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Authors information
Alexsandr S. Pavlov - Candidate of Pedagogics
Alexsey E. Deev - Director of Children's Hockey School CSCA, (Central Sports Club of the Army) Sergeiy E. Pavlov - Candidate of Medicine, Ice Sports Complex of CSCA, Leningrad Avenue, h.39, Moscow, 125167, Russia
For citations: Pavlov A.S., Deev A.E., Pavlov S.E. Modern principles of sports pedagogics, realized in staged specialized complex-variative method of 1-year cycle of training formation among qualified hockey players, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.3, pp. 67-74. DOI 10.14526/03_2017_238.
DOI 10.14526/03_2017_239
METHODOLOGY OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL ORIENTATION SKILLS FORMATION IN PLAYING ACTIVITY OF FEMALE VOLLEYBALL-PLAYERS ON THE BASIS OF MOTOR ACTIONS EXTRAPOLATION
Alexsei B. Tinyukov - Senior Teacher Svetlana N. Klyuchnikova - Candidate of Pedagogics,Associate Professor Lydmila A. Kochurova - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 thAanniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail: ld nazarenko@mail.ru
Annotation. The technique of actions development among volleyball players is characterized by a constant search for individual peculiarities of the leading techniques fulfillment realization using the approaches, which provide new forms of movements formation on the basis of earlier mastered ones. Duration and difficulty of sports training among volleyball players is conditioned by many factors and, first of all, by the necessity to develop motor-coordinating qualities, the optimal indices of which provide the success of the leading technical-tactical techniques mastering. Materials. In playing interaction the leading positions are taken by volleyball players with a higher level of speed-power and coordinating qualities development when reacting to the opponent's actions, and it is connected with extrapolation, the ability of a nervous system to solve new motor objectives on the basis of the existing motor experience. Research methods: scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, testing, pedagogical experiment, statistical data manipulation. Results. The methodology of spatio-temporal orientation skills formation in playing activity of volleyball players on the basis of motor actions extrapolation is created. With sportsmanship improvement increases the role of more difficult ways of players from different teams playing interaction. The factors and conditions are discussed, which provide orientation in spatio-temporal parameters of the game: clear realization of the motor aim, the activity of motor and vegetative functions consistency; rational, individual rhythm and positive psycho-emotional background of sportsmen setting. The methodology of spatio-temporal orientation skills formation in playing activity of volleyball players includes a complex of special exercises; techniques of pedagogical control over the indices dynamics of spatio-temporal orientation in the structure of playing activity and also the system of pedagogical influences, which stimulate spatio-temporal orientation skills mastering. Conclusion. The results of pedagogical experiment show the effectiveness of the offered methodology of spatio-temporal orientation skills formation in playing activity of female volleyball players on the basis of motor actions extrapolation and it helped to improve the indices of general-physical and special readiness of those who train. The search for new ways of sports training development system on the basis of a deeper study of a sportsman's kinesiological potential gives a trainer an opportunity to use different approaches to training lessons organization. Keywords: volleyball, extrapolation, methodology, pedagogical experiment.
Urgency. Special literature analysis, progressive pedagogical experience summarizing, materials of own research works prove irrational use of playground by volleyball players. During competitive activity, after receiving the serve of the opponent, players mainly interact in the 3rd zone, as the most effective one. It doesn't give an opportunity to use effectively the 2nd zone and the depth of the ground during the attack and doesn't provide the demanded effectiveness of the attacking strikes from these zones. Moreover, playing activity activation mainly in one zone of the ground helps the opponent to predict the actions of volleyball players and form the effective defense in the final phase of the attack. During the competitive activity the leading positions, as a rule, take volleyball players with a higher level of speed-power and coordinating qualities formation during an
optimal reaction to the corresponding actions of the opponent, which is connected with motor acts extrapolation [4, 6-8]. That is why in extrapolation abilities development there are considerable reserves of volleyball players' sportsmanship improvement.
The aim of this research work is in theoretical substantiation of spatio-temporal orientation importance in playing activity as a vital condition for female volleyball players' technical-tactical training development.
Objectives: 1. To create the methodology of spatio-temporal orientation skills formation on the basis of technical-tactical actions extrapolation.
2. To check the effectiveness of this methodology during the pedagogical experiment.
Competitive activity structure study helped to reveal non-conformity of the training and competitive loads according to
many parameters [2, 3], and first of all according to content-time parameters of the training tasks in the structure of sports training. Playing competitive opposition includes the following components:
- duration of playing situations in
time;
- the structure of each playing situation;
- the number and structural difficulty of technical-tactical actions.
Typical playing situations for the attack and defense revelation in competitive activity of volleyball players will help to determine the conditions, which provide the effectiveness of the game.
The specificity of volleyball players' playing activity is conditioned by the following:
- a definite number of ball touches;
- restricted number of technical-tactical actions in terms of a playing episode;
- a definite number of zones of attack finishing;
- cyclic character of playing actions repetitions.
A volleyball player's competitive activity analysis helped to reveal its spatiotemporal structure, where predominates the following kind of confrontational teams simplest interaction: a ball crosses over the net two times, when the opponent team serves and loses the serving. With sportsmanship improvement increases the role of more difficult ways of players playing interaction from different teams: the average (a ball crosses the net 3 times), difficult (a ball crosses the net 4 times) and superdifficult (a ball crosses the net more than 4 times). Moreover, decreases the time of interaction between the teams during playing combination playing off, increases the tempo of the game, the zones of attack are used more evenly; the number of attacking strikes from the depth of the playground increases and it makes prediction of the direction, trajectory and speed of ball movement difficult for the opponent and the blocking players don't
manage to take effective measures in order to negate the attack.
As the research works of N.V. Avramova, L.D. Nazarenko, 2012, showed the degree of orientation skills formation in spatio-temporal structure of the game among highly-qualified volleyball players and sportsmen of mass categories differs greatly. An experienced player in order to fulfill the attacking strike starts the run-up before the ball goes out of the sender hands, placing muscular efforts on the second step of the run-up and push-off with the direction, trajectory and speed of the ball flight. Orientation in spatio-temporal parameters of the game is conditioned by the complex of different factors and conditions, among which the leading role belongs to psycho-emotional state of a sportsman; in case of positive feelings in muscular activity, conditioned by:
- a clear understanding of motor objective;
- correspondence between motor and vegetative functions activity;
- mastering the skills of orientation in spatio-temporal structure of the game;
- setting motor, rational, individual rhythm.
Negative emotions, caused by tiredness, pain in muscles lead to motor acts rhythm violation, mismatch of motor and vegetative functions, not adequate perception of playing activity leading parameters and, as a result, to weak orientation in spatiotemporal characteristics. Biomechanical structure of a direct attacking strike in volleyball study [2, 3, 5, 9] showed that it is necessary to pay great attention to the character revelation of the indices interaction both inside the separate phases and subphase, which have special time parameters, and between the separate indices during the technique fulfillment in general. It proves the fact that skills of orientation in spatiotemporal structure of playing activity are demonstrated during each technically difficult motor act fulfillment.
In order to check the effectiveness of these theses the pedagogical experiment was held. 28 female volleyball players (17-20
year-old) of the IInd and the Ist categories took part in the experiment. Two groups were organized - the control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG). Each group included 14 female athletes. Before the pedagogical experiment the test was held in order to reveal the initial level of physical readiness. For this purpose the following control exercises were used: shuttle running 6x5 meters (seconds); speeding up 3 meters (seconds); 2000 meters running (minutes); standing long-jump (centimeters); standing high-jump (centimeters); stuffed ball (1 kg) throwing jumping (with the right and the left hand (meters)); arms bending and extension in lying position (quantity).
The research results analysis didn't reveal considerable differences according to the level of general physical readiness among volleyball players from the CG and the EG (P>0,05).
For spatio-temporal orientation skills formation in playing activity we created the methodology, which includes:
- a complex of special exercises;
- techniques of pedagogical control over the indices dynamics of spatio-temporal orientation in the structure of playing activity of a volleyball player;
- systems of pedagogical influences, which stimulate spatio-temporal orientation skills mastering.
This methodology is based on motor skills extrapolation and it conditioned the choice of the exercises; among which the leading role belongs to imitating, illusive motor acts. The attacking strike fulfillment from the 2nd, 3rd or the 4th zone places higher demands on orientation in spatio-temporal parameters of the game. The effectiveness of technical actions mainly depends on the height of a volleyball player's jump and determined the aim setting of strengthening legs muscles and the mechanism improvement of a push-off from the support. Jumping ability indices increase was fulfilled with the help of multijumps (jumps from one foot to the other) fulfillment in weighted jogging shoes, with weighted belt, up the hill; series of jumps with a jumping-rope,
increasing the height of the jump in each second jump and moving forward on the following segments: 50, 70, 90 centimeters. Great attention was paid to outleaping up near the net with a shoulder girdle turn in the upper phase of the outleap to 30-35 degrees. The height of the outleap increase was provided by elastic support use with gradually increasing stiffness: the upper part of the jumping bridge with stiffness coefficient 15 kgf/cm middle part of the jumping bridge -62,5 kgf/cm the upper part of the spring-board -133 kgf/cm with further passage to the floor.
In order to provide gradual passage from more elastic to less elastic support weighted jogging shoes and the belt were used. In the upper phase of the outleap volleyball players fulfilled false movements with one hand, imitating different directions and the developed muscular efforts, and with two hands - the ball throwing into not protected zone. Volleyball ground was marked for the length of the steps and an optimal place of the outleap regulation in each zone. At the same time, different speed regimens of each motor act fulfillment were stated with the help of visual and aural signals.
In order to fulfill the attacking strike from the depth of the ground also special marking was made, which determined an optimal quantity of the steps, their length, taking into account individual peculiarities of sportsmen, with the tempo and the rhythm of the running steps change. An optimal speed of the run-up fulfillment for every volleyball player was revealed; an individual height of the outleap was calculated; false movements were selected. On the basis of motor acts extrapolation mechanism motor tasks were fulfilled in different zones without using the marking; sportsmen independently used the most effective feints, alternating them with the attacking strike, changing also time parameters of technical actions, from slow to quick ones with a gradual and sharp transfer to their extreme values. As pedagogical influences, which stimulate spatio-temporal orientation skills mastering, the following things were used: independent choice of the
partner for the set technique fulfillment; individual dosage of each technique revelation; the ways revelation of the attacking strike fulfillment depending on the playing situation; team choice for the training game and others.
After the pedagogical experiment one more test was held in order to check the level of physical readiness. The research materials analysis showed, that training and competitive activity results improvement was in both groups, in the CG and the EG, with different level of the achieved results. In the CG in shuttle running 6x5 with the initial results 10,09±0,21 seconds to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 9,78±0,14 seconds, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 10,14±0,16 seconds the results improved till 9,20±0,15 seconds, (p>0,05); in standing high-jump in the CG with the initial results 38,11±0,22 centimeters to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved till 38,73±0,24 centimeters, (p>0,05), in the EG with the initial results 38,24±0,26 centimeters to the end of the experiment the results increased till 42,03±0,32 centimeters, (p<0,05). The same character of physical readiness indices improvement among volleyball players from the EG was revealed according to other control exercises.
The experimental effectiveness check of created by us methodology showed that with almost equal initial indices of special readiness among the female volleyball players from the CG and the EG before the pedagogical experiment, after the experiment the athletes from the EG had better indices in standing high-jump with and without the help of hands; in standing long-jump; the height of the outleap during the attacking strike from the 2nd, the 3rd and the 4th zone and from the depth of the ground was better. In the EG the arsenal of false movements considerably increase, averted vision and the indices, which characterize field of vision, also improved and it provided the indices of spatio-temporal orientation in playing activity increase.
Conclusion. Thus, the results of pedagogical experiment show the effectiveness of spatio-temporal orientation skills formation offered methodology in playing activity. Motor skills mastering on the basis of formed earlier ones by means of extrapolation helped to achieve a considerable training effect without increasing the volume of muscular load and it is very important for a rational educational-training process organization.
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Authors information
Alexsei B. Tinyukov - Senior Teacher, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail: ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
Svetlana N. Klyuchnikova - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, Area of 100 th Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail: ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
Lydmila A. Kochurova - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail: ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
For citations: Tinyukov A.B., Klyuchnikova S.N., Kochurova L.A. Methodology of spatiotemporal orientation skills formation in playing activity of female volleyball - players on the basis of motor actions extrapolation, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.3, pp. 74-79. DOI 10.14526/03_2017_239
DOI 10.14526/03_2017_240
DEMANDS PLACED UPON INDIVIDUAL TECHNIQUES FULFILLMENT IN
VOLLEYBALL
Alexsei B. Tinyukov — Senior Teacher Irina N. Timoshina - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor Lyubov I. Kostyunina - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
