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establishment: methdoical-practical basis of educational-training process: manual]. Ulyanovsk: Ulyanovsk State Technical University. 2012: 129.
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Samigullin R.V. - Postgraduate, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov", Russia,432700, Ulyanovsk, the 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4, e-mail: R.samigullin1986@yandex.ru
Nazarenko L.D. - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov", Russia, 432700, Ulyanovsk, the 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4, e-mail: ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
Timoshkin V.V. - Student, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov", Russia,432700, Ulyanovsk, the 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4
DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-74-82
QUALIFIED FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS' SPECIAL PHYSICAL TRAINING
DEVELOPMENT
Tinyukov A.B.1
1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov", Russia, Ulyanovsk,
tina73lexa@mail.ru
Annotation. Competitive activity effectiveness increase among volleyball players is a difficult problem and demands a complex many-sided approach to its solution. Qualified female volleyball
56
players' sportsmanship improvement is mainly connected with special physical training development. It provides kinesiological potential realization. During educational-training process organization great attention should be paid to special physical training development. Scientific-methodical literature analysis shows that great opportunities for technical readiness level increase are in muscular power indices, speed-power qualities, spring ability, rhythmicity and other motor-coordinating qualities improvement. Materials. The article is about the conditions, which provide an optimal level of physical readiness among qualified female volleyball players by means of easier, standard and complicated variants of motor tasks fulfillment. It provides more effective qualitative sides of motor activity development. Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis, pedagogical experiment, testing, non-standard equipment use, evaluation criteria creation, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Special additional devices of visual references creation; special motor tasks use for motor rhythm formation are important for qualified female volleyball players' optimal level ofphysical readiness provision. It conditioned the choice of preparatory and special physical exercises. They provide the leading motor-coordinating qualities indices increase: speed-power, jumping endurance, special dexterity, spring ability, accuracy, body steadiness. Rhythmicity increase is also important for an individual technique of difficult technical methods formation, efficiency of movements, motor and vegetative functions coordination. With special physical readiness indices increase sensory correction was directed toward motor activities specification during the studied technical method fulfillment in volleyball. Conclusion. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed the effectiveness of created by the author methodology of qualified female volleyball players' special physical readiness development and it helped to improve their indices of motor-coordinating qualities. Keywords: volleyball, special physical training, pedagogical experiment.
For citations: Tinyukov A.B. Qualified female volleyball players' special physical training development. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports). 2018; 13(3): 56-62. DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-74-82.
INTRODUCTION
Play activity of volleyball players is characterized by short duration of interaction with the ball; high level of variability of motor skills in each unexpected situation, accuracy of different motor actions and etc.. L.V. Kapilevich, 2011; V.A. Kashirin and others, 2009; I.S. Kolesnik and others 2012; A.V. Rodin, 2006 think that technical readiness indices of qualified volleyball players are the following:
- parameters stability of the fulfilled technical methods in difficult conditions of competitive activity;
- psychoemotional state steadiness in stress situations of interaction with an experienced opponent;
- self-confidence in case of playing with a strong opponent.
Sportsmanship of volleyball masters is demonstrated in the following indices:
- effectiveness of each technically difficult method fulfillment;
- efficiency of motor activities;
-ability to realize movements
extrapolation;
-high level of spatio-temporal and spatio-power orientation skills formation;
- timely distribution and redistribution of muscular efforts;
- the ability demonstration to predict the opponent's motor acts [1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 14 and others].
Practical, methodical and
psychological base of a high sportsmanship among qualified volleyball players is physical training with optimal indices for each stage of muscular power, speed-power qualities, spring ability, rhythmicity and other qualities of motor activity training. A specific peculiarity of a volleyball player's play activity is a high level of motor acts accuracy in airborne state. The effectiveness of such
kind of motor actions is provided by the upper and lower extremities movements, motor and vegetative functions coordination, timely redistribution of muscular efforts, kinematic body parts in a safe phase.
The best effect is achieved during a striking movement, when the speed of proximal unit of the upper extremity becomes maximal at the initial stage of motor act and decreases during the punt. It conditions reactive powers appearance, providing speed of forearm and hand movements increase. An individual technique of striking actions formation while jumping is connected with the skills of movements coordination in airborne phase formation. It provides the necessity to develop a volleyball player's special dexterity, accuracy [7, 11, 12] and other motor-coordinating qualities, the indices of which form physical readiness of a volleyball player.
The aim of this research work is theoretical importance substantiation of the conditions creation for physical readiness improvement among qualified volleyball players as the base for an individual technique of playing technical methods formation.
Objectives: 1.To reveal the conditions of an optimal physical readiness level provision, which leads to technical mastery indices increase.
2. To create the methodology of qualified volleyball players' physical and technical readiness development.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The effectiveness of the training process in volleyball is determined by a rational indices combination of motor-coordinating qualities development and motor skills formation level. An optimal level of muscular power, speed-power parameters of a motor act, spring ability demonstration creates conditions for a rational technique mastering of playing methods fulfillment. In terms of not great number of plying techniques in volleyball the difficulty of their mastering is conditioned by an effective dynamism, necessity to fulfill them in constantly changing situations,
unpredictability of the opponent's actions and
other outer and inner factors [2, 3, 10, 13 and others]. Modern technique of playing actions is the main condition for an intellectual and motor potential realization. The results of the research held by Denisov M.V., 2011, showed that between the indices of qualitative sides of motor activity development and the degree of motor skills formation there is a functional dependence, which determines an athlete's ability to master the content and form of a motor action. This underlines the leading role of motor-coordinating qualities during an individual technique of plying methods fulfillment formation in volleyball.
A rational combination provision of physical and technical readiness is considered in theory and practice of qualified volleyball players sports training. It is one of the main principles of sportsmanship improvement. It determines conceptual thesis about the fact, that a purposeful motor-coordinating qualities complex development conditions individual technique of playing actions development. This difficult objective realization demands physical exercises use. They are similar in structural content and character of fulfillment to motor actions. They form the base of volleyball [4, 5, 13, 15 and others]. For motor-coordinating qualities (condition the effectiveness of qualified volleyball players' playing actions) development, we used the exercises of competitive character. It is fulfilled in different conditions:
- eased(less intensive), directed toward the essence of each motor task understanding and its rational technique mastering;
- standard, provide the parameters of motor actions. It is set by the rules of competitions;
- complicated, providing muscle strength, speed-power qualities, spring ability, accuracy of movements, rhythmicity and other motor-coordinating qualities increase. Created by us methodology of special physical readiness level increase among qualified volleyball players included the following motor tasks:
I -in less intensive conditions: power serve fulfillment while jumping, using springboard for vaults. Pushing off from the upper
part of the board provides higher repulsion, creates necessary time period for preliminary actions fulfillment in order to provide the effectiveness of the serve. In order to form the skills of successful orientation on volleyball ground during competitive and training activity an athlete should use visual references, which provide technically accurate notion of a ball movements spatial parameters, partners' and opponents' actions. It will help to define more exactly the speed, trajectory and the direction of a ball flight; form the algorithm of actions in accordance with the set objective.
As visual references the boards (100х100 cm) were used, set on the stands for high jumps. In the middle of each board there was a hole of different form: quadrate, the square of which was 5 cm more than a ball size from all sides: from the top, from the bottom, on the left and on the right; circle, with the diameter 5 cm more than a ball size; triangle, the sides of which were 5 cm farther than a ball. Each board height was 2,5 cm higher than a standard volleyball net. The boards were placed in different order on the second part of the playing ground behind the net. A volleyball player had to fulfill power serve while jumping, pushing off from the upper part of a spring-board in a way that a ball goes through a quadrate hole of the board, set 5 meters from the net on the opposite ground. 15-20 attempts were made during the training lesson. Then the same task was complicated with the help of power serve fulfillment into the board with a round and triangle hole. For steadiness and variability of a motor skill provision during power serve fulfillment the order of the boards setting was changed: first was the board with a round hole, then with a triangle and quadrate hole; in 3-4 training lessons first was the board with a triangle hole and etc..
Motor tasks in standard conditions provided power serve fulfillment while jumping without a spring-board, preserving the same height of repulsion, as from the board. It was achieved with the help of the repeated jumps on sawdust, sand and grass tracks, on gym mats using weighted sneakers,
weighted belts, the weight of which varied depending on individual characteristics of athletes.
Complicated conditions were created by means of additional net with the holes of different form use: oval, rectangular, round. The net was 1cm from the main net. The necessity to fulfill power serve through the holes of the additional net demanded high indices of muscle power, spring ability and other qualitative sides of motor activity. During motor actions rhythmicity development the age of the athletes, the level of their physical and technical readiness, functional abilities of an organism were taken into account; a special style of playing technical methods fulfillment was formed. In order to master the rhythm of difficultly coordinated action the method of separated-constructive teaching was used, which provided a motor act division into structural parts, mastering which helped to combine them into an organic whole. In our opinion, it is reasonable to master the leading parts of a technique, the peculiarities of its rhythm. After this mastering a playing method is fulfilled in taking into account the rhythm of other parts of a motor action.
A rational rhythm is set with the help of the voice. The moment of the main muscular effort is suggested with the help of a whistle. With the help of technique gradual complication method the tempo, amplitude of the upper extremities movements, the volume of muscle tension were changed during the work with the ball. Great attention was paid to mastering the specificity of spatio-temporal and spatio-power parameters of playing actions; to muscular efforts distribution and redistribution, ratio of movements duration during the preparatory, main and final phases. During a power serve while jumping the rhythm of a run-up, jump was set; the moment of the main muscle tension during the strike and the final actions was underlined.
RESEARCH RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION
In order to check the effectiveness of created by us methodology a pedagogical experiment was held. 28 female volleyball
players of the 1st and the Ilnd categories (1720 years old) took part in the experiment. The athletes were divided into 2 groups: control group (CG) and experimental group (EG), each group included 14 people. In order to reveal the initial level of physical readiness a test was held before the pedagogical experiment with the help of the following complex of control exercises: shuttle running 6x5 (sec); 30 meters speeding-up (sec); 2000 meters running (min); broad jumping and standing high-jump (cm); stuffed ball (1 kg) throwing while jumping (m) - with the right and left hand; arm-pumping exercises in prone position (quantity). The test results comparative analysis didn't reveal considerable differences according to general physical readiness level among the athletes from the CG and the EG (р>0,05). The initial indices of technical readiness were revealed according to the degree of the skills formation of power serve fulfillment while jumping; according to the characteristics of the ball movement correspondence with the following set parameters: the direction and speed of the flight and rhythmicity trajectory of the onrushing strike.
The given indices of technical readiness were estimated by the group of experts (5 qualified volleyball trainers) according to the following criteria:
5 points - accurate direction trajectory and speed of the ball flight correspondence with the set characteristics; power serve fulfillment in the upper point of the airborne phase of the jump with a distinct motor rhythm;
4 points - insufficient height of the jump compensation using power of the strike, well mastered motor rhythm of power serve;
3 points - some trajectory, direction and speed of the ball flight inconsistence with the set parameters; insignificant deviations from a rational rhythm of the attacking strike;
2 points - insufficient height of the jump, which conditions significant deviation in direction and speed of the ball flight; considerable motor rhythm of power serve violation;
1 point -incoordination between the actions of the upper and lower extremities, rough rhythm violation of the attacking strike.
The research results analysis didn't reveal considerable differences according to the level of technical readiness among female volleyball players from the CG and the EG, (P>0,05).
In the CG training lessons were held according to the traditional methodology in accordance with the program, adopted by Sports Games Federation of the Russian Federation. In the EG created by us methodology was used. After the pedagogical experiment one more test was held in order to reveal the dynamics of female athletes' physical and technical readiness results in the CG and the EG. The received results showed indices improvement in both groups: CG and EG, however, their level in the EG turned out to be validly higher. In the CG with the initial results in shuttle running 6x5 meters 10,1±0,16 sec, to the end of the pedagogical experiment indices improved till 9,8 ±0,13 sec, (p>0,05), in the EG with the initial results 10,11±0,14 sec, after the pedagogical experiment indices increased till 9,18±0,10 sec (p>0,05); in standing high-jump in the CG with the initial results 38,9± 0,65 cm, to the end of the pedagogical experiment indices increased till 38,79±0,18 cm, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 38,23±0,52 cm, to the end of the pedagogical experiment results increased till 42,17±0,61 cm, (p<0,05). The same tendency of more considerable physical readiness indices increase in the EG was revealed according to other tests.
The dynamics of technical readiness indices analysis also proves its improvement among female volleyball players of both groups: CG and EG, with evident advantage of the athletes from the EG. In the CG with the initial formation level results of power serve while jumping 2,78± 0,16 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment indices improved till 2,94±0,17 points, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 2,73±0,12 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment results increased till 4,03±0,20 points, (p<0,05). In the CG with the initial
results of the ball flight characteristics correspondence degree with the set parameters 2,67±0,13 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment indices increased and were 2,89±0,21 points (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial indices 2,71±0,15 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment results increased till 3,77±0,19 points, (p<0,05). In the CG with the initial results of the attacking strike rhythmicity 3,07±0,17 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment results improved till 3,19±0,15 points, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,04±0,13 points, to the end of the experiment indices increased till 4,17±0,17 points, (p<0,05).
CONCLUSION
The results of the pedagogical experiment showed that there are not used reserves in qualified female volleyball players' physical readiness development. Scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis proves the fact, that in training players not enough attention is paid to motor rhythm formation during attacking strikes fulfillment; less intensive and complicated conditions of motor tasks fulfillment use, which stimulate muscle power, speed-power qualities, spring ability and other qualitative sides of motor activity increase. For qualified volleyball players' physical readiness development it is reasonable to use visual references, which stimulate motor activity of players.
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Submitted: 24.07.2018
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Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology support. SCITEPRESS. P. 156-160 (Scopus).
18. Kuznetsov A., Mutaeva I., Kuznetsova Z., 2017. Diagnostics of Functional State and Reserve Capacity of young Athletes' Organism. In Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology support. SCITEPRESS. P. 111-115 (Scopus).
Author's information:
Tinyukov A.B. - senior Lecturer, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov", Ulyanovsk, Russia, e-mail: tina73lexa@mail.ru
DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-82-90
EFFECT OF CAFFEINE CONSUMPTION PRIOR TO WALKING EXERCISE ON BODY COMPOSITION IN OVERWEIGHT INDIVIDUALS
Chee Keong Chen1'2 and Mohd Afieq Mohd Rosli2
1Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia, 2Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia,
ckchen@usm.my
Abstract. Introduction: Caffeine has been shown to increase the amount of available energy, in form of circulating free fatty acid via lipolysis. Thus, caffeine consumption increases oxidation of lipid oxidation in individuals performing exercise. Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of caffeine consumption on body composition in overweight individuals. Methods: Thirty overweight individuals from the campus of Universiti Sains Malaysia, with body mass index (BMI) between 25.1 to 29.0 kg/m2 were recruited for this study. The participants were randomly assigned into three groups: control (C) group (n=10), exercise (E) group (n=10), and exercise with caffeine consumption (CE) group (n=10). The E and CE groups participated in a prescribed brisk walking program for six weeks. In addition, participants in the CE group were required to consume caffeine (50-100mg) one hour prior to each exercise session. The C group was requested not to participate in any exercise program during the study period. Results: There were no significant differences in body weight between the 3 groups at pre- and post- intervention. However, body weight was significantly lower (p<0.05) after the intervention program in the E and CE groups compared to their respective pre-intervention values. BMI was significantly lower (p<0.05) in CE group compared to C group at post-intervention. BMI was also significantly lower (p<0.05) after the intervention program in E and CE groups compared to their respective pre-intervention values. Furthermore, % body fat in E and CE groups were significantly lower (p<0.05) than C group at post-intervention. Conclusion: Both the intervention programs resulted in a small but significantly
