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DOI 10.14526/01_2017_179
CONCEPTION OF PERFORMANCES ARTISTRY FORMATION METHODOLOGY IN SPORTS AEROBICS
Ludmila D. Nazarenko - doctor of pedagogics, professor, Natalia A. Kasatkina - candidate of pedagogics, associate professor, Evgenia K. Timofeeva - undergraduate student Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail: ld nazarenko@mail.ru
Annotation. The level of readiness increase among gymnasts, who go in for sports aerobics, is a problem, the difficulty of which is in the necessity to solve a complex of objectives: not only physical, technical and psychological readiness indices increase, but also artistry formation, which is estimated together with the technique. Materials. The article is about a new approach to the methodology creation of artistry formation in sports aerobics. The methodology is based on a complex approach, which provides informational enlightenment of female athletes, in order to understand the essence of each fulfilled motional action, its aesthetic content and the opportunity to use expressive means, with the help of which athletes have a dialogue with audience and judges. Research methods: scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis and systematization, pedagogical experiment, testing, statistical data handling. Results. This conception is based on a wide use of choreographic exercises, which provide physical and musical culture improvement while using classical, spiritual-moral and highly artistic modern music. The authors of this methodology pay attention to the importance of an individual style of performance formation of each gymnast as a result of a creative approach while creating artistic-musical image of a physical action, composition construction. For an objective estimation of technical readiness and artistry special criteria were created, which reflect the quality of spatio-temporal and spatio-power parameters of movements, accuracy and expressiveness of the upper and lower extremities lines, body; static and dynamic bearing. Conclusion. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed the effectiveness of the offered approach to the training process organization of young qualified female gymnasts on the basis of expressive means wide arsenal creative use, high level of choreographic and musical readiness, aesthetic content of each motional action understanding. Keywords: choreographic training, methodology, expressive means, pedagogical experiment.
Urgency. Sports aerobics is one of the artistic kinds of sport, directed at motional culture formation and an expressive, graceful fulfillment of movements, which provide spiritual-moral development level and aesthetic upbringing of audience increase. A rational technique of difficult motor acts mastering conditions the necessity to increase the indices of different motional-coordinating qualities: muscular power, quickness, endurance, dexterity, flexibility and others, an optimal ratio of which at every stage of sports training, helps to realize aesthetic essence of each element, peculiarities of its structural
content, form, character of interaction with other motor acts. Competitive activity effectiveness in sports aerobics is determined by the following:
- masterful fulfillment of difficult elements, combinations of aerobic movements and junctions;
- artistry of motional actions fulfillment, which form the content of this kind of sport, by the ability to create artistic-musical image of each exercise with the help of expressive means [4 ].
One of the main objectives of sports aerobics is the sense of beauty upbringing;
spiritual-moral content of classical spiritual and modern music, its beneficial influence on a person's soul understanding with the combination of the means of this kind of sport; involvement into accumulated by people values of physical culture and sport, which provide physical exercises importance understanding for harmonization of intellectual and physical development, unity of intellectual and motional potential [3]. Performance in sports aerobics is based on the use of different base steps in combination with dancing movements of a deep aesthetic content. Their fulfillment demands corresponding emotions and feelings and it is conditioned by the demands to artistry of competitive program fulfillment, without which it is impossible to create artistic-musical image, which arouses feelings and interest in audience, concerning sports aerobics.
The aim of this research work is theoretical substantiation of the importance to form the skills of artistic fulfillment of a composition in order to increase the level of spiritual-moral development among female athletes and effectiveness of their competitive activity.
Objectives: 1. To reveal the means and methods of artistry increase among those who go in for sports aerobics.
2. To create the methodology of competitive program artistic fulfillment skills formation and check its effectiveness during the pedagogical experiment.
Materials. Sports aerobics is a system of gymnastic and acrobatic elements, music and dancing movements. Different steps, hops, running, turns and rotary motions combination, hands and head positions change and other things create conditions for creative self-realization, artistic-musical images, highly-aesthetic, expressive pose, gestures, mimicry construction, which provide emotional communication of athletes with judges and audience.
By the rules of sports aerobics the level of artistic readiness is estimated together with the level of technical readiness. The research works by Y.S. Filoppova, 2006,
prove that virtuosity of the performance increases psycho-physiological effect during psycho-emotional state control. High level of emotionality, gracefulness provide the effectiveness increase of regulation processes of nervous, immune, endocrine and other physiological systems of an organism.
Musical and motional rhythm formation during the combinations of aerobic movements fulfillment specialists in sports aerobics consider as the ability to transfer different sides of musical composition by means of nice poses, gestures. It helps judges and audience to percept emotional expressiveness, graceful performance of gymnasts as a high level of artistry [2, 6, 7, 8]. Sports aerobics lessons are directed at difficult coordinating motor acts improvement, their masterful fulfillment and it demands a system approach to muscular power, speed, endurance, dexterity, plasticity, balance and other motional-coordinating qualities development; volitional potential, dancing thinking, revelation and realization, which provide accuracy, expressiveness and gracefulness of movements.
In sports aerobics great attention is paid to the following:
- coordination of multidirectional and different motional actions with a general motional rhythm of a program performance;
- beauty of the lines of the upper and lower extremities and the body;
- dynamic and static bearing in terms of a high level of technical fulfillment of the different according to difficulty elements. Aesthetic essence of movements is a powerful stimulus for a steady interest formation concerning artistic kinds of sport. A perfect beauty of motor acts attracts more, than technical fulfillment of difficult gymnastic and acrobatic elements. Artistry of performance is perceived fully in case of a harmonious demonstration of speed-power qualities, flexibility, body balance, plasticity and rhythmic character of movements; psycho-emotional state control in a tense, dynamic struggle.
Masterly fulfillment of a composition and enthusiasm of the audience create the
atmosphere of a fascinating performance, which provides opportunity for individual style demonstration, characterized by personal gracefulness and plasticity. L.D. Nazarenko, N.A. Kasatkina, 2016, consider masterly fulfillment as a qualitative parameter of motional activity, which is characterized by a perfect technique of difficult coordinating techniques or elements fulfillment, which increase their aesthetic perception.
Competition between approximately similar in mastery gymnasts, no possibility to predict the winner make competitive activity emotional and demand a high level of artistry in terms of technically perfect fulfillment of difficult elements. Special literature analysis showed that the main criteria of beauty in sports aerobics are the following:
- the degree of aesthetic influence of the fulfilled motional acts on judges, audience and a gymnast himself;
- individual style demonstration while fulfilling exercises of the competitive program [2, 3, 5]. A high level of artistry in sports aerobics helps to create the model of physical perfection, which stimulates the need formation for involvement into systematic physical exercises, which correspond to the abilities and skills of each person. Artistry is estimated according to the indices of motional and musical culture, choreographic readiness; diversity of motional actions; easiness and freedom of movements while technically difficult gymnastic and acrobatic elements fulfillment; balance keeping in dynamically unsteady motor acts.
Results and their discussion. Scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis, materials of our own research works helped to reveal the means of artistry formation among qualified gymnasts, who go in for sports aerobics:
- original junctions of difficult motional actions;
- highly artistic poses with nice lines of the upper and lower extremities, body, head positions;
- optimal quantity of poses, taking into account their structural difficulty;
- unusual dancing tracks;
- different directions of movements use along the ground with a rational choice of the main direction, which helps to demonstrate the most expressive elements and junctions;
- deep, meaningful content of the used poses, gestures and mimicry;
- stress on the most expressive motional actions;
- correspondence between the character of music and movements;
- individual motional rhythm and plasticity.
The most difficult means of artistry formation most specialists in sports aerobics consider the formation of a vivid individual style of composition performance [3, 5]. Individual style we understand as a gymnast's manner of performance with typical for him features, which help to distinguish the ways of his actions performance, forming the main content of competitive programs.
The base for an individual style formation is musical and choreographic training, which provides motional culture formation. Mastering the skills of an ideal static and dynamic bearing preservation in exercises of different difficulty, in junctions of aerobic movements and connecting elements is the main condition for artistry demonstration in sports aerobics. A complex of special exercises near the support and in the middle of the ground is directed at the following:
- power development of spine muscles, abdominal muscles, muscles of the lower extremities and others.
- sense of proportion upbringing concerning different in character and direction movements;
- mastering the skills of control over spatio-temporal and spatio-power parameters of motional actions;
- specific choreographic positions and hands movements mastering, their combination with gymnastic exercises, fulfilled with straight hands and stretched arms and fingers.
Head movements provide gracefulness, expressiveness, correspondence
to musical phase and dancing or acrobatic part of a composition. Head turns to the right, to the left, up and down in combination with the upper and lower extremities movements, body lines help to transfer the meaning of each motor act; to create musical-artistic image, reveal inner world of an athlete and form a dialogue with judges and audience.
Scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis, materials of own research works showed, that the effectiveness of competitive activity in sports aerobics is mainly determined by the stability of motional actions fulfillment, which form the content of a program performance. Stability is conditioned by a complex of factors, the main among which are the following:
- the level of physical, technical and psychological readiness;
- the formation level of the skills to control psycho-emotional state;
- self-confidence;
- correspondence of motional and vegetative functions;
- ability to fulfill a timely distribution and redistribution of muscular efforts.
These factors realization is connected with the methodology of sports training creation, the most effective methods and methodological techniques choice and the conditions creation, which provide motivation increase to self-development by means of sports aerobics and intellectual and physical working capacity increase. Motional actions of gymnasts in sports aerobics are characterized by a continuous change of motional and musical rhythms; difficult acrobatic elements and jumps, base steps; expressive poses, gestures; by a vivid musical-artistic image. It demands a high level of muscular power, speed-power qualities, dexterity, spring ability, balance, activity, flexibility and other qualitative sides of motional activity development. With the increase of motional-coordinating qualities indices increase the opportunities for technical readiness improvement - the base of composition formation.
The peculiarity of sports aerobics is well-mastered motor acts (of different difficulty) fulfillment with different degree of expressiveness, grace, plasticity; the opportunity to give one and the same element different meaning, strengthen of decrease expressiveness- all these things provide
originality of a performance. Combination of jumps, turns, acrobatic elements in one junction, with a logic transfer from one emotional state into another, has a great emotional influence on judges and audience. Gracefulness is achieved by means of a rational choice of the tempo and rhythm of motional actions, high level of orientation in space, easiness of movements, which provides artistry of the performance.
In order to check the effectiveness of created by us methodology of artistry formation a pedagogical experiment was held. 27 qualified female gymnasts (12-15 years-old) of the III and II categories took part in the experiment. The control group (CG) - 13 people and the experimental group (EG) - 14 people were organized. In the CG training lessons were held according to general methodology in accordance with the program of sports training among qualified gymnasts. In the EG created by us methodology of artistry formation, taking into account phenotypic peculiarities of the athletes, was used.
Before the beginning of the pedagogical experiment a test was held in order to reveal the initial level of physical readiness. The following control exercises were used: 100 meter running (seconds); broad jump and standing high-jump (centimeters); standing high-jump with 180 degree turn at the top (centimeters); arms-pumping exercises in front lying support (quantity); front bend till touching the floor, standing on a bench (centimeters); 3000 meters running (minutes).
The level of technical readiness was determined according to the following indices:
- series of jumps: a push of two jumps feet apart into a split (the right leg forward), bending - pike jump; "cossack"- cossack jump;
- combination of aerobic movements from different base steps: a turn jumping 360 degrees into the stand on one leg (vertical pose with a free position of the parts of a body); jumping falling into a lying support -free fall airborne;
- a jump into a split, a lying support, a circle with two legs into a bent leg squat.
The athletes' performance was estimated by a group of experts (5 people) the leading trainers in sports aerobics. For an objective estimation of these indices we created special criteria, which reflect spatiotemporal and spatio-power parameters, easiness of movements; accuracy, steadiness and softness of landing; amplitude of movements, altitude of starting in jumps.
Evaluation criteria:
5 points - a high starting in a jump, legs split at the top of unsupported phase; a rational position of the parts of the body in space; a vivid individual style of the base steps fulfillment; clear fulfillment of a turn at the top of the flight with landing into bent standing position; an optimal amplitude of movements during cross split fulfillment with a maximum height of a starting;
4 points -insignificant muscular tension during tests fulfillment;
3 points - no easiness and freedom of movements;
2 points - insufficient height of jumps, no unity of movements;
1 point - separate motor acts fulfillment in each control exercise.
In order to estimate artistry level of competitive program the following tests were used:
- series of base steps, cossack jump, a jump into semi-ring with a free position of hands and a head;
- aerobic movements combination, a jump into grouping "tuck jump"; jumping down on the floor with free hands, head and legs position into a graceful expressive pose;
- a jump into semi-ring with landing into bent standing position, 720 degrees turn stepping over, sitting and standing, a jump with two legs push with 540 degrees turn.
Evaluation criteria:
5 points - ideal static and dynamic bearing, accuracy and expressiveness of the lines of the upper and lower extremities and the body; highly-aesthetic gestures, mimicry, head position; timely change of body position,
a high level of motional rhythm development; vivid, individual style;
4 points - tempo decrease before difficult elements;
3 points - insufficiently expressive poses and speed of movements;
2 points - considerable muscular tension, absence of freedom and easiness of movements;
1 point -low jumps, insufficient expressiveness and unity of movements, low-grade motional rhythm.
Research materials analysis didn't reveal considerable differences according to the level of physical, technical readiness and the degree of artistry formation (p>0,05) among female gymnasts from the CG and the EG. The training lessons in the CG were held according to the traditional methodology, in accordance with the program of sports training of qualified gymnasts in sports aerobics, adopted by gymnastics federation of the Russian Federation. In the EG created by us methodology of artistic training improvement, which includes considered elements and means of artistry (among which great attention was paid to individual style and artistic training formation), was used. The methodology was created taking into consideration the facts, which influence stability of composition performing and the conditions, directed at artistry of the elements and movements (which form the program content of the competitive activity) upbringing.
After the end of the pedagogical experiment one more test was held in order to reveal the indices dynamics of physical and technical readiness and the level of artistry among the female athletes from the CG and the EG. Pedagogical experiment results analysis showed, that the results improved in both groups: the CG and the EG, with an obvious predominance of the female gymnasts from the EG. In the CG with the initial results in 100 meters running 16,0±0,26 seconds to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved till 15,9±0,31 seconds (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 16,05±0,70 seconds to the
end of the experiment the results improved till 15,79±0,41 seconds (p>0,05). In the CG with the initial results in standing long-jump 176,49±9,35 centimeters to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased and were 179,15±8,16 centimeters (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 176,73±7,83 centimeters to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 187,11±6,85 centimeters (p<0,05). The same dynamics of more considerable physical readiness indices improvement in the EG was revealed according to other control exercises. The achieved advantage of the female gymnasts from the EG is conditioned by the use of a special methodology, which stimulates motional activity and physical working capacity increase.
The dynamics of technical readiness indices analysis also revealed their considerable predominance among the athletes from the EG. In the CG with the initial results for the series of jumps with two legs push, a foot circle apart into a split (the right leg forward )fulfillment; bending - pike jump; "cossack"- cossack jump- 3,12±0,33 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved till 3,39±0,26 points (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,07±0,26 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased till 4,41±0,29 points (p<0,05). More considerable results improvement in the EG is connected with mastering new means of expressiveness, which provided athletes' psycho-emotional state improvement; stimulated the desire to self-development, higher results achievement. In the CG while fulfilling the junction of the base steps with the initial results 3,81±0,25 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased and were 3,93±0,36 points (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,79±0,21 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 4,49±0,19 points (p<0,05). In the CG while fulfilling the junction of a jump into a split, lying support, a circle with two legs in a squat position with the initial results 3,79±0,19 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices
improved till 3,88±0,25 points (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,81±0,21 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased and were 4,37±0,27 points (p<0,05). The predominance of the female gymnasts from the EG was achieved with the help of more complete plasticity of movements, beautiful body and hands lines, graceful head turns, a high level of motional rhythm.
The artistry indices dynamics during the pedagogical experiment changed in the following way. In the CG with the initial results in the series of the base steps, "cossack" jump, a jump into semi-ring with a free hands and head position 3,68±0,21 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased till 3,77±0,19 points (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,72±0,20 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved till 4,52±0,25 points (p<0,05). In the CG with the initial results in the series of the base steps, a jump into a grouping "tuck jump", landing with a jump - 3,69±0,16 points to the end of the experiment the results increased till 3,78±0,14 points (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,66±0,24 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved till 4,47±0,17 points (p<0,05). In the CG with the initial results in the junction - a jump into semi-ring with landing into bent standing position, 720 degrees turn stepping over, sitting and standing, a jump with two legs push with 540 degrees turn - 3,61±0,12 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved till 3,73±0,16 points (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,68±0,21 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved till 4,35±0,18 points (p<0,05).
Conclusion. Thus, the results of the pedagogical experiment showed the effectiveness of the offered approach to the training process organization of young qualified female gymnasts on the basis of expressive means wide arsenal creative use, high level of choreographic and musical readiness, aesthetic content of each motional action understanding. Great importance for
artistry formation has taking into consideration the factors, which influence gracefulness and plasticity of different exercises fulfillment; taking into consideration the conditions of artistry improvement of dancing, jumping and acrobatic exercises fulfillment. The result of a complex approach to artistry of motional actions formation should become the interest of each athlete in individual style of composition formation, which reflects originality of a gymnast's personality, his desire to fulfill self-realization and self-development by means of sports aerobics.
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Submitted: 20.01.2017 Received: 23.01.2017
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Ludmila D. Nazarenko - doctor of pedagogics, professor, head. department of human biology and the foundations of medical knowledge, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail: ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
Natalia A. Kasatkina - candidate of pedagogics, associate professor department of theory and methods of physical education and life safety, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, Email: ld_nazarenko@,mail.ru
Evgenia K. Timofeeva - undergraduate student faculty ofphysical education and sport, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail: ld_nazarenko@,mail.ru
For citations: Nazarenko L.D., Kasatkina N.A., Timofeeva E.K. Conception of performances artistry formation methodology in sports aerobics, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogical-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 21-27. DOI 10.14526/01_2017_179
