies the society with raw materials, energy and aesthetic wealth, and also informs with the principles of development, construction and formation.
The integral parts of substances and organisms continue to be a component of biosphere. The more appropriate are the actions of human with the laws of nature, the more beneficial and successful are these actions in both society and economy. The more unsuitable they are towards nature, the less benefit for the society and as a result the risk of ecological regression is increased. Society and economy follows the main principles of the development of nature.
For the past few years more attention has been paid to the process of evaluation and regulation of using the natural resources as well as the protection of environment in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Should ecology is regarded as having a real material nature due to its economic activities, the regulations of ecological affairs remains the main problematic issues. Hence, ecological management is defined as coordinating means of the purpose of subjects, and as a system of supplying economic development, improving the economic affairs between products, the service officers and consumers. Ecol-
ogy is one of the serious problems of the current world. Solving this problem serves for the sake of people, the future of civilization is dependent on this matter. But, we should not take ecological management as the regulation of environment and nature. Environment and nature are water, land, air, plants, animals, birds and likewise, in which human lives, breathes, obtains and uses the necessities from it. If we suggest that human can control the processes and events happening in environment, we make a crucial mistake. Because, human can't always afford influence the matters connected to nature and therefore.
The method of ecological is based on the dependence of every type of regulations of the use of nature on the forcing the laws of nature. To carry out the regulations of the socio-economic affairs successfully, it should obey the laws of nature. Because human cannot change the course of natural processes happening in the real environment.
Figure 1. Management functions of ecology
Ecological management is regarded as the controlling of the modern production processes, which provides the protection and the use of natural resources prudently. Ecological management is a relatively new notion in our country, which came into form recently. The principles of ecological the social field and economic field branches have been worked out in the economic policy of most countries [4]. The objective conditions of the development of ecological management is closely connected to the household activity, which is an important factor of changing and affecting the environment. The consideration of the effect of environmental factor on the
development of economy is of great importance. Hence, encouraging the socio-economic development without considering the ecological factors, the regulations arranging the relations between the society and nature may cause economical and social consequences.
In the third part of our article the issues related to the changes in ecological management process in the usage of natural resources are dealt with. In this part the management of usage of natural resources and ecology in the gradual development of national economy, the development and formation of ecological management in the usage of natural resources, changes in the developing and providing
processes of restoring and preserving of land resources, the use of water resources and setting up the ecological management in the improving it thoroughly, the preservation and protection of flora in providing the natural bio-diversity, repeated production and the conclusion on theoretical and applied matters like defining the methodical bases of evaluation of effectiveness of running the use of repeated production is based on particular perspectives.
Among the good results achieved in the economic development in our country are GDP that rose by 8%, the volume of production of industry materials rose by 8,8%, agriculture 6,8%, the circulation of retailing soar up by 14,8%.
Nowadays, some problems are emerging in different companies due to the new economic mechanism reinforcements. The main purpose in setting these mechanisms is not only getting financial profit, but also finding out ways ofproducing quality products. As world and our countries experiences show, stable economic development is not reached by polluting the nature and exhausting natural resources and at the same time maintaining the quality of nature is not achieved without strong economy. Hence, in the ecological economy two things are demanded: a) effective use of natural ecological conditions and resources in economy; b) setting up measures and methods preventing the contamination and decline of environment under the influence of economy [5]. These problems are to be solved taking into consideration the formation of new value systems and society's changing need in the base of principles of historical and natural character.
Development of national economy should be based on this idea. High degree of repeated production in a long period of time, economical development, public abundance improvement,
protecting and natural environment will be done in stable development of national economy and in this providing current generations needs does not leave under the risk of providing future generations needs. To solve this problem involves to improve ecological and economic attitudes between society and nature. They include doing the following mechanisms:
1. To improve the usage of nature of government and society and the role of protection of governing
2. To develop the expertise of government and society and in this complex consideration of ecological and economic results
3. To develop and widely operate the mechanisms of ecological and economic order
4. To develop and improve the ecological and economic education and upbringing
Data Analysis
Land is the priceless wealth of human. Land provides human with food along with plant life, clothing, construction material and so on. Therefore, protecting the sacred land is everyone's duty. The area of the republic of Uzbekistan is 447,4 thousand km 2. Lands used in agriculture are 28081 thousand ha, cultivated lands are over 4,2 mln ha, forest lands are 1,3 mln ha, unused state lands are 15309,9 thousand ha. The lands used in countryside is of great percentage (picture 2). As shown in the picture, lands used in agriculture are 63,31% as ofJanuary 1, 2015. Cultivated lands in the dry climate conditions peculiar to Uzbekistan is of importance. These lands takes 21% of the republic's lands, which produces 95% products in plant-growing.
Figure 2. Land contents belonging to rural areas in Uzbekistan,% (2015)
Land resources that can be cultivated are 7 million ha. As well as, there are pasture red-soils (16%), pastures (44%), red-soils (30%) and arid-pastures (10%). From 1970 to 1985 years cultivated lands expanded substantially. In this period cultivated land in the republic expanded by from 2,8 to 4 million ha or 43%. On the one hand, occupying the lands led to the using water resources which is reflected on Aral Sea areas, on the other hand it helped economy deal with demographic issues easily and eased the other issues.
In the article the issues ofuse ofwater prudently and its being a factor for social and economic wellbeing and for ecological balance and the importance of this issue is mentioned. Water is a source of life and plays a basic role in people's civilization development and
well-being. But in the second part of 20 s century the unelaborate plan and activities lead to Aral sea to dry and the decrease of waters of Amudarya and Syrdarya. Negative affects of ecological disaster of the areas around Aral Sea is having and effect on the countries of Central Asia. Water not only affects the geo-economic and geopolitical development of each country, but also provides the national and food safety to those countries [6]. The supplying of the legislation of laws and legal bases concerning the duties of consumers of water is becoming an important issue.
On the 7th congress of the democratic-liberal party of the republic of Uzbekistan the first president of the republic pointed out in his speech: "In our limited condition of land and water resources
the continuation of irrigation and melioration, optimization of the gies are the crucial issues of reforming the agriculture and they have content of the lands, introducing new sophisticated agro technolo- always been in our spotlight and it will continue".
Figure 3. Long-period of time description of water resources
An effective use of water resources and the works done on this sphere, the developing the legal documents concerning the use of water, the improving of the quality of water resources and the economizing the consuming, the use of water resources on borders, and other measures taken on these spheres are giving its results.
Poisoned water is worthless for drinking and it causes developing of illnesses in large numbers. For that reason, rational using of water, keeping its purity and protecting are one of the actual issues. According to scientists dates, our republic yearly water resource is equal to 99,5 km3, only 12,2 of which appears on this region.
Thus, protection of water resources should be carried out in two ways. Firstly, preventing the decrease in terms of volume, secondly preventing its pollution and exceeding the degree of mineralization.
According to points said above, we recommend some methods of using the resources prudently:
- Carrying out legal land-water reforms;
- Damped, salty lands, holding the irrigation and meliorative events;
- Reinforcing the sophisticated and new technologies for production;
- Using of chemical means without affecting ecology;
- Carrying out selection, agro technical events;
- Perfecting and consolidating the treatment between land water.
In the article, the atmosphere of business in the ecological management of usage of natural resource, the implementation of managing secondary resources and fulfilling the tasks related to keeping natural biodiversity, discretion which has significant role to play in the environment of business in using natural resources and the role utilization management in implementation ware deeply analyzed. Along with the rise of the capitals of the population, their contents also changed, profit taken from business is increasing. In 2014, this figure rose to 53,4%. Another significant point of this issue that fast improvement of particular feature of demographic state in our country is the number of youth who have the capacity for work. From this point, providing with work for extra labor, solving the issue of employment are the main socio-economic problems in our country. The best effective ways of solving this problem is to increase the number of small companies, to support private enterprises. Apart from it, 60% of the country's population live in rural areas. Nowadays supplying with jobs to people in rural areas, providing income resources is especially actual problem [7]. This problem is connected to the scarce state of water and land resources.
Table 1. - Capitals spent on the ecological events from the state budget in 2012-2015
Environmental protection events 2012 2013 2014 2015
Protection of atmosphere (creating sanitary protection zones) 18,2 20,0 20,0 21,4
Water and land resources protection 17,4 18,0 18,6 18,8
Construction and repairing of running-water cleaning buildings 28,4 30,5 53,3 127,2
Flora and fauna protection 5,2 5,5 7,1 7,1
Forest planting 20,7 21,5 24,8 24,8
Preserving the biodiversity 5,2 5,4 7,3 7,3
Construction and repairing of natural zones under protection 17,2 18,4 26,1 26,3
Ecological events being held around Aral Sea 3,4 1,2 1,4 1,2
Improving the meliorative condition of lands 264,2 343,4 455 462,6
Keeping the land from water and wind erosions 1,3 1,3 1,7 1,8
Land recultivation 2,1 1,6 1,7 1,8
Utilization and rendering harmless of collection of waste 114,1 114,1 118,5 118,9
The legislation of the protection program of environment in Uzbekistan in 2011-2015 5,4 5,4 5,8 6,1
Other events concerning the protection of environment 1,6 1,6 1,7 16
Moreover, the work includes an experience that is based on exact facts about saving and restoring a group of natural flora and unity of environment that they grow, types of plants growing in wild and their genetic reserve as components of biological variety.
Taking into consideration its national concerns, Uzbekistan joined two conventions about wild flora and fauna that are under the danger of extinct and about water-march that has international value because it is a living place for most birds that swim in water.
Methodological features of evaluation of competitive advantages of a commercial bank
Conclusion
To sum up, for the past few years a great deal of attention has been paid to the processes of evaluation and regulations of the using of natural resources, as well as protection of environment in Uzbekistan. If ecology, as a source of providing the need of organisms and the daily life of people, is considered having its material importance for its economic activity, the controlling of economic affairs under the neutral economic demands is one of the actual problems standing in the way of countries. We can demonstrate the dynamics of the expenses spent for a few years on
events related to the protection of environment with the help of observing method used in our research.
In 2014 state budget expenses on protection of environment was 48,9 billion sum, of which 31,3 billion sum spent on protection of landscape and the biological diversity, 4,2 billion sum on cleaning and disposing of wastes, 5,2 billion sum on cleaning and disposing running-water, 8,2 billion sum was spent on the issues related to the protection of environment.
To conclude, we should bear in mind that although there is no limit to the need of people, the water and land resources are limited.
References:
1. Karimov I. Our main purpose is the continuation of reforms and integral changes in economy, creating a great opportunities for small business and entrepreneurship. Khalq so'zi. - 2016.
2. Danilov V., Losev K. Ecological challenge and stable development. - M: Progress, - 2000. - P. 5.
3. National lecture. Committee of protection of environment of the republic of Uzbekistan - 2008.- 2009.
4. Karimov I. "World economy regression, measures and methods of tackling it in Uzbekistan condition". - Tashkent. - 2009. - P. 72.
5. Pakhomova N., Endres A. Ecological management. - M.: Peter. - 2003.
6. Ursul A. Russia's transition into stable development. - M.:"Nosphere", - 1998. - P. 35.
7. Gulomov S. Management bases. - Tashkent, - 2002. - P. 98.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-271-273
Rashidov Oktam Yunusovich, Doctor of Economics, professor of the Tashkent State University of Economics E-mail: oktam41@mail.ru Tadjitdinov Karim Rakhmatjanovich, Applicant
at Tashkent State University of Economics E-mail: karim-tad@mail.ru
Methodological features of evaluation of competitive advantages of a commercial bank
Abstract: The article describes the development of theoretical issues of formation and development of competitive advantages of a commercial bank. The thesis says that competitive advantage of a bank primary depends on competitiveness of the banking products and services.
Keywords: competition, commercial Bank, competitive advantage.
The increase of commercial bank's profit directly depends on competitiveness of the banking product, as well as a bank itself. The competitiveness of the banking products and services is estimated
by the quality of offered services and conformity to the requirements of clients.
The principal element of competition in any market is product, by means of which the client meets his needs and bank receives required profit. Therefore, exactly competitiveness of banking product and service, not of individual commercial bank, is basic notion of competition.
Today the term "competitiveness of product or service" does not have clear and generally accepted definition. The view of the majority is that "competitiveness of product or service" is a set of qualitative and economic characteristics of banking products [2].
The main concept of banking competition is most clearly expressed in the most important characteristic of banking services in the market — in its competitiveness, i. e. in the bank's ability to meet customer needs. At the moment, commercial banks are focused on development of new or upgrading of existing banking products and
services in strategy of development. Banks treat it as fundamental tool for ensuring the stability of its operation, economic growth, competitiveness and achieve financial stability, as the effectiveness of the bank's activities depends on its ability to meet the specific needs of customers.
The superiority of a banking product over the banking products of competitors is expressed through sales figure for this service on the market under investigation. Competitiveness of service is reflected in its ability to compete with other services, and to win the maximum number of customers to whom it is aimed, with the help of an interconnected set of conditions, limitations and risks, which are its constituent conditions in the specified time.
Growing competition forces banks to be very careful about the competitive advantages of the services that are valued by consumers and which can not be ignored. Each bank at given point in time has its own set ofbanking services, which are at certain stages of the life cycle, owing to external and internal factors, can lead either to an increase in sales volume and profitability of services or to reduce the demand for services of the bank, reduce their profitability and even of losses.
