PROTO-AFRASIAN NAMES OF NON-UNGULATE ANIMALSIN LIGHT OF THE PROTO-AFRASIAN HOMELAND ISSUE Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

Alexander Militarev+, Sergei Nikolaev i

+ Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow; amilitarev@gmail.com1

t Institute of Slavic studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow/Novosibirsk; sergenicko@mail.ru2

Proto-Afrasian names of non-ungulate animals in light of the Proto-Afrasian homeland issue

In this paper, we present the second section3 of a relatively comprehensive thesaurus of Proto-Afrasian zoonyms, compiled and reconstructed by the authors. The list contains more than sixty terms, including monkeys, canines and hyenas, felines, rodents and other mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibia and fishes complementing and completing a wholesome (at the current level of our knowledge) picture of all relevant species of fauna in the period preceding the split of Proto-Afrasian (ca. 11th millennium BCE, according to glottochronology) within the area presumably inhabited by speakers of Proto-Afrasian. Results of the reconstruction may be ambiguously interpreted in favor of either one of the two different points of view on the localization of the Proto-Afrasian homeland, namely, the Levant vs. East Africa.

Keywords: Proto-Afrasian homeland; Afrasian (Afro-Asiatic) languages; etymology of zoonyms; reconstruction of cultural lexicon.

Introduction

In this paper, we present comparative evidence for a large number of Proto-Afro-Asiatic (PAA) "non-ungulate" zoonyms, including monkeys (4 terms), predators (22 terms), other mammals (a selection of 8 terms), birds (selection of 11 terms), reptiles (selection of 9 terms), water reptiles and amphibia (selection of 4 terms), and fishes (selection of 5 terms). Within the "predator" subset, we differentiate between 8 reconstructed terms for canines, including 'dog' (*kawit-, *kwihan-, *KVj/jim-), 'k. of wild canine' (*?away-, *?aw/ys-, *bawih-, *kur(-ay-), *wans-), 4 undifferentiated terms 'k. of canine or hyena' (*?a/usk-ay-, *ba?Vs, *gVd-, *wahr-), 9 terms for felines including 'lion' (*labi?-), 'leopard or lion' (*ba?y-), 'k. of (wild) feline' (*?ariw-, *ba?is-, *da(?/y)m-, *giwar-, *layc-, *mary-, *sawr-), and one undifferentiated term 'k. of feline, hyena or viverra' (*?ajur-).

In the opinion of one of the paper's authors (S. Nikolaev), this particular array of predators in the context of terms for monkeys, ungulates and large herbivores should stimulate a search for the PAA homeland in the Eastern part of the Sahel. Although some of these zoonyms are universal and thus "neutral" in regards to the debatable issue of the Afrasian Urheimat, others at least make it possible to add an important observation (which, however, could hardly shed any more light on the problem, since it can be interpreted both ways): while

1 Lexical material, reconstruction of zoonyms and presentation of the Levant Urheimat hypothesis for Proto-Afrasians, including their identification with Natufians. Militarev's research is supported by The Russian Science Foundation (Project № 20-18-00159); the financing organization is The Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences.

2 Evaluation of PAA zoonyms, their paleozoological interpretation and argumentation in favor of the African (most likely East Sudanic) Urheimat of Proto-Afrasian, as well as commentary on the semantic reconstruction of zoonyms.

3 The first section, "Proto-Afrasian names of ungulates in light of the Proto-Afrasian homeland issue", was published in 2020 (Journal of Language Relationship 18/3-4: 199-226). The list in the second section continues the numeration begun in the first one (1. Bovids and pigs; 2. Camel and equids; 3. Largest herbivores).

Journal of Language Relationship • Вопросы языкового родства • 19/4 (2021) • Pp. 233-262 • © Alexander Militarev, Sergei Nikolaev, 2021

there are terms in various Semitic (not only Ethiopian Semitic) languages that denote African animals such as the ones represented in the current paper (namely, monkeys and crocodiles), not a single one of those has a common Afrasian or even common Semitic etymology. This evidently implies a late origin of the corresponding Semitic zoonyms and, hence, late acquaintance of the already linguistically separated Semitic-speaking groups with the corresponding African animals.

A special commentary is needed for the issue of semantic reconstruction of zoonyms. It is quite rare that the Proto-Afrasian meaning may be reconstructed unequivocally on the basis of perfectly matching semantics, as in the following cases:

5.9. *kwihan- 'dog [Canis familiaris]'.

Chad. *kwiHan- 'dog': W. *kwiHan-: Fyer kweej II E. *kany- ~ *kayan-: W.Dangla kany-a I E.Dangla kany-a I Migama kanny-a I Mabire kany I Jegu kany I Birgit kayaj.

Cush. E. *kwihan-: Yaaku kwehen 'dog'.

Omot. *kwiHan- 'dog': N. *ku/iHan-: Wolaita, Gamu, Dawro, Zala, Malo, Dache, Koyra, Zayse, Gimira (Bench) kyan I Yemsa, Bworo kan-a I Kafa, Mocha kun-ano I Dizi (Sheko) kean-u

I Mao (Hozo) kan-a, etc. II S. *kan-: Dime ken-e, Galila kan-i.

6.7. *labi?- 'lion [Panthera leo]'

Sem. *labi?-: Akk. labb-u (lab?-u, lab-u) II Ugr. lb?-u 'lion' [Panthera leo] II Hbr. labi(?) 'lioness'

II Sab. lb? 'lion, lioness' II Arab. luba?-at-, labu?-at-, libw-at-, etc. 'lionne'.

Egyp. (OK) rw ?bw, inscription under the image of a lion I Copt.: Bohairic, Sahidic laboy 'lion; bear' [P. leo; Ursus arctos].

Chad. *la/ib-: W. *lab-: Tangale lab-ata (f.) 'lioness' [P. leo] II C. *(?a-)lib-ar- 'lion' [P. leo]: Hwona lifar-i I Margi ha-livar-i I Chibak ?a-lvar-i I Kilba levar-i I Kapsiki niver-i (dissim.) I Higi-Nkafa liver-i I Gude livyar-a.

Cush. E.*lu/ib- 'lion' [P. leo]: SA *lub-ak-: Saho, Afar lubaak I LEC *lib-ah-: Somali libah I Jiddu libaah-u.

In the vast majority of cases, semantic reconstruction is difficult for four main reasons:

1) intermediate proto-languages, except for the relatively young Proto-Berber, are characterized by a considerable time depth (Proto-Chadic, Proto-Cushitic, Proto-Omotic, somewhat younger Proto-Semitic), which makes diverse semantic shifts inevitable;

2) meanings of zoonyms in dictionaries of most Afrasian languages are often quoted inaccurately — in particular, specific species of animals are given as approximate or generic terms: "antelope", "deer", "duiker", "wild cat", etc., although in reality these zoonyms probably denote more concrete species;

3) according to modern scientific data (though somewhat debatable), in the Proto-Afrasian period there were no domestic animals (except for the dog [Canis familiaris]); names of wild animals were transferred to domestic ones (and vice versa) in the history of individual Afrasian families and languages; if so, "domestic" zoonyms do not contribute to an accurate reconstruction of the Proto-Afrasian semantics of the animal names;

4) zoonyms in various Afrasian languages can denote entire zoological groups ("small ungulates", "largest animals", etc.) or sex and age characteristics of certain animals ('bull', 'ram', 'kid', 'lamb', etc.); to reconstruct terms with such semantics for Proto-Afrasian is particularly difficult because of their lack of semantic stability.

Below we list several examples in which specifically "wild" semantic reflexes are indicated in semi-bold type. The remaining reflexes either refer to domestic animals and age / sex

groups, or to unspecified wild species. With such semantically chaotic material, semantic reconstruction for Proto-Afrasian is possible only within the framework of generalizing to large zoological groups - "lesser bovids", "larger bovids", "equids", "canines", "felines", etc., even though in Proto-Afrasian all or most of these terms may have had more specific meanings.

1.2. *?ayl- 'k. of lesser bovid'

Sem. *?ayil-: (?) Akk. al-u (el-u) 'a fine breed of sheep' (reading arguable) II Ugr. ?al, ?il 'ram of superior quality' I Hbr. ?ayil 'ram' I ESA: Sab. ?yl 'mountain goat, ibex' [C. ibex], Min. ?yl 'bélier, bouquetin' [C. ibex] I Arab. ?iyyal-, ?uyyal- 'bouquetin, bouc de montagnes' [C. ibex].

Berb. *ti-halay (< *-?ayal, met.?) 'sheep': Nefusa t-ili I Zenaga t-iji I Ahaggar té-helé, Ghat ci-hali, Ayr t-ele, E. Wlm. te-hale, etc.

Cush. *?ayl-: N. *?all-i: Beja all-i, pl. ill-i 'long-haired sheep' II E.: SA *?ill-: Saho ill-e, Afar ill-i 'small cattle' I LEC *?el- (<*?il- or *?ayl-): Somali eel-o 'tipo de gazella (antilope giraffa)' [Li-tocranius walleri], Arbore ?ell-ém, Elmolo ?él-em 'ram' II S. *?ayl-: Gorowa elete-mo 'bushbuck' [Tragelaphus sylvaticus] I Ma'a i?al-é 'ram', i?al-u (met. < *?ayl-?) 'sheep'I Dahalo ?èèl-e 'harte-beest' [Alcelaphus buselaphus].

1.13a. *guday- 'k. of larger bovid'

Sem. *gaday- 'kid': Ugr. gdy 'kid' I Phoen. gd? 'goat', Hbr. gadï 'kid (of goat or sheep)' I Aram.: Anc. gdh 'goat', Syr. gady-a, Mand. gadi-a I Arab. jady- 'kid', jaday-at- 'gazelle; petit de gazelle' [Gazella gazella].

(?) Berb. N. *-gVnd-uz 'bull, calf': Rif a-yenduz 'taureau', Snus a-yenduz, Shenwa, Qabyle a-genduz, Sened a-gendus, etc. 'calf'.

Chad. *ga/uday-: W. *ga/ud- 'k. of bovid': Hausa gàd-âa 'antelope, duiker sp.', Kariya gud-am, Miya gud-an-zaku, Pa'a gud-an-caka 'Western kob' [Kobus kob], Ngizim gâd-ùwà 'duiker' II C.*gVday-: Zime-Batna gôdày 'buck'.

Cush. *gad- and *gund- 'k. of larger bovid': E. *gad-am-: LEC *gad-am-: Oromo gad-am-sa 'greater kudu' [Tragelaphus strepsiceros], Dirayta gad-an-sa, gad-am-sa 'antelope' I HEC *gud-: Sidamo god-a 'deer, gazelle' II S. *gwand-: Iraqw gwand-a, Alagwa gwand-o 'ram', Burunge gond-i 'old ram'.

Omot. N. *gayd- (met.): Zaisse gaaidd-é 'cattle', gaid-é-endo 'buffalo' [Syncerus caffer].

1.14a. *gawr- 'k. of bovid'

Sem. *(?a-)gurr-: Akk. (MA) gurr-atu, agurr-atu 'ewe'.

Egyp. (MK) dr 'calf' (if <*gVr).

Berb. *-gur- 'small cattle': Ghadames a-jur 'bouc' (Naït-Zerrad 2002: 859), Zenaga a-grarh 'bélier' (Nicolas)

Chad. (a) *(?a-)garw/y- 'kind of bovid (Redunca, Oryx, Ourebia, etc.); animal, game': W. *(?a-)gary-: Hausa agare 'a big, male red-fronted gazelle' [Eudorcas rufifrons], Tsagu gare 'reedbuck' [Redunca redunca], Mburku gari 'oryx' [Oryx leucoryx ?], Ngizim a-gare 'gazelle' II C. (?a-n-)gary-: Logone gari-a, Makeri ingarii 'antelope', Buduma qgari 'gazelle' II E. *gVrw- and *gVwVr- (met.): Tumak garu, Kwang gowor-to 'antelope', Ndam garù 'ourebi' [Ourebia ourebi]; (b) *garaw- 'herd of cattle': W. *gar(V)w-: Hausa gâr-keî 'a herd, flock', Bolewa gaarùw-à 'pack ox', Karekare gaarùw-à 'bull', Tangale kâarw-a 'cattle' II C. *garaw/y-: Bana gàraw-à 'troupeau de bœufs', Gude garâ-na 'herd of cattle', mà-garâ 'shepherd, wachtsman', Musgu gari, gâri 'Stier, Laststier', Mandara gari 'bull', Hursa goragor-a (redupl.), Uzam gwar-a, Matakam q-gwur 'ram' II E. *garaw-: Bidiya gaaruw-o 'animal', Migama gâarâw 'bête, bétail'; (c) C. *gwar- and *gwargwar-(redupl.) 'ram': Ouldem gwàr-à, Mbuko gwàrgwâr-â, Merey gwaràgwàr-a, Muyang gwôrôgwôr-à,

Mada gurgwar-a II E. *gagar- (redupl.) 'small cattle': Sok gaâger-o 'Schaf', Mawa gagar 'mouton', Mubi wegr-i (met.) 'chèvre'.

Cush. *garaw- and *gwira?- (met.) 'k. of larger bovid [Taurotragus, Alcelaphus, etc.]': N. *garuw-: Beja garuw-a 'male antelope; eland' [Taurotragus oryx] II C. *gar- 'calf': Bilin, Qwara, Qemant gär, Aungi gara II E.: HEC *gur(r)-: Sidamo gur-um ?icco 'gazelle', garr-anco 'Agazen antelope' [T. buxtoni] II S. *gwara?-: Iraqw gwara?-ai 'Hartebeest' [Alcelaphus caama], Burunge gera?-i 'Grant's gazelle' [Nanger granti].

Omot. N. *gaHar- 'antelope dekula [Tragelaphus decula]': Wolayta, Dawro gaar-aa.

1.18. *lawi?- 'k. of large (?) bovid'

Sem. *lawi?- and *lawli?- (redupl.) 'k of. large bovid [Bos, Syncerus, Connochaetes, etc.]': Akk. (OB on) litt-u (lït-u) 'cow', lalû (lali?-u, lala?-u) 'kid', lulï-mu 'red deer, stag' [Cervus elaphus] II Ebl. li-a-num, li-a-nu-um 'cow' I Ugr. ll?-u 'lamb, kid' I Hbr. le?-ä 'wild cow' (only as a pers. name) I Arab. lä?a n 'taureau sauvage, buffle' [Syncerus caffer], lu?lu?- 'antilope' I Tgr. lul-it, pl. läwäll-it '(cow) with long, crooked horns', Amh. lil(la)wil 'gnu' [Connochaetes taurinus] II Mhr. ldhay-tdn 'cows', Hbt. leé, pl. lhâyta, Jib. le?, pl. lhô-ti, Soq. ?e-lh-eh 'cow', lul-oh 'brébis'.

Egyp. (Pyr.) W 'bull' (if < *lVwV?-).

Berb. *w/yalaH- (met.): Izayan ta-wala 'troupeau de bœufs, sangliers', Ahaggar élah-ei 'mouton à laine'.

Chad. *laway- 'k. of larger bovid (Tragelaphus, etc.)': W.: Dera la-à 'cow' II C.: Gude la 'cow' (Jungraithmayr, Ibriszimow), Kapsiki, Higi-Nkafa le, Higi-Baza lol-e (redupl.) 'gazelle', Higi-Ghye le, Bachama liyey 'duiker' (St. 2005 #57), Masa luway 'troupeau, le betail' (CED #549).

Cush. *lawi?- 'cattle': C. *luway-: Bilin luwï, Khamir luwa, Awngi luwä II E. *la?- and *la?la?-(redupl.): SA *la(?)-: Saho, Afar la 'cow, cattle' I LEC *lo?(lo?)- 'cows (coll.)': Somali lo? 'cows (coll.)', Rendille (pl.) loôly-o, Oromo loo-ni 'cows (coll.)', lal-eesa 'she-goat', Konso low-aa 'cows', Dasenech lal-o, pl. lal-i 'cow', etc. I HEC *lal-: Sidamo lal-o 'cows, cattle', laat-to (f.) 'young sheep, lamb' II Dullay *lo?-, pl. *le?- 'cow': Harso, Dipina, Gollango lô?-o, Tsamay lö?-ö-, pl. le?-e, etc. II S. *li?-: Iraqw le?-i I Gorowa lee?-i 'goat' I Qwadza le?-amuko 'bull'.

5.1. *?away- or *yawa?- (met.) 'k. of canine'

Sem. *?away-: Hbr. *?ï (pl. ?iyyïm) 'jackal' [C. aureus] I Syr. banät ?away 'thoes, canes aurei' [Canis aureus] II Arab. ?ibnu-l-?äwan 'animal regardé comme un mélange né d'un chien et d'un renard' II Tgr. ?aw 'eatable wild animals' I Amh. yäyi 'hyena' [Hyaenidae sp.], awu 'hyena's cry; hyena' [Hyaenidae sp.] I Gur.: Chaha, Gyeto, Ennemor, Muher awi 'wild animal, beast'.

Egyp. (MK) i?w 'dog' (met. < *?Vyw ?).

Chad. W. *(?)iy-: Warji iyà-nà I Kariya ii I Miya i 'dog'.

Cush. E. *yawa?-: LEC *yaw/ya?-: Somali éy 'dog', yéèy 'wild dog' [Lycaon pictus] I Boni ôy? 'dog', yeye? 'jackal' [C. aureus] I Rendille yâây 'wild dog' [L. pictus] I Oromo yeey-ii 'wolf; wild dog' [L. pictus] I Konso yoy-ta 'hunting dog' [L. pictus] I HEC *yayy- 'hunting dog' [L. pictus]: Sidamo iyäy I Hadiya yoyy-akko I Burji yeyy-ée.

6.9. *mary- or *mayr- 'k. of feline'

Sem. *namir- (< *na-mir- or *na-mayr- with the fossilized prefix) 'leopard' [Panthera par-dus]: Akk. nimr- (nammar-) 'panther' II Hbr. nämer 'leopard, panther' II Aram.: Anc., Off. nmr I Bibl. namar 'panther' I Mand. namar (nimar, namr) 'leopard' I Sab. nmr 'leopard, panther' I Hdr. nmr 'panthère' II Arab. nimr- 'panthère', namir- 'léopard, panthère' II Gz. namr I Tna., Tgr. näbri 'leopard' I Amh. nämr, näbdr 'lynx' [Caracal caracal] I Sel. näwar I Wol. näwr.

Egyp. (OK) m?y 'lion' [Panthera leo] (if < *mVry).

Chad. *mary- and *mumur-/*murum- (redupl.): W. *mumur-: Dera mumur-u 'cheetah' [Aci-nonyx jubatus] I Polchi mur 'jackal' [Canis aureus] I Bokkos mùrûm I Sha, Daffo-Butura mùrûm 'hyena' [Crocuta crocuta] II C. *mary-: Mafa mariy-zélé 'lion' [Panthera leo] I Lame mer 'serval' [Caracal serval], méri-ân 'wild cat' [Felis sp.] I Peve méri-ân 'Id.' I Zime-Dari mïer 'genette' [Genetta sp.].

Cush. (a) *mary-, *mawir- and *marir- (redupl.): E.: LEC *mawr-: Oromo mor-e 'civet(-cat)' [Civettictis civetta] I Dasenech mor 'lion, leopard' II S. *mir- and *marir- (redupl.): Gorowa marir-ika 'leopard' [P. pardus] I Alagwa mariy-amo 'wild cat' I Asa mer-ok 'lion' [P. leo]; (b) N. *mir-al-: Beja miral-ai 'cheetah' [Acinonyx jubatus] I E.: Dullay *mir-l-: Tsamai mirle 'leopard' [P. pardus].

Data

Below we present the entire material in numerical order.

4. Monkeys 4

4.1. *dang(w)Vl/r- 'monkey; dwarf'

(?) Sem. *duggal-: Arab. dujjal- 'vil, bas, de basses classes (hommes)'.

Egyp. (OK) dng, dig (< *dlg), ding (< *dlng, met. of *dVngVl-?) 'dwarf'.

Berb. *da(n)gil: Ghat a-dajel 'singe', ta-dajel-t 'guenon (Cercopithecus)' [Cercopithecus sp.] I Sokna dagel 'monkey' I Nefusa a-danjal 'dwarf'.

Chad. *da(n)g(w)-ir/l-: W.: Hausa gand-i (met. < *dang-) 'pigmy' II C. *da(n)gwil/r-: W. Margi dagil I Chibak dakil (devoicing of *-g?) 'monkey' I Gude dangwar-a 'adult male of an erd monkey' I Dghwede gandaw-a (met. < *dangw-) I Buduma dagel 'monkey' II E. *di(n)gw-Vr-: Ndam gdgdm ddgre I Dangla gudiny-a (met. < *dingw-) 'monkey' (Jungraithmayr, Ibriszimow 1994).

Cush. E. *da(n)gir- 'monkey':5 LEC *da(n)gir-: Somali (var. dialects) daqer, danjar I Boni daser (< *dajer < *dagir) I HEC *dagir-: Hadiya dagier-aa I Kambatta dagier-aa.

▲ Cf. Kordofan Nubian: Dair tigil, Koldegi tingel, Midob tanni 'monkey' (Blazek Ms. apud Meinhof) and Saharan: Tubu degdl 'ape' (Lukas 1953: 183).

► AADB 38, 392.

4.2. *guray- 'k. of monkey'

Chad. W. *garay-: Polchi gari I Dwot gari 'monkey'.

Cush. E. *gVray-: Yaaku koroi6 'monkey Colobus' [Colobus sp.].

Omot. *gayur- (met.): N. *goyr-: Malo gor-o I Basketo goyr-a I Chara gor-?a I Gimira gorr, gwor 'monkey' I Dizi-Sheko gyer-u 'baboon' [Papio sp.] II S. *gayur-: Ari goyr-a I Hamar guro I Dime guur-u 'baboon' [Papio sp.].

► AADB 4251.

4 Some forms are quoted after Blazek Ms., though our understanding of consonantal correspondences and, hence, distribution of the forms among different entries is, in most cases, distinct from this very useful collection of data.

5 Cf. what looks like a variant root - *dink- 'dwarf': LEC: Oromo dink-i (borrowed in Mod. Eth *dink- id.) I HEC: Kambatta dank-a, Tembaro dink-a (borrowed in Omot. N.: Kafa dikk-o id.). Various authors reconstruct for this root E. Cush. *j- instead of *d- (Dolgopolsky 1973: 107-8; Blazek Ms.) or *z- (Sasse 1976: 140), probably because of C. Cush. *j- (see 4.4). The only form probably tipping the scale towards *j- instead of *d- is Jiddu yasire 'monkey': that AA *j- > Jiddu y is a fact, but whether Jid. -s- can continue AA *-g- is not clear: if it can, the E. Cush. root should be compared to 4.4.

6 Yaaku k can continue both PAA *k and *g.

4.3. *ka(?a)yr- 'k. of monkey'

Chad. W. *kayr-: Sura kaar 'red monkey' [Piliocolobus sp.] I Angas ker 'monkey', nker 'baboon' [Papio sp.] (Kraft 1981) I Wangday kàr-é I Fyer km I Bokkos kyer-âj 'red monkey' [Piliocolobus sp.]7

Cush. E.: LEC ka(?a)r-: Arbore kaarr-an 'vervet monkey' [Chlorocebus pygerythrus].

Omot. *ka(?a)r- 'monkey': N.: Basketo kar-a I Male kaar-a 'vervet' [Ch. pygerythrus] I Gemu kaar-é I Gofa, Dorze kar-e I Oyda, Zasse kaar-e 'baboon' [Papio sp.] I Kafa (argo) ker-iyo 'monkey (Cercopithecus)' [Cercopithecus sp.] y S. ka(?a)r-: Ari-Bako kar-a I Hamar kââr I Dime kar-e 'monkey'.

► AADB 2208. Cf. HSED 1569.

4.4. *jag(w)-il/r- 'k. of monkey'

Chad. *ji(n)gw-al-: C. *ji(n)gway(-l)-: Hildi dzilâju (*jilang, met. < *jingal-) I Mbuko zdgày I Zime-Batna 3éjgu (or jéjgu) 'k. of monkey' II E. *zugul-: Birgit zûgul-î 'monkey' (Jungraith-mayr, Ibriszimow 1994).

Cush. C. *jag(g)ir- 'monkey':8 Bilin jaggir-a (< *jangir-?) I Khamir sajer-a I Khamta ziager-aa I Qwara jagir-aa I Qemant jegdr-aa y Aungi zagr-i I Damot zagr-ee.

► AADB 398.

5. Canines and hyenas

5.1. *?away- or *yawa?- (met.) 'k. of canine'9

Sem. *?away-: Hbr. *?ï (pl. ?iyyïm) 'jackal' [Canis aureus] y Syr. bdnat ?away 'thoes, canes aurei' [C. aureus] y Arab. ?ibnu-l-?awan 'animal regardé comme un mélange né d'un chien et d'un renard' y Tgr. ?aw 'eatable wild animals' I Amh. yayi 'hyena' [Hyaenidae sp.], awu 'hyena's cry; hyena' [Hyaenidae sp.] I Gur.: Chaha, Gyeto, Ennemor, Muher awi 'wild animal, beast'.

Egyp. (MK) %w 'dog' (met. < *?Vyw ?).

Chad. W. *(?)iy-: Warji iyà-nà I Kariya if I Miya i 'dog'.

Cush. E. *yawa?-: LEC *yaw/ya?-: Somali éy 'dog', yéèy 'wild dog' [Lycaon pictus] I Boni oy? 'dog', yeye? 'jackal' [C. aureus] I Rendille yâây 'wild dog' [L. pictus] I Oromo yeey-ii 'wolf; wild dog' [L. pictus]10 I Konso yoy-ta 'hunting dog' [L. pictus] I HEC *yayy- 'hunting dog' [L. pictus]: Sidamo iyay I Hadiya yoyy-akko I Burji yeyy-ée.

► AADB 290. SED II No. 21.

5.2. *?aw/ys- 'k. of canine'

Sem. *?aws-: Arab. ?aws-, dim. ?uways- 'wolf' [Canis lupus].11

Chad. *?aws-: W. *?as-: Mupun, Angas as I Sura as I Montol ?as I Tala ass y E. *?us-: Bidiya ?ùs-û 'dog'.

Cush. *ya?s- (met.) 'dog': N. *ya(?a)s-: Beja yaas y S. *sV?ay (met.): Iraqw see?ay I Gorowa soo?ay.

Omot. S. *?aws-: Ongota ?ôôs-e 'African hunting dog; jackal' [Lyacon pictus; C. aureus].

► AADB 2938. Cf. Blazek 2007 #21; Stolbova 2019 #29 *?[a]s/c- 'dog' (comp. to Arab. ?aws-).

7 k- may continue both PAA *k- and *k.

8 Borrowed in S. Eth. as *j/zangi/ar- 'baboon' (Leslau III, 1979: 711]

9 Very likely descriptive.

10 Cf. iyyaa 'k. of wild cat'.

11 Cf. Geez ?/?awst, ?awsant 'eagle, bird of prey'.

5.3. *?a/usk-ay- 'k. of canine or hyena'

Berb. *?usk-ay: Tazerwalt uskai I Izayan usk-a I Iznassen uskai I Ahaggar osk-a 'chien lévrier'.

Chad. *(Hu)sVk(-ay): W. *sik-: Dera sikd(-nâqnà) 'dog crying nanna, hyena' II C. *sak-ey: Bana sâkâ-tâ 'jackal', Bachama sakéy I Gudu sakdy 'dog' I Afade skè 'hyena' II E. *(H)usk-eq: Sokoro osk-eq 'hyena' [Crocuta crocuta] (Stolbova 2009 #187 *sVk- 'dog, hyena, jackal').

Cush. E. *se(?)ek-: Yaaku seek-a 'hyena' [C. crocuta].

Omot. S. *?ask-i: Ari ?aksi (met.) 'dog'12 I Ubamer aksi (met.) I Ongota ?aski 'dog'.

▲ Cf. Kuliak: Nyangi sak 'dog'.

► AADB 2716.

5.4. *ba?Vs- 'k. of canine or hyena'

Egyp.: Copt. (Boheiric) boisi (f.) 'vulpes' [Vulpes sp.], 'a desert animal, peut-être hyéne' [Hyaena hyaena] (Vycichl 1983).

Chad. W. *bVz-am- 'hyena' [Hyaenidae sp.]: Ngizim bézàm-ù I Bade ?é-bzàm-én.

Cush. N. *ba?as-: Beja ba?as-o 'Fuchs, Schakal' [Canis aureus].

► AADB 4248; EDE II 148.

5.5. *bawih- 'k. of canine'13

Egyp. (BD) bh-n 'k. of a dog'.

Chad. *bay/wH-: W. *bayH-: Tangale bay 'dog' Il C. *bawH-: Chibak bou?-a, bùh-â 'Schakal' [Canis aureus].

Cush. N. *bayH-: Beja bâyh-o 'Schakal, Fuchs, Canis vulpes' [Canis aureus, Vulpes vulpes] I E. *bay-: LEC: Dasenech bày-c, pl. bay-a 'jackal' [C. aureus] II S. *bawih-: Iraqw, Alagwa bah-a I Burunge bay-mo, pl. baw-u (< *bah-u, acc. to KM) 'hyena' [Crocuta crocuta] I Dahalo bwéh-a 'jackal' [Canis aureus].14

Omot. N. *biw-:15 Yemsa biw-â 'Schakal' [C. aureus].

► AADB 3774; Blazek 2003: 241; EDE II 147, 282.

5.6. *gVd- 'k. of canine or hyena'

(?) Sem. *gad-l- (with fossilized -l?): Arab. jadlû?- 'chienne' (BK 1 267).16

Chad. *gVd-: W.: Hausa gôoj-èe 'dog' I Ngizim gâdâ-muzâi17 'hyena' [Hyaenidae sp.] II C. *gVd- 'dog': Dghwede yad-î, géd-è I Guduf yéd-à I Mofu gad-éy II E. *gVd- 'dog': Ndam gay (< *gVyd-) I Somrai dd-géd-à, pl. garâd-ë I Mokilko géd-è, etc.18

12 Cf. wuksak 'fox, jackal'.

13 Obviously related is the PAA verb *bwh- 'to bark (dog)': Sem. *n-bh: Akk. nabah-u, Hbr. nabah, Arab. nbh, Gz. nabha, etc.; Eg. bhn; Chad. C: Bura mbwuha, E.: Kera be?e; Cush. S.: Ma'a -boha (AADB 3774; cf. EDE II 282). While the noun *bawih- refers to various kinds of canine and even hyena, the PAA verb speaks in favor of a domesticated dog: it is unlikely that the PAA speakers had managed to preserve a special term for wild animals' howling and yowling as a significant notion for over ten millennia.

14 Beja h may continue both AA *h and *h, *-h- in bayho is confirmed by -h- in Tgr. bayhot, pl. bayhi with the same meaning obviously borrowed from Beja; in W. Rift and Dahalo, h continues only AA *h, not *h (acc. to Takacs 2011: 115-16); however similar to the present root the S. Cush. forms may appear, they are to be regarded as a variant root *bayh-; in Dasenech, both AA *h and *h yield 0.

15 Both PAA *h and *h yield 0.

16 In Lane II 392, it is quoted as fem. of *?ajdal- 'the hawk or an epithet applied to the hawk'.

17 muzai < Proto-Chad. *mVz- 'man, male'.

18 In CED #196, rel. to g(V)HVd- 'to bite'. Compared to Arab. ga?d-at- 'wolf' referring to BK I 299 likely by mistake (there is no such meaning). In Lane Vol. 1: 11, there is ?abu JaSd-at- 'the wolf', but this is no more than just

Cush. E.: LEC *ged-all-: Oromo gedall-o 'jackal'19 [Canis aureus].

Omot. S. *gud-r-: Ari gudr-i 'hyena' [Crocuta crocuta].

► AADB 353. Cf. HSED №856; CED #196.

5.7. *kur(-ay-) 'k. of canine'

Sem. Eth. *karkur- (redupl.): Tgr. kurkur 'dog', karakur 'young dog' I Tna. kurkur 'puppy, lion cub, whelp'.20

Berb. S. *a-ykar (met.): Ahaggar, Ayr, E. Wlm. a-ikar 'jeune chien'.

Chad. *kuray- 'dog': W. *ku/aray: Hausa kàré-e I Zaar kùraày-i I Guus kàrâj I Bokos kyàr-a y C. *ku/ir(ay)-: Fali-Kiria kér-i I Higi kur-é I Hildi kr-i I Lamang kïrr-e I Gisiga kdr-e I Dugwor kîr-â I Sukun kr-a I Bura kil-a I Buduma kél-i I Logone kl-e.21

Cush. *kuray-: E. *kayr- (met.): SA *kar-: Saho kar-e22 I LEC *kayr-: Rendille kar I Baiso kerr-e I Arbore kair, ker I Dasenech cir I Dirayta herr-aa, etc. I Dullay *kar-: Gawwada haar-o I Harso her-o I Tsamay kar-o, kar-ito 'dog' y S. *kuray-: Alagwa to-koray-mo 'bat-eared fox' [Otocyon mega-lotis] I Burunge ta-kuraa?-imo 'wild dog' [Lycaon pictus] I Ma'a kuri 'dog'.

▲ Cf. Kanuri keri, Teda kedi 'dog'.

► AADB 375; CED #455 (comp. to part of the Cush. terms and Tgr.), HSED 1434.

5.8. *kawit- 'dog'

Chad. W. *kawt-: Hausa kût-ii 'dog' (used only in one set phrase) I Bolewa kut-î I Dwot kat I Wangday kàt 'dog' (Jungraithmayr-Ibriszimow 1994).

Cush. *ku/it- 'dog' E. SA *kut-: Afar kut-a I LEC *kut-: Konso kût-a I Mashile hût-a y S. *kit-: Asa kit-e.

► AADB 2944.

5.9. *kwihan- 'dog'.23

Chad. *kwiHan- 'dog': W. *kwiHan-: Fyer kwéej y E. *kany- ~ *kayan-: W.Dangla kàny-à I E.Dangla kany-à I Migama kânny-à I Mabire kany I Jegu kâny I Birgit kâyàj.

Cush. E. *kwihan-: Yaaku kwehen 'dog'.

Omot. *kwiHan- 'dog': N. *ku/iHan-: Wolaita, Gamu, Dawro, Zala, Malo, Dache, Koyra, Zayse, Gimira (Bench) kyan I Yemsa, Bworo kan-a I Kafa, Mocha kun-ano I Dizi (Sheko) kean-u I Mao (Hozo) kan-a, etc. y S. *kan-: Dime ken-e, Galila kan-i.

► AADB 2195. Cf. CED #441 (Chad. and Omot.), HSED #1425, 1511.

5.10. *KVjim- or *KVJim- 'dog'

Egyp. (MK) tzm (< *kVjVm- or -j-) 'dog'.

Berb. *a-Ku(r)zi/un: Siwa a-gurzéni, a-qurzini, él-gurazén, lu-grazén I Audjila a-yzin 'dog' I Semlal i-kzin I Izayan a-kzin I Seghrushen a-qqzin I Rif, Snus, etc. a-qzin 'young dog, puppy' I Shawiya a-yérzul I Qabyle a-qzun 'dog'.

(?) Chad. C. *kazim: Bura kazim 'a male baboon, monkey, or dog'.

a figure of speech. Another comparison, with Qabyle agdi 'dog', is also wrong since it is from *aydi, the main Berb. term for 'dog'.

19 Cf. also Somali godgoddo 'type of shark'.

20 Cf. wäkaru, wäkarya 'fox' < Saho wakari 'jackal' [Canis aureus]?

21 < *kVr- in CED #455.

22 Cf. Saho wakari, Afar wakri 'jackal' [Canis aureus].

23 Very likely related is Canarian *kun-: Gran Canaria cuna 'dog' I Tenerife cancha 'little dogs', cuncha 'chien' (-cha < *-ta is probably a diminutive suffix).

Cush. C. *gijim- and *gijim- 'dog': Bilin gidiq, pl. giziq I Khamir giziq I Khamta gézay, pl. gasaq I Qwara gezeq I Qemant gazaq I Kailina gazaq I Waag gizin I Falasha gaziq I Aungi gséq I Kunfäl kassaq.

▲ Cf. Sandawe gwece 'wild dog'.

► AADB 2699.

5.11. *wahr- 'k. of canine; hyena'24

Egyp. (late) whr.t 'Hündin' (prop. name) I Copt. ?uhor 'dog'.

Berb. *a-wwur (<*a-wHur): Ahaggar ä-ggur I E. Tawllemmet a-ggur I Ayr é-ggur 'chacal' [C. aureus]25.

Chad. *hayr- 'dog': C. *har-: Zina hàr-î.26

Cush. *warH- 'hyena' [Hyaenidae sp.]: E. *warH-ab-: LEC *warH-ab-: Konso oray-ta I Somali waraab-e I Oromo waraab-esa I Rendille warab-a I Dirayta waraab-e I Dullay *war(H)-ab-: Gaw-wada oraap-atte I Harso araap-icce I Gollango oraap-atte II S. *war-: Ma'a war-é.

▲ Cf. Sum. ur [dog] (PSD, uncertain), ur, ur5, ur.ri 'hairy animal, dog, lion, etc.' (EDS #2782), ur 'chien' (LSF).

► AADB 3189.

5.12. *wans- 'k. of canine'

Egyp. (OK) wns (met.) 'wolf' [Canis lupus].27

Berb. *wVssin (met. with redupl.) 'jackal [C. aureus]': Ghadames wessin I Qabyle, Nefusa ussen I Semlal ussan, etc.

Cush. E. *wass-: HEC *wass- (met. < *wans): Sidamo wos-icco I Kambatta wos-iccu I Burji wacc-o, pl. wass-a 'dog'28 I Dullay *wos-: Gollango os-e 'Hyänenhund; Lycaon apictus soma-licus' [Lycaon pictus].29

▲ Blazek 2008 cites NS parallels: Nara wos, Taman: Merarir wiis 'dog' which may be comparable with 4.3. *?aws- ~ *ya?s- 'k. of canine' as well.

► AADB 291. Cf. Blazek 2007 #21.

24 Cf. NAA *harnag- ~ * hirguan- ~ *gurhan-: Sem. *harnag-: Syr. harnag-a 'golden jackal' [Canis aureus] (cf. also Arab. jarih-at- < *garih-'bête ou oiseau de chasse (chien, guépard, faucon)'); Canarian *hir(g)wan-: Palma hirguan '...demonio in figura d'uomo lanuto', irvene 'el demonio en figura de perro lanudo', irvene 'apparitions', yrvene 'el Diablo' (Wolfel 1965: 484, entry "Der Hund"); Chad.: C.*gurhan: Hildi garharj, 'jackal' [C. aureus], Musgu hérge, Munjuk hirge 'dog', Musgoy gurnai, jùrnai, Masa jurnaita, Banana gonira, E. *gurnV: Kera gornoy, Kwang gorény, Kabalai gwdrrnày 'hyena' [Crocuta crocuta] (Jungraithmayr, Ibriszimow 1994: 107, 205; CED #224a.). The entire bunch of synonyms with somewhat similar consonantal roots, or "root variants", may point to an ancient tabooing of a term denoting a special kind of canine.

25 In Naït-Zerrad 2002: 856, placed under *gwr, though in Foucauld I: 480, the grapheme X (usually transliterated as gg) is used; in Ahaggar tifinav it renders the voiced stop g originating from *-ççw <*-ww < Proto-Berber and Proto-Afrasian *w and thus opposed to the voiced velar fricative g (rendered by *|*) < Proto-Berber and Proto-Afrasian *g. There are also such forms as the somewhat enigmatic Senhadja i-uhar, Ait Tuzin a-whar, Ait Warain uhar, etc. 'fox', formally well compatible with this root but containing an unusual laryngeal, normally lost in North Berber.

26 In Stolbova 2019 #153, the Zina term is combined under *hVr- 'jackal' with Musgu hérge, Munjuk hirge 'dog' analyzed after H. Tourneux (personal communication) as *hir-ge 'jackal+house' (cf., however fn. 25 above) and compared to the Egyptian and Coptic terms and Berber *-whar 'fox' (see fn. 26) after EDE I: 144.

27 Cf. also NE is pl. 'dogs pulling the ship of the Sun-god'.

28 Cf. also Darasa walco, warsa with comments in Blazek 2007 #21: -r-/-l- originating via dissimilation of the primary geminate.

29 Omot. N. *waysi: Haruro wayse, Mao (Hozo) wisi, (Sezo) wis(s)i 'dog' - probably borrowed from HEC.

6. Felines

6.1. *?ajur- 'k. of feline, hyena or viverra'

Sem. *?a(n)dar-: Akk. azar-u (azzar-u) 'lynx' [Vulpes sp.] II Gz. ?anzar 'wild cat' [Felis silvestris]. Berb. S. *-zur-Vy 'hyena' [Hyaenidae sp.]: Ahaggar ta-hur-i I Ayr, E. Wlm. td-zor-dy. Chad. W. *ja?ur- (met.): Galambu zdr-dm I Warji jara-was 'lion' [Panthera leo] I Zul za?ar-i 'like a hyena or civet' II C. *JVr-: Bachama jar-a I Bata jir-e I Buduma zazur-ma (redupl.) 'leopard' [P. pardus] II E. *jur- 'id.': Gabri jur I Mubi jyur-uk.

Cush. E.: LEC *?adur(r)-: Oromo adurr-ee I Dasenech adur-e 'viverra' [Viverra sp.]30 II (?) S. *Ji?Vr- (met.) 'viverra' [Viverra sp.]: Alagwa je?ir-a I Burunge ji?erar-e.31 Omot. N. * ji(?)ar-: Kafa yeer-oo, jar-o 'viverra' [Viverra sp.].32

► SED II No. 9; AADB 399.

6.2. *iariw- ~ *iiraw- 'k. of feline'

Sem. *?ariw: Arab. ?urw-at- 'lion' II Tna. wa?ro (met.) 'leonessa' (Bassano1918: 653) II Mhr. ?ayr-i, pl. ?arew-dt I Jib. ?er-i 'tom-cat'.

Berb. *Hawr- 'lion': Ghadames abur I Ahaggar, Ayr, E. Wlm. a-har 'lion' (Prasse 1969 #362). Chad. C. *Hiraw-: Musgu a-hiraw 'leopard' I Munjuk a-hraw 'panther'.33 Cush. E.: LEC: Somali iurr-i 'tom-cat'.

▲ In spite of scarce representation, the relatively infrequent combination of radicals seems to confirm the comparison. Note the same meaning in MSA and Somali (a borrowing?).

► SED II No. 41; AADB 2658.

6.3. *ba?ay- 'leopard or lion'

(?) Eg. (MK) b (if <*bV?-) 'panther' [Panthera pardus].

Chad. *bay-: C.: Gude bway-a II E.: Mubi boy-a 'leopard' [P. pardus].

Cush. S. *ba?-: Dahalo ba?-i 'lion' [P. leo].34

Omot. *bay- 'lion' [Panthera leo]: N.: Sheko bay-a I Nao bay-e II S.: Dime biy-u.

► Cf. EDE II 22.

6.4. *ba?is- 'k. of feline (Felis silvestris)' Sem.: Arab bass(-at)- 'domestic cat'.35

Egyp. (OK) b?s.t.t, name of the cat-goddess Bastet. (?) Berb. N.: Nefusa bisiu 'gatto' (isolated). Chad. E. *bi(?)s- 'cat': E. Dangla biisi I Migama biisu.

Cush. N.: Beja bes-a, biss-a 'cat' II E.: HEC: Sidamo bas-u, bas-o 'cat'36 II S.: Qwadza ba?as-iko (pl.) 'cheetah'.37

▲The Nefusa and E. Chad. forms are likely inter-borrowings.

► AADB 4246; EDE II 86-7.

30 Sidamo adurre 'cat', Dullay *?adu.rr- (Dihina, Gollango aturre 'wild cat'): the Sidamo and Dullay forms look like lws. from Oromo in spite of the difference in meaning.

31 The two W. Rift forms absent from Kiessling, Mous 2003 are cited in Dolgopolskiy 1973: 300 after Fleming.

32 A lw. < Cush. ?

33 Acc. to CED 42, h in this language group can continue *?.

34 Cf. C. *?ib- (metathesis?): Qwara ib-a, Qemant yiv-a 'leopard' [Panthera pardus] — rather a metathesis < *?ib-than < *l-b suggested in EDE II: 22.

35 Cf. Amh. biss 'interjection pour chasser un chat'.

36 Cf. also basurr-i 'cat' (composed < bas and fwr-? Cf. *?ur- 'k. of feline').

37 Cf. pa?as-iko 'cat'.

6.5. *da(?/y)m- 'k. of feline'

Sem. *dam-, *dimm- and *dumam- (redupl.): Akk. (SB) dumam-u (tumam-u) 'a wild animal' (CAD d 179), 'Gepard' [Acinonyx jubatus] (AHw: 175) y Arab. dam-, dimm-at- 'chat'38 y Gz. démm-at I Tgr., Tna. démm-u I Amh. damm-at 'cat'.

Chad. *dam-: W. *dam-: Yergum dam-uj 'leopard' [Panthera pardus] and *(?Vn-)da/um-: Sura ndùmû, Gerke damu, Ankwe tumu 'hyena' [Crocuta crocuta]39 y E. *dam- and *damd- (redupl.): Lele Jem (< *dem-?) 'caracal' [Caracal caracal] I Sokoro dâmd-ë (redupl.) 'leopard' [P. pardus].

Cush. S. *du?um- 'leopard' [P. pardus]: Iraqw, Alagwa, Burunge du?um-a I Asa du?um-ok I Qwadza du?um-ayi. 40

► SED II No. 70; AADB 350.

6.6. *giwar- 'k. of feline'

Sem. *girr-, *gu/ary- and *girgVr- (redupl.): Akk. girr-u 'lion' [Panthera leo] y Phoen. gr 'lion whelp' I Hbr. gur 'cub (lion, jackal)', gor (pl. only) 'lion's cub' y Aram. (D. Alla) gr 'whelp (of a fox)' I Syr. gury-a 'catulus (leonis, canis, suis, serpentis)' I Mand. guri-a 'whelp, cur, young dog, pariah-dog' y Arab. Jarw-, Jirw-, Jurw- 'petit de chien, de lion ou de toute autre bête carnassière'41 y Tgr. gérj-én, pl. garagg-én 'cub of lions or of leopards' I Harari gargor-a (also gan-gor-a) 'leopard'.

Chad. *giwar-: W. *giwar-: Dwot gewar 'an animal smaller than civet' y C. *(?a-m-)gwar-: Hwona ?àm-jwara, ?a-jwara 'cat' I Fali-Muchella mùj-gùr-i I Fali-Bwagira mùj-gwùr-?in 'wild cat'.

Cush.42 (a) E. *gir- 'cat': LEC *gir-: Dirayta kiro-ta I HEC *gir-: Burji giraa?w-ee (met. < *?a-giraw-?)43 and (b) *gar-m- 'lion' [Panthera leo]: LEC: Konso karm-aa I Dirayta karm I HEC: Burji gârm-i I Dullay: Gawwada-Dalpena, Harso, Dihina, Gollango kârm-o.

Omot. (a) N. *gawar- 'cat': Zala gawar-ya I Dawro, Zaysse garaw-a I Malo, Gamu, Dace gawa-ra I Zaysse garaw-a I Koyra giraaww-e?44 and (b) N. *gar-m- 'lion' [P. leo]: Zaysse, Koyra garm-a.45

► AADB 2629; cf. SED II No. 82.

6.7. *labi?- 'lion'46

Sem. *labi?-: Akk. labb-u (lab?-u, lab-u) y Ugr. lb?-u 'lion' [Panthera leo] y Hbr. labï(?) 'lioness' y Sab. lb? 'lion, lioness' y Arab. luba?-at-, labu?-at-, libw-at-, etc. 'lionne'.

38 Regarded by some authors as a lw. from Gz.

39 Cf. also Hausa damis-à 'leopard' and Berb. Tuareg damas-a 'panther'(obviously inter-borrowing) with non-etymological -s-.

40 Beja Jimo, dimmo 'cat' - perhaps < Eth. or Arab. Cf. Bilin dammu (pl.), Qwara damya, Qemant damaya 'cat'; whether the Eth. term is the source of the Agaw one or the latter is inherited is hard to decide; SA *dumm-: Saho dummu, Afar dumoo 'cat' can be Ethiopisms or genuine terms. LEC: Somali dummad 'cat' is likely < Arab. or Amh. HEC: Hadiya aduuna, adun-co, Kambatta adan-cu, adani-ta 'cat', both <*?a-da/un-t-, likely <*?adum-t-, are probably genuine.

41 Cf. Arab. Jarwal- 'serwal, lynx' [Caracal serval, C. caracal], likely related with fossilized -l suffixed.

42 Cf. S. Cush.: Dahalo jgUro 'small black longtailed rodent' (<*?a-ngur-?).

43 Sasse (1982: 85) compares it with a completely identical Koyra word; one of the two words is undoubtedly borrowed, but which one is hard to decide. The ending in - ? seems uncommon in both languages.

44 See fn. 170.

45 While the difference in stem patterns in E. Cush. *gir- and N. Omot. *gawar- 'cat' more than likely points to a common origin, full similarity in reflexes of *gar-m- 'lion' likely implies borrowing (in either direction).

46 Cf. metathetic (?) *ribal- attested in Arab. and Chad., either to be reconstructed at the NAA level or a result of independent parallel processes, accounted for by a very low compatibility of l and r in most AA languages: Sem.: Arab. rïbal- 'lion; féroce, rapace (loup)' and Chad.: W.: Sura rebal 'wild cat', (?) Hausa râbbi (with the fallen -l?), C.: Zeghvana érval, Glavda ârèvar-e, Gava ?urwvar-a, Lamang érvâr-è, E.: Somrai larb-é (met.) 'leopard' [Panthera pardus].

Egyp. (OK) rw47 ?bw, inscription under the image of a lion48 I Copt.: Bohairic, Sahidic laboy 'lion; bear' [P. leo; Ursus arctos].

Chad. *la/ib-: W. *lab-: Tangale lab-ata (f.) 'lioness' [P. leo] I C. *(?a-)lib-ar-49 'lion' [P. leo]: Hwona lîfar-î I Margi ha-livàr-i I Chibak ?a-lvàr-i I Kilba lèvàr-i I Kapsiki nîvèr-i (dissim.) I Higi-Nkafa lîvèr-i I Gude lîvyàr-â.

Cush. E.*lu/ib- 'lion' [P. leo]: SA *lub-ak-: Saho, Afar lubaak I LEC *lib-ah-: Somali libah I

Jiddu libââh-u.

▲ Cf. PIE *liw- 'lion'.

► SED II No. 144; HSED 1636; EDE I 61; CED #555. AADB 2279.

6.8. *layc- 'k. of large feline'

Sem. *layt- 'lion' [Panthera leo]: Hbr. layis I Aram.: Sam. lyt I Jud. let-a, layt-a I Arab. layt-.

Chad. *lic-: W.: *lis-um: Sura lùsùm I Chip lisîm 'leopard' [P. pardus].50

Cush. N. *lolis (redupl.): Beja lolis, nolis (dissim.) 'cat'.

► AADB 2646; cf. SED II No. 147.

6.9. *mary- or *mayr- 'k. of feline'

Sem. *namir- (<*na-mir- or *na-mayr- with the fossilized prefix) 'leopard' [Panthera pardus]: Akk. nimr- (nammar-) 'panther' II Hbr. namer 'leopard, panther' II Aram.: Anc., Off. nmr I Bibl. ndmar 'panther'I Mand. namar (nimar, namr) 'leopard' I Sab. nmr 'leopard, panther' I Hdr. nmr 'panthère' II Arab. nimr- 'panthère', namir- 'léopard, panthère' II Gz. namr I Tna., Tgr. nabri 'leopard' I Amh. namr, nabdr 51 'lynx' [Caracal caracal] I Sel. nawdr I Wol. nawr.52

Egyp. (OK) m?y 'lion' [Panthera leo] (if < *mVry).

Chad. *mary- and *mumur-/*murum- (redupl.): W. *mumur-: Dera mumur-u 'cheetah' [Aci-nonyx jubatus] I Polchi mur 'jackal' [Canis aureus] I Bokkos mùrûm I Sha, Daffo-Butura mùrûm 'hyena' [Crocuta crocuta] I C. *mary-: Mafa mariy-zélé 'lion' [Panthera leo] I Lame mer 'serval' [Caracal serval], méri-ân 'wild cat' I Peve méri-ân 'Id.' I Zime-Dari mïer 'genette' [Genetta sp.].

Cush. (a) *mary-, *mawir- and *marir- (redupl.): E.: LEC *mawr-: Oromo mor-e 'civet(-cat)' [Civettictis civetta] I Dasenech mor 'lion, leopard' II S. *mir- and *marir- (redupl.): Gorowa marir-ika 'leopard' [P. pardus] I Alagwa mariy-amo 'wild cat' I Asa mer-ok 'lion' [P. leo]; (b) N. *mir-al-: Beja miral-ai 'cheetah' [Acinonyx jubatus] I E.: Dullay *mir-l-: Tsamai mirle 'leopard' [P. pardus].53

▲ Cf. NS *mEr 'leopard, lion, cat'; Songhay mar id.; ESud.: Nandi merindo, Suk merïl 'leopard'; Kuliak: Nyangi merihl id.; SNil.: Tatoga marir-d, Suk mèrïl, Sogoo melil-to (quoted in EDE III: 37). In spite of the striking similarity between these and some of the AA forms, all seem genuine in their families.

► AADB 2305; SED II No. 164. Cf. HSED 1760 and EDE III 37, 134-5.

6.10. *sawr- and *sarw- 'k. of feline'

Sem. *sur-an- ~ *sinnawr- (met.) 'wild cat' [Felis silvestris]: Akk. suran-u 'wild cat' I Aram.: Anc. srn 'wild cat'I Jud. sunnar-a, suran-a 'cat'I Syr. surdn-a 'felis; mustela, animal quod vorat

47 Eg. rw (Pyr.) is also 'lion' (unless < *lVw) < *(?a-)rVw- 'k. of large feline, lion' not quoted here since it is rather a NA than a PAA root (with only one parallel in SA: Cush. E.: LEC: Somali ar 'lion' which is probably not enough for a reconstruction at the PAA level).

48 Also (18 Dyn.) iby 'panther' [Panthera pardus] (if < *lVb(V)y-).

49 With the extension -ar - acc. to CED #555, a marker of harmful animals.

50 Cf. metathetic E. *?a-cil-: Bidiya ?acil-o 'serval' [Caracal serval].

51 The parallel variant root *nabr- in Mod. Eth. is likely a result of dissimilation by nasality.

52 Mhr. namer 'leopard, tiger' and Hrs. nemr 'leopard' are likely Arab. lws.

53 S. Omot.: Ongota mirila, morle 'serval, genet'is a lw. from Tsamai.

gallinas', sunar-a 'felis' I Mand. sunar-a 'cat' II Arab. sunnar-, sinnawr- 'chat' Il Mhr. sannâwr-ét, Hrs. sennor-eh I Jib. sinôr-t I Hbt. sannôor-ét 'cat'.54

Chad. *sawar-: W. *sa(w)r- and *sasar-, *sawawr- (redupl.): Hausa sar-a, sawawar-a 'civet' [Civettictis civetta] (Cosper 1994 #264)55 I Polchi siser 'smaller than civet' I Daffo-Butura sûwir 'Wildkatze' [Felis sp.] y E. *sawar ~ *sarar-: Tumak sàwàr 'chat doré' [Caracal aurata] I Dangla sàrààr-à 'panthère femelle' [Panthera pardus].

Cush. E. *sarw- and *warwars- (redupl. and met.): Dullay *sar-iko: Gawwada, Gobeze, Harso, Gollango sar-iiko 'leopard' [Panthera pardus] y Yaaku warwars-an (met.) 'serval' [Caracal serval].

Omot. N. *sawr-: Ganjule suur-o 'cat'.56

► AADB 2651; SED II No. 206.

There are two more terms for large felines reconstructed by Vaclav Blazek (2013) and qualifying as PAA according to the present paper's criteria (representation in both NAA and SAA branches): *camik/y/h- (Cush. C., E.; Omot. N.; Chad. C., E.) and *ji(n)g-(um)- (Arab.; Cush. E.; Chad. W., C.)

7. Other mammals (a selection)

7.1. *?V(n)caw- 'k. of smaller carnivoran or rodent'57

Sem. *?ay(n)saw-: Akk. (OB on) ayas-u 'weasel' [Mustela sp.] y Gz. ?ansaw-a, ?ansew-a, ?ansow-a 'mouse'58 and 'weasel' [Mustela sp.] I Tna ?ancaw-a 'rat, mouse' I Tgr. îansay, ?ansay, I Amh. ay(é)t 'mouse'.

(?) Berb. S. *-dVway: Ayr, E. Wlm. e-dawi 'jerboa' [Dipodidae sp.].

Chad. W. *(Ha-)Gy-: Hausa ciy-o 'field rat' I Sayanchi ààcé 'mouse' y C.: Musgu ausi 'Maus'.

Cush. C. *?i(n)caw-: Bilin insuw-aa I Khamir iecuw-aa I Khamta acuw-aa I Qemant yesw-aa y Aungi enc-aa I Damot inc-ii 'mouse' y E.: LEC *wawac- (met.): Oromo wawwac-oo 'mongoose'

[Herpestidae sp.].

Omot. N. *?i(n)caw- 'rat': Wolaita uca-a I Kafa ico-o I Bworo inco-o, iinc-a I Gimirra uc/c I Dizi (Sheko) iicc-o.

► SED II No. 26; AADB 379.

7.2. *?andaw- 'mouse'

Chad. C. *ma(n)dVw (likely < coll. *ma-?a(n)daw-) 'rat': Mofu m-àndùw-âj I Gisiga m-onduw-aj I Muktele m-âdàw-â I Matakam m-ùdùw-à.

Cush. E. *?andaw-: SA *?andaw-: Saho andow-a I Afar andaw-aa 'mouse, rat'.59

► AADB 285.

7.3. *?ar- 'hare'

Sem. (a)*?ar-an-: Arab. (pl.) ?aranin y Jib. ?ern-i 'hare' [Lepus sp.];60 (b) *?ar-n-ab- 'hare' [Lepus sp.]: Akk. (OAkk. on) arnab-u (annab-u) y Hbr. ?arnab-at I D.-Alla ?rnb-n (pl.) I Syr. ?arnéb- y

54 The MSA forms can be Arabisms.

55 Boghom sawawara 'like a hyena or civet' is most likely < Hausa.

56 Isolated in Omotic but, perhaps, genuine: borrowing from E.Cush. semantically and phonetically improbable.

57 *-c instead of *-c is reconstructed mainly based on the Berb. forms: if they belong here, d can continue AA *c (beside AA *t) but not In Akk. and Eth., as well as in Oromo, reflexes of *c and *c coincide; in Chad. they remain obscure in the intervocalic position (but coincide in Hausa); the Agaw and Omotic reflexes are contradictory.

58 Also hansaw-a, hans-e id. with the fossilized prefix h-.

59 Cf. LEC *?antu-: Oromo antu-ta 'mouse'.

60 Cf. also Aram.: Syr. ?arna?a 'mus magnus', perhaps related with a non-etymological -?.

Arab. ?arnab- II Gz. ?arnab I Har. harbann-o (met.) I Gur. *arbann-a (met.)61 II Hbt. harniib I Mhr. harnâyb I Hrs. heyneb. 62

Egyp. (old) wn 'hare?'63

Chad. (a) *?arn-: W.: Hausa ânnâ-ko (assim.) 'a variety of small hare' [Lepus sp.];64 (b) *?a(n)bar- (met.) and *nabir- (> *ribun-): W. *?a(n)bar-: Gerka tu-bbar65 I ti-baar (<*ti-ba?ar or *ti-?abar) I Dera bur-kifo II C. *bir-: Kapsiki vîr-a 'rabbit' [Lepus sp.] I Podokwo vifor-a 'lapin' [Lepus sp.], etc.; *nabir- and *ribun- (both met.) 'hare' [Lepus sp.]: Wandala navir-e I W. Margi ta-ribuna I Malgwa navire I Wandala nàvir-e II E.: Mobu tî-bèr 'rabbit' [Lepus sp.] I Mubi hom-bur-o 'rabbit' [Lepus sp.].

Cush. *?ar-: N. *?ar-: Beja ar-aat 'young hare, leveret' II C. *b/mantal/r- (met. < *ta-rnab-) 'hare, rabbit' [Lepus sp.] I Bilin mantala-ra I Khamtanga bitl-a I Qemant bantar-a (Appleyard 2006: 79-80) II S.: Alagwa ?orh-ôo I Burunge ?oro?-oo 'big hare sp.' [Lepus sp.].

▲ Cf. PKoman *warVn- 'hare'. Multiple assimilations and metatheses may be due to poor compatibility of *r and *n in the same root, while various root extensions may be accounted for by assuming tabooing of the hare's name as an object of hunting or a totem.

► SED II No. 14, AADB 3477; EDE I, 44; Stolbova 2019 #26; CED #11.

7.4. *bawr - 'k. of a large carnivorous animal'

Sem. *ba(r)bar- (redupl.):66 Akk. barbar-u 'wolf' [Canis lupus] II Arab. babr- (pl. bubur-) 'espèce de chacal qui conduit le lion sur la piste de la proie' [C. aureus], ?al-barbar- 'lion' [Pan-thera leo].67

Berb. *barr-an: Ahaggar a-barr-ân 'chat sauvage' (not in Foucauld 1951-52) I Shilh a-br-an 'wild cat'68 I Shilh a-bayrr-u 'fox' (Naït-Zerrad 1998: 146).

Chad. *bawr-: W. *bawr-: Hausa bar-u 'hyena' [Crocuta crocuta] I Sura m-boor I Angas bwar 'lion' [P. leo] I Mupun pùpwôr I Tangale par-i 'cheetah' [Acinonyx jubatus] I Ngamo bàràyr-îyà (redupl.) 'wild animal' I Zul m-bor-i I Fyer ?m-bwaar 'lion' [P. leo] II C. *ma-bawr-: Bura mo-bul-u (l < *r) I Mwulien mbur-mo I Bachama mbur-umey 'hyena' [C. crocuta] I Mofu mâ-bâr- 'panther, lion' [P. pardus, P. leo] I Gisiga mo-bor 'lion' [P. leo] II E. *bawr-: Dangla bùur-î 'lion' [P. leo] I Migama bôor-u I Bidiyo bôor-e I Mubi bor-î 'hyena' [C. crocuta] I Birgit bàr-â I Toram bar-a 'jackal' [Canis aureus].

Cush. *bawr-: S. *bawr-: Dahalo bor-a 'any dangerous animal'.69

▲ Cf. Sum. urbara [wolf], wr. ur-bar-ra; ur-bar; ur-bar-rasar; ur-ba-ra; ur2-bar-ra (PSD), urbar.ra, ur.bar, ur.bar.ra 'wolf' [Canis lupus] (EDS: 304), ur-bar-ra-k, ur-bar-ra s. 'loup' (LSF). Cf. P.Masai *-barie 'jackal' [C. aureus].

► AADB 1863, 2621. Cf. HSED 246; EDE II 22, 148 and Stolbova 2021 #281 (compared to Berb.: Ghadames a-bur, Ghat ahdr, Ahaggar a-har, etc. 'lion'; comparison debatable).

61 All of the above Eth. forms were considered Arabisms by Leslau (Leslau 1987: 38), though it seems correct only for Gz. Cush. E.: HEC: Burji (h)irbâan-coo 'rabbit' [Lepus sp.] and Omot. N.: Wolaita hirbaan-e 'hare' [Lepus sp.] are Eth. loans.

62 In MSA, h- is an article before *?-. Cf. also Ugr. ?anhb 'hare ?' (more likely 'snail') and Arab. karnab-, Gz. karnab 'hare' obviously related with enigmatic *k-.

63 The hieroglyph for wn depicts a hare; acc. to EDE I: 44, perhaps < w?n <*wrn.

64 Acc. to CED #11, < *?arnau-k- < *?arnab-k-, assim.; however, there are no traces of -u-. Likely related is C.: Gude ùrîrjâ (<*?urin-) 'type of mouse or rat'.

65 Acc. to CED #11, <*tu-nbar-, with metathesis and assimilation.

66 Cf. Sem. *bVrbVr- 'to hawl, roar'.

67 Cf. also hubayrat- 'hyène' [Hyaena hyaena].

68 Both quoted in EDE II 21, not in Naït-Zerrad 1998.

69 Yaaku barié 'jackal' [Canis aureus] is a lw. from Masai.

7.5. *cap- 'k. of smaller carnivoran or rodent'

Sem. *tap-an- 'rock hyrax' [Procavia capensis]: Hbr. sapan 'rock badger, hyrax, dassie' [P. capensis] II Mhr. tofdn, Jib. tofun 'rock hyrax' [P. capensis].

(?) Chad. W.: Boghom sop70 'rabbit' [Lepus sp. ].

Cush. *cap-: E.: LEC: Oromo suff-ee71 'k. of badger, ratel' [Mellivora capensis] I S. *cap-: Bu-runge caap-u 'ground squirrel' [Spermophilus sp.] I Alagwa cap-u 'civet' [Civettictis civetta].

Omot. N. *sif-: Kafa sif-o 'faina (beech marten)'72 I Dizi (Sheko) simf-a73 'mouse'.

► AADB 3908; SED II No. 240.

7.6. *dab- 'k. of large animal'

Sem. *dabb- (redupl.) 'bear' [Ursus arctos]: Akk. dab-u (dabb-u) I Hbr. dob I Aram.: Syr. debb-a I Arab. dubb- I Gz., Tgr., Amh. ddbb, etc.

Egyp. (OK) db 'hyppopotamus' [Hippopotamus amphibius].

Chad. *dab(b)-: W. *dabb-: Hausa dabb-a I Ngizim ddbb-a 'wild animal'74 I Boghom tup75 'hyppopotamus' [Hippopotamus amphibius] I Pero deb-d 'hyena' [Crocuta crocuta] I Ngamo ddb-m 'lion' [Panthera leo] I C. *dVb-: Gudu dov-dn 'lion' [P. leo], div-a 'leopard' [P. pardus].

Cush. S. *dab-: Dahalo dabi 'animal, game'.

Omot. N. *dab-: Gimirra dodba (redupl.) I Ganza dwob 'lion' [Panthera leo] I S.: Ari de(e)b-i I Hamer ddb-i, dab-i 'wild animal'.

▲ Cf. Proto-Kuliak *dob- 'rhinoceros'.

► AADB 282. SED II No. 65.

7.7. *sa/ikw- 'k. of lesser animal'

Sem. *sikVk- (redupl.): Akk. (OB on) sikk-u 'mongoose' [Herpestidae sp.] I Amh. sdkokk-o 'rock hyrax' [Procavia capensis].

Chad. C. *sikw-: Pizimbi sekw-a 'squirrel' [Sciuridae sp.] I Logone swek-a, suwek-a (met.) 'ground squirrel' [Spermophilus sp.].

Cush. E.: Dullay *sak-t- 'chameleon' [Chamaeleonidae sp.]: Gawwata sah-to I Gollango sah-to.

Omot. N. *sak-:76 Wolaita sak-aanca 'chameleon' [Chamaeleonidae sp.]77 I Kafa saksak-o (redupl.) 'pipistrello' (Cerulli 1951: 496) II S. *sik-: Dime sik-u 'bat' [Microchiroptera sp.].

► AADB 2653. Cf. SED II No. 193.

7.8. *ja?ib- 'k. of scavenger'

Sem. *di?b-: Akk. zib-u 'jackal' [Canis aureus]; 'vulture' [Gyps sp.] I Hbr. zd?eb I Aram.: Off. d?b, dyb I Jud. deb-a, zib-a, zeb-a I Syr. deb-a 'wolf' [C. lupus] I Mand. zab-a, dib-a I Arab. di?b, dib- 'loup; chacal' [C. lupus, C. aureus] I Gz. zd?b I Tna. zdb?-i78 I Amh. jdb 'hyena' [Hyaenidae sp.] I Jib. dib I Soq. dib 'wolf' [C. lupus].79

Egyp. (Pyr.) z?b 'jackal' [C. aureus].

70 s- may continue *c.

71 If the theory that *c > Oromo f is correct, perhaps *c > Oromo s before a labial, cf. "s did not become f before a labial" (PEC 33).

72 An erroneous determination: martens (including beech-marten [Martes foina]) do not inhabit Africa.

73 With insertion of -n-.

74 These forms are arabisms, acc. to some authors; however, this form with the meaning 'wild animal' is not attested in Class. Arab.

75 Regular devoicing.

76 Cf. also Kachama sikaale 'wild cat'.

77 Borrowed from or into Dullay.

78 Tgr. zdb?i likely from Tna.

79 It is not clear whether the MSA forms are genuine or Arab. lws.

Chad. *jab-: W. *jabjib- (redupl.): Hausa jibjib-tà 'vulture' [Gyps sp.]80 II E. *jabiy- 'hyena' [Crocuta crocuta]: Migama jâbiy-â I Bidiya jèbèy-gî.

Omot. *zab-: N. *zab-: Basketo zobba, zop (-p <*?b-?) I Male zobi 'lion' [Panthera leo] I Gimirra e-zub-ay 'cat' II S. *zab- 'lion' [P. leo]: Ari zob, zobba I Hamar zob-o I Dime zof.81

► AADB 284; HSED #2660; SED II No. 72.

8. Birds (a selection)

8.1. *bar- 'k. of bird (pigeon, partridge)'

Sem. *bar- and *barbur- (redupl.): Hbr. barbur 'a bird fattened to be eaten by king Solomon' II Tna. bar-eto, bar-ato, bar-ito 'turtledove' [Streptopelia sp.], bar-o 'k. of turtledove' I Amh. bar-et, bar-eto 'pigeon, dove' [Columba sp., Streptopelia sp.].

Egyp. (old) b? (if <*bVr) 'kind of bird, black stork, jabiru' [Ciconia sp.].

Berb. *barr-: E. Wlm. ta-bdrr-ut 'caille d'Europe' [Coturnix sp.] I Senhadja, Rif a-barr-an 'perdrix mâle' [Perdix sp.] I Qabyle burur-u (redupl.) 'owl' [Strigiformes sp.].

Chad. *bar- and *barbir- (redupl.)-: W. *?V-(m-)bVr- and *bVrbVr-: Hausa bî/ùrabir-à 'quail' (Bargery 1934) [Coturnix sp.], bàruu 'pigeons' [Columba sp.] I Kirfi mbîr-ù 'dove' [Streptopelia sp.] I Jimbin a-bur 'crested crane' [Balearica regulorum] I Ngizim bàr-i- 'domestic pigeon' [Columba livia] II C. *birbVr-: Bura biber-wi 'k. of bird' II E. *barr- and *birbir-: W. Dangla bâàr-è (m) 'perdrix (Francolin)' [Perdix sp.] I E. Dangla bàrr-é (f.) 'perdrix' [Perdix sp.] I Bidiya bîrbîr-iny (f.) 'caille' [Coturnix sp.].

Cush. *bVr-: E.: HEC *bur-: Burji bur-o 'partridge, dove' [Perdix sp., Streptopelia sp.] II S. *m-bar-and *bambar- (redupl.): Iraqw bambar-é 'hoopoe' [Upupa sp.] and bîir-iï 'pytilia bird' [Pytilia sp.] I Dahalo mbar-e 'egret' [Egretta/Ardea sp.].

▲ Cf. Sum. buru [bird], wr. buru4musen, buru6musen 'crow; a bird of prey or a vulture' (PSD), buru4, bur4 'crow' (EDS #385), buru4musen 'corbeau' (LSF).

► AADB 2228; SED II No. 61; cf. HSED № 293, EDE II 431-2, Stolbova 2021 #274, 274a (comp. to Eth. Burji, Senhadja, Rif).

8.2. *ciraï- 'k. of bird'82

Sem. *?Vssur- (met.):83 Akk. issur-u II Ugr. ïsr [Sussuru] 'bird (gen.); domestic fowl, poultry'.84

Chad. *cVr-: W. *cury-: Hausa ciry-a 'parakeet' I Polchi cur-a 'hawk' II E. *sar- and *sarsir-(redupl.)-: Dangla sàrsîr-o 'bird of prey' I Bidiya sâr-a 'épervier' [Accipiter sp.].

Cush. *cirr- and *dcir- (redupl.) 'red-billed oxpecker (Buphagus erythrorhynchus)': C *carrur-: Bilin carrur-a 'Madenhacker' [B. erythrorhynchus] II E.: SA * carra?-: Saho car aï, carra? 'Madenhacker, buphaga erythrorchynchus' [B. erythrorhynchus] I LEC *cirr-: Oromo ci/err-ii 'k. of bird,

80 Supported by a similar meaning shift in Akk.

81 Cush. N.: Beja diib 'wolf' is probably an Arabism. HEC: Sidamo doob-icco, Kambatta zob-eccu, Tambaro zob-eco 'lion' are likely to be borrowed from S. Omot.

82 Egyp. (Pyr.) dry.t 'kite' compared (if <*cry) in SED II No. 43 is not related due to lack of f whose presence in this root is confirmed by both Sem., Saho and S. Cush. forms.

83 Cf. also Arab. fusfur- 'any small bird', Malt. (gh)asfur (<*fasfur-), Hbt. asferoot 'small bird', Jib. fesferot, Soq. fdsferoh 'bird' (perhaps a result of contamination between *fVssur- and *sVp(p)Vr- see SED II No. 212).

84 Tgr. canraf, carnaf (met.) 'a bird, Buphaga erythrorhynchus' [Buphagus erythrorhynchus] and Tna. canraf 'a bird a little larger than the thrush' continue the common form *cirraf- (with dissim. of -rr-), most likely borrowed from Saho carraf with the same highly specific meaning Buphagus erythrorhynchus which can hardly be reconstructed at the PAA or even PCu. level. Hence, attestation of the corresponding term in C. Cush. (Bilin), E. Cush. and even S. Cush. (Dahalo) can only reflect a series of borrowings, probably with Saho as a primary source, eventually related to S. Cush. (W. Rift and Asa) and, metathetically, Sem. (Akk. and Ugr. only) forms.

sucks blood from cow; like hornbill' [B. erythrorhynchus] I HEC *cirr-: Sidamo cirr-e 'red-billed oxpecker' [B. erythrorhynchus] y S. *ciraî-: Iraqw, Gorowa cirî-i I Alagwa ciraî-a I Burunge ciraî-a I Asa sira?-a 'bird' (generic term) I Dahalo cicir-a 'tick bird' [B. erythrorhynchus], cuâr-e 'sp. bird (Roller?)'.85

(?) Omot. N.: Wolaita cer-aa 'k. of bird' (very likely a Cushitism).

► AADB 320; cf. HSED #1095 and SED II No. 43.

8.3. *dVr- 'k. of bird'

Sem. *durar- (redupl.) 'k. of bird': Hbr. daror 'a kind of bird (swallow, dove?)' y Deir Alla drr 'subst. indicating bird: swallow or dove?' y Arab. durr-at- 'perroquet' (BK 1, 682), 'la perruche à collier couleur de rose' (Dozy 1927: I 428) [Psittacinae sp.] y Amh. dar(r)-ay 'aquatic, web-footed bird which has black or white plumage' I Masqan darr-i 'k. of bird'.86

Chad. *dawr- (or *daHur-): W. *du/ar- and *dVrdVr- (redupl.): Hausa dûr-wa 'lark-quail (Or-tyxelos Meiffrenii)' [Ortyxelos meiffreni] I Dera dârir-ù 'type of swift nightbird' I Seya dar-i 'crown-bird' [Balearica regulorum] I Buli dadèr 'weaver bird' [Proceidae sp.] y C. *(n-)dawr-: Mbara n-dor-o 'green pigeon' [Treron sp.] I Gude dâr-â 'type of bird' y E. *dVHur-: Somrai dùr-ë 'hen' I Tumak door 'turtle-dove' [Streptopelia sp.], dèr-i87 'oiseau (nom générique)'.

Cush. *diruh-: N. *?an-dirh-: Beja andiirh-o 'fowl' y C. *dir(h)w-: Bilin diruw-a I Qwara, Dembea dirhw-â I Aungi dir-ï, etc. 'cock, hen' y E.: SA *do/irh-: Saho door(o)h-o, diirh-o 'Huhn, Henne' I Afar dorrah-e 'hens' I LEC *du(H)r-: Somali door-o I Jiddu duur-i 'chicken, hen' y S. *di(H)r-: Dahalo déer-e 'woodpecker' [Picidae sp.].

Omot. N. *dVr-: Zergula der-i 'chicken', Chara deer-aa 'rooster',88 Mao (Hozo) dorj-a 'bird'.

▲ Cf. Sum. dar [bird], wr. darmusen, dara 'bird, black francolin' (PSD), darmusen 'black francolin' [Francolinus francolinus] (EDS #437), darmusen 'francolin' (LSF). Blazek (2003) also quotes NS: Kunama doora, dorha 'chicken' (obviously a lw. < Cush.) and, less convincingly, Nubian: Kenuzi darbâd 'hen', etc. (probably a look-alike).

► AADB 1665; SED II No. 71. Cf. HSED № 748, Blazek 2003: 235 (the Agaw forms in gare erroneously mixed with the forms in d- quoted above).

8.4. *gway- and *gwagway- (redupl.) 'k. of bird'

Sem. Eth. *gwagw-: (a) Gz. gwâgwâ I Amh. gag-ano 'swan, ibis' [Cygnus sp., Threskiornithinae sp.]; (b) Gz. gug-a, gwag-a 'owl, nighthawk, raven' I Tgr. gwaggw-a I Amh. gwagg-a, gwagw-at 'owl' [Stri-giformes sp.] I Gur.: Gyeto gwagw-a, gug-a, etc. 'night bird'.

(?) Egyp. dwy.t (sarc) 'kind of bird' (if <*gwy-t).

Chad. (a) *gway-: C. *(?V-)giy-: Higi gyè, Mandara giy-e, etc. I Gude ?î-ggî-nâ 'bird', gyagy-a 'hen' y E. *guy: Somrai gui 'partridge' [Perdix sp.]; (b) *(n-)gag/k- (redupl.) 'crow' [Corvus sp.]: W. *(n-)gag/k-: Gwandara jgajk-a I Angas ngak (-k < *-g) I Pa'a gâàg-a y C. *n-gag/k-: Buduma n-gag-é y E. *gag -: Bidiya gaag-a I Mubi gak (dissim.?) I Mokilko gaag-u.

Cush. E. *gug/k-: SA *gugg- (redupl.): Saho, Afar gugg-a 'hornbill' [B. erythrorhynchus] I LEC *gug-: Oromo gug-e 'dove' [Streptopelia sp.] I HEC: *gug-Vn-: Darasa guug-en-Jo, pl. guug-

85 Both words probably borrowed, since *f is expected to be preserved in Dahalo.

86 Cf. Gz. dorho, doroho 'chicken', Tgr. derho 'chicken', Tna. darho 'pollo, gallina', Amh. doro 'chicken', Gog. Sod. jara 'hen, chicken' borrowed from Cush. The non-etymological "extra" -h is equally unexplainable in both Eth. and Cush. Cf. also Syr. darda 'vultur' [Gyps sp.]

87 From *dVHVr-, acc. to Caprile 1975: 123.

88 Both may be Cushitic lws.

enna 'dove' [Streptopelia sp.]89 II Yaaku goigui 'bee-eater' [Meropidae sp.] II S. *n-gVk- (dissim.): Dahalo qgök-o 'whydah bird' [Vidua macroura].

▲ Cf. Kuliak *gwak- 'bird'. Cf. also Sum. uga [raven], wr. ugamuSen, uga (PSD), ugamuSen 'crow, raven, bird of pray' (EDS #2693). Note special affinity between some Chad. and Dahalo forms.

► AADB 324, 2098.

8.5. *gwam- 'k. of bird'

Sem. *gwam- and *gwamgwam- (redupl.): Akk. (SB) gamgamm-u 'a bird' II Gz. gumgum-a 'pelican' [Pelecanus sp.] I Tna. gwagwdmm-a 'bird which chirps when in numbers', gum-a 'large vulture the neck of which is featherless' [Gyps africanus] I Tgr. gumgum-a 'esp. d'oiseau'.

Chad. *gam and *gamgim- (redupl.): W. *gam-: Polchi gam 'eagle' [Aquila sp.] I Sayanchi gäm 'hawk' [Accipiter sp.] II C.: Zulgo güwüm, Gisiga gigim 'owl'; E. *gumgi/um- 'owl': W. Dangla, Migama gügüm-d I Bidiya güugum-a I Mokilko güugim-a, Ubi guugüm, Mawa gugum (cf. Stolbova 2011 #630).

Cush. N. *(?a-)gam-: Beja agam-a 'seagull' [Larus sp.] II E.: SA *gum-: Saho gum-a 'der Adler' [Aquila sp.] I Afar gum-a 'vultures; white-backed vultures' [Gyps sp.].

Omot. N.: Gimirra gyam 'chicken'.

► AADB 2628; cf. SED II No. 78.

8.6. *(Ta-)gwir- 'k. of bird'

Sem. *(Ta-)gawir-: Akk. (OB) igir-u 'heron' [Ardea sp.] II Hbr. Tagur 'short-footed thrush or swift or wryneck (?)' II D.-Alla Tgr 'subst. indicating certain kind of bird' II Arab jawrak-90 'Struthiocamelus mas' (Freytag 1833) [Struthio camelus].

Egyp. (late) gr-y 'poultry'.

Chad. *gawir- and *girw- (met.): W. *gir-: Zar ger-i I Seya ger-i 'hen' II C. *girw- and *gagwir-(redupl.): Matakam gogwor 'cock' I Munjuk gagray 'guinea-fowl' [Numida meleagris], yugür-iy 'hen' I Mandara, Padukwo zirrw-e I Uzam zirw-e 'ostrich' [Struthio camelus] II E. *gawr-: Kera gügur-i (redupl.) I Somrai gdray 'hen' and gwar-a 'heron'[Ardea sp.] I Dangla gar-e 'duck' [Anas sp.].

Cush. E. *gawr-ay-: SA: Saho gary-a, garaay I Afar goroyy-a I LEC: Somali goray I Boni korii, koree 'ostrich' [Struthio camelus] I Oromo gogorr-ii (redupl.) 'guinea fowl' [Numida meleagris]91 II S.: Dahalo ngara 'crested crane' [Balearica regulorum].

▲ Cf. Sum. igira [heron], wr. igira2muSen (PSD), igira, igiru 'stork' (EDS 1233).

► AADB 1931; cf. HSED #1053; SED II No. 29.

8.7a. *yura? - 'crow'

Sem. *ya(r)yur- (redupl.): Akk. (OB) hahhur-u 'a bird of the raven/crow family'.

Berb. S. *-yru-t: Ayr, E.Wlm. a-yrut 'corbeau' [Corvus corax] (otherwise <*kwar- 'crow, raven' 8.13).

Chad. *yar- 'crow':92 W. *yaHar-: Sura goor-oo 'Krähe' I Zul yar-ati 'crow' II C.: Glavda yaayahdr-a (redupl.) 'crow' [Corvus sp.] I Sukun yram-ak 'pied crow' [Corvus albus] II E. *?a-gr-(met.): Ndam ?agr-a 'crow' [Corvus sp.].

Cush. *hura?- 'crow' [Corvus sp.]: C.: Qemant horay; S. *hura?-: Iraqw hwa?ari (met.) I Bu-runge hwarar-iya (redupl.) I Alagwa hohora?i (redupl.) I Ma'a i-h/hure?-a (met.)

► AADB 2632; SED II No. 89; cED #300.

89 Cf. Dullay *?ag-it-: Warazi, Gobeze, Harso aag-ice, Tsamay ?aag'- 'bird (generic)'.

90 Non-etymological -k is probably due to contamination with Arab. yirnïk- 'grue' (see in 8.7.3. *yurayk-an-).

91 Omot. N.: Koyra googgôra 'partridge, quail' < Oromo.

92 Our *y corresponds to h in Stolbova's notation.

8.7b. *yurayb- 'crow, raven'

Sem. *(?a-)yarib- and *yurab-: Akk. arib-u (erib-u, hereb-u) 'crow, raven' [Corvus sp.] II Ebla ha-ri-bu/i, [h]a-ri-bu-um, g[a-r]i-bu /yarib-um/ 'corvo' [Corvus sp.] II Hbr. Töreb 'raven' [C. corax] II Aram.: Syr. Türab-a 'corvus' [C. corax] I Mand. Turb-a 'crow' [Corvus sp.] I Arab. yurab- 'corbeau (tout noir); 'corneille' [Corvus sp.] II Mhr. ya-yarayb 'raven' [C. corax] I Jib. ?a-yareb 'raven, crow' [Corvus sp.] I Soq. ?a-Treb 'crow' [C. corax], 'Egyptian vulture' [Neophron percnopterus].

(?) Egyp. (Lit MK) Tbw 'kind of bird?' (if < *T?bw met. < *Trb).

Chad. E. *yurb-: Jegu gurb-ak 'crow' [Corvus sp.]93

Cush. E. *yurrub- (redupl.) 'crow' [Corvus sp.]: Dullay *kurrub-: Gawwata kurruup-akko I Harso kurruup-icce I Galila kurruup-itte.94

► AADB 2632. Cf. SED II No. 89; HSED №1015.

8.7c. *yurayk-an- 'k. of bird (crane, raven)'

Sem. *yurnayk- (met.): Akk. (SB) urnik-u, hurnik-u 'Kranich' II Arab. yirnik-, yurnük-, yirnawk-, yurnayk- 'grue'.

Chad. *n-gawrak- (met.)95 'crested crane (Balearica regulorum): W. *(n-)gaw(m)rak-: Hausa gaurak-a, gamrak-a, garmak-a '(crested) crane' [Balearica regulorum] I Karekare nguraak-aa 'crowned crane' [B. regulorum]96 II E. *n-garak-: E. Dangla yark-o I Migama, Bidiya yarak '(crested) crane' [B. regulorum].

Cush. E. *hara(y)k-: HEC *haraken-t-: Darasa haraken-sa (pl.) I Sidamo harakess-a (assim. of *-n-) 'raven' [Corvus corax] II Yaaku haryak-a 'crow' [Corvus sp.].

(?) Omot. S.: Ari kuraak (met.?) 'crow'97 [Corvus sp.].

► AADB 2633; SED II № 91.

8.8. *kwar- and kwarkay- 'k. of bird'

Sem. *kwarkay- (redupl.): Akk. kurku 'goose' [Anser sp.] II Aram.: Syr. kurkay-a 'grus' [Grus sp.], Jud. kurkay-a, Mand. kurki-a 'crane' [Grus sp.] II Arab. kurkiyy- 'grue' [Grus sp.] II Gz. kwaraki, korki 'crane' [Grus sp.]98

(?) Egyp. (Pyr.) t? (if < *kVr-) 'junger Vogel (Schwalben, Geier); junges Tier'.

Berb. *-kVr-t99: Ayr a-kra-t I E. Wlm. a-kar-t 'nestling, young of a bird I Ahaggar e-ker-t 'young of ostrich'.

Chad. *kwar-, *kwarkay and kwarkwir- (redupl.): W. *kwar-: Tangale kwar-te, kwatr-e (met.) 'guinea-fowl' [Numida meleagris] I Polchi kor-a I Buli kur I Tala kwor, kor 'hen' II C. *kur-, *kwarkay- and *kwVrkwVr- (redupl.): Mbara kürakay I Gude kuraku-ta I Lame korok-u 'dove' [Strep-topelia sp.] I Mofu kwerekwer-e I Munjuk kor-o 'duck' [Anas sp.] I Sukur ta-kur 'hen' and 'dove'

93 Acc. to CED #300, not an Arabism as presumed in SED II No. 89, but a genuine Chadic word.

94 Cf. also HEC-: Burji gurrub-a 'crow' which may be a Dullay lw.: in Burji *y > h is rather expected.

95 Acc. to CED: 41, Sem. *y (conveyed ibid. by *g) corresponds to what Stolbova reconstructs as P. Chad. *fi (a symbol accepted in Chadic but not in AA studies to convey *y) yielding *g- in W. and E. Chad. As for the velar in the final position, all Chadic forms except Hausa may reflect *-k corresponding to *-k in the other AA branches; Hausa, however, points to *-k, not *-k. One wonders if the Hausa term could have been borrowed from another W. Chad. language and not vice versa; another possible explanation is the loss of "emphatization" in the position of the fourth radical.

96 Jimi gaurak-a, Ngizim gavarak, varak 'crown bird' [B. regulorum] are probably loans from Hausa.

97 Reflexes of the extremely infrequent voiced uvular y in Omotic have not been reliably established.

98 Claimed by some authors to be a series of borrowings: Aram. < Akk. < Sum.; Gz. < Arab. Neither is convincing in view of the AA parallels.

99 Cf. Ayr ta-karaw 'k. of bird'.

[Streptopelia sp.] II E. *(?a-)ku(r))kir- (redupl.): Kera akôrkôro I Migama kôkkôr 'duck' [Anas sp.], kukkîrâ 'cock' I Dangla kôkira I Jegu kôkôré I Mubi kokôréy 'hen'.

Cush. *kar-: N. *ka(r)karr-: Beja kaakarr-et 'hen' II S. *kara?-: Qwadza kala?-eto 'stork' [Ciconia sp.].

Omot. N. *kur- and kurki-t- (redupl.) 'partridge, quail' [Cotornix sp., Perdix sp.]: Gamo kur-acco

I Dorze kor-aco I Zergula kerk-ecce I Male karek-aco II S. *kurki-t-: Hamar korikis-a.

▲ Cf. Sum. kurgi [goose], wr. kur-gimuSen, kurku2 , etc. (PSD), kur-gimuSen 'crane' (EDS #1478).

► AADB 377; cf. SED II No. 117; HSED 1505; Stolbova 2011 #277.

8.9. *kway- and *kwakway- 'k. of crow or bird of prey'

Sem. (a) *(?a-)kaw: Akk. (SB; LL) akkû II Aram. Jud. kaw-ta 'owl' [Strigiformes sp.] II Tgr. kuw-a 'raven' [C. corax]; (b) *kwakway- (redupl.): Gz. kwakw-a I Tgr. kakay 'corbeau à capuchon blanc' [Corvus albicollis] I Tna. kwakw-d 'crow, raven' [Corvus sp.].

Chad. *kawiy-: W.: Bolewa kak-i (redupl.) 'crow' [Corvus sp.] II C. *kVwiy-: Mandara kuy-è 'kite' I Malgwa kuuy-e 'falcon' [Falco sp.] I Zulgo kéwiy-è 'eagle' [Aquila sp.] I Zime kîw 'falcon, kite, eagle' II E.: Mokilko kaw-â 'white dove' [Columba livia domestica]100.

Cush. *kwawkway- (redupl.): N. *kwikay-: Beja kwiikway, kiik(?)ay 'crow; raven' [Corvus sp.]101

II E.: SA *kakaw-: Saho, Afar kaakoo 'raven' [C. corax].

Omot. N. *?an-ka(w)- 'vulture' [Gyps sp.]: Basketo âqkâ I Malo aqkô.

► AADB 2641. Cf. SED II No. 123, Blazek 2003: 262.

8.10. *kwa?ay- and *kwakway- 'k. of gallinaceous bird'102

Sem. *kakay- (redupl.): Syr. kakay-dta (kokanto?) 'gallina'.

Berb. *-ka(H)y-aw 'cock': Ghat i-kai I Ahaggar e-kahi, pl. i-keh-an I Ayr, E. Wlm. ta-kayy-a I Semlal a-kiy-aw, pl. i-kiyaw-an 'poussin'.

Chad. (a) *k way-: W. *kway-: Gwandara kwee I Sura kwéé I Angas kî 'hen' I Guruntum kwày-a 'cock' II C. *kway: Buduma kuy-e 'partridge' [Perdix sp.]; (b) *kwaykw- (redupl.): W. *kwaykw-: Dera kiyôk 'goose' I Fyer kùkw-è 'hen' II C. *kwak-: Gulfei kwaku 'hen'.103

Cush. *kaway- and *kawkaw- (redupl.): N. *kaw: Beja kaw 'Perdrix Erkelii' [Pternistis erckelii] II C. *kaway-: Bilin koy-a I Qemant kawiy-a 'Frankolinus Erkelii' [Pternistis erckelii] II E. *kawkaw-: Yaaku koko 'fowl'.

Omot. *kaway- and *kaykay- (redupl.): N. *(?a-)kayw: Male kai 'bird' I Yamma ako 'chicken' I Mao wake (met.) 'fowl, chick' I Chara aka I Kafa akko I Mocha akke II S. *kaykay-: Dime kéeki 'partridge, quail' [Coturnix sp., Perdix sp.].

► AADB 325. Cf. SED II No. 123; Blazek 2003: 261.

8.11. *kwa(?)r- 'crow, raven'

Sem.: Eth. *kwar- and *kwakwar- (redupl.) 'crow, raven' [Corvus sp.]: Gz. kaker 'crow' I Amh. kwdra (kura) 'crow, raven' I Selti kure I Wolaita kuri I Gur. *kwdra 'crow'.

Berb. S. *-kru-t-: Ayr, E. Wlm. a-Yru-t 'corbeau'.

Chad. kwar- and kukar- (redupl.): C.: Podoko kdkâr-a I Cuvok kwùr-ow 'crow' II E.: E. Dangla kor-é 'esp. de corbeau noir' I Bidiya kùraag-à (met.; -g <*k by dissim.?) 'black crow' [Corvus sp.] (cf. also *kwVr- 'hawk', *kVr(V)r- 'owl' (Stolbova 2011 #406, 406b).

100 Cf. also Fali-Jilbu, Gulfei yukey 'hen'.

101 Cf. Beja eke 'Geier' [Gyps sp.], eeki 'white vulture, hawk' [Gyps sp., Accipiter sp.].

102 It is hard to determine whether the present root is homonymous to 8.9. *kway- and *kwakway- 'k. of crow or

bird of prey' or if both eventually originate from a common protoform.

103 Cf. also Chad. *kway(kway)-: W.: Tangale kwiyu 'dove', Seya kwok-kwok 'weaver-bird'; also Kwang köyö 'bird'.

Cush. C. *kur- and *kwakur- (redupl.): Bilin küaqür-a 'der Rabe'104 I Khamta qur-a- I Qwara qur-a I Qemant hor-ay 'raven' [Corvus corax] y Aungi kur-a 'crow' [Corvus sp.] y E.: LEC *kurr-: Oromo kurr-uu I Bayso kur-a I HEC *kur?(-an)-: Hadiya koraan-ta I Alaba kur-a I Burji kor?an-co, etc. 'crow' [Corvus sp.].

Omot. *kur- and *kuraak- (redupl.): N.: Wolaita kuur-uwa I Gamu, Zaysse kur-o I Dace kor-aa-se I Bworo a-koko-a I Kafa ku-re-cco I Yemsa kur-a 'crow'105 y S.: Ari kuraak 'crow' [Corvus sp.].

► AADB 1668; SED II No. 134.

9. Reptiles (selection)

9.1. *?achayl- '(big) reptile'

Sem. *?athaly- (met.) 'a mythical reptile, dragon': Syr. ?ataly-a 'draco; stella, quae solem tegens eclipsim efficit' I Mand. tali-a 'fictive dragon causing eclipse' y Tgr. ?ashal-ät 'dragon' I Tna. ?asäl-ät, ?ashal-ät 'animale favoloso, di smisurata grandezza e della specie del coccodrilla'.

Berb. *Hassayl-: Ghat asil I Ahaggar âssel 'serpent' I Ayr assel I E. Wlm. assol 'coulevre, gros serpent' I Mzab t-issel-t 'vipère'.

(?) Cush. S.: Dahalo ta?ala (met.) 'puff-adder' [Bitis arietans].106

Omot. *?/haylas- (met.) 'crocodile' [Crocodylus sp.]: N. *?aylas-: Wolane aylaas-uwa I Zala ay-las-uwa I Dawro allas-o y S. *haylas-: Ari hayles-a.

► AADB 2606. Cf. SED II No. 20.

9.2. *bac- 'snake, reptile'

Sem. *bat-am/n-: Akk. basm-u 'a horned serpent' [Cerastes cerastes]; the constellation Hydra' y Ebla ba-sa-nu-um 'k. of snake' y Ugr. btn, btn-t 'serpent, dragon' y Arab. batan- 'coulèvre, serpent', butn- 'genre de reptile'.

(?) Berb. *buc: Shenwa bus 'ramper (serpent, escargots, insects)'.

Cush. E.: LEC *(?a-)bVc-: Somali abes-o 'kind of serpent' I Oromo bof-a 'snake'.

Omot. N. *bi?as- (met. < *?i-bas-?): Dizi (Sheko) bias-u 'crocodile' [Crocodylus sp.].

► AADB 2625, SED II No. 63.

9.3. *bat- 'k. of snake or worm'

Sem. *batt-ir- and *buttay-m-: Akk. (SB) mu-battir-u 'ein Wurm (?)' y Gur.: Muher buttayam-at I Eza Chaha butyam-at I Ennemor. butayäm-ata I Gyeto butyäm-ata 'viper'.

(?) Egyp. btn.w, snake determinative.

Chad. *bat-ar-: C. *bat-ar-: Gudur batar-a and botor-o 'vipère cornue' [Cerastes cerastes] I Gisiga botor-o 'Art Brillenschlange' [Elapidae sp.] I Daba m-burut-u (met.) 'ver de Guinée, dra-conculose' y E. *bVt-Vr-: W. Dangla bottor 'petit vers parasite du mil (sur épis)' I Mokilko bétér-é 'Würmer (Eingeweide)'.

Cush. E.: LEC *büt- 'puff-adder [Bitis arietans]: Oromo büt-l I Dasenech büt-i? I Konso püt-ota I Arbore bM-é.107

104 kua is translated as 'schreien, gakern'.

105 Acc. to Bender's phonological correspondences, k- in Kafa and Yemsa can continue AA *k-.

106 t in Dahalo is usually considered to continue only AA *t - just as d is considered to continue AA *d. There are a couple of cases, however, of Dahalo d likely corresponding to Sem. d < AA *j (cf. fns. 19 and 109). Interestingly, G. Takacs, the foremost authority on AA consonantal reflexes in S. Cush., leaves empty cells for Dahalo reflexes of AA *c and *j in his table of correspondences between PAA and S. Cush. (Takacs 2011: 116).

107 HEC: Burji but-e 'puff-adder [Bitis arietans] and Golango put-e 'Speischlange (Naia nigricollis)' [Naja nigricollis] are loanwords from Oromo.

Omot. S. *bVt-: Dime bet-â 'lizard'.

► AADB 2626; cf. SED II No. 63.

9.4. *dawi?- 'k. of snake or worm'

Sem.: *dawd- (redupl.): Arab dud-, duwwad- 'ver, vermine'.

Egyp. ddy 'Schlangenname'.

(?) Berb.: *-diwdiw (redupl.): Izayan a-diudiu 'k. of worm'.108

Chad. *da?iw- and *dawday- (redupl.): W. *da?Vw- and *dawday-: Hausa da 'snake (the lightish-colored snake called dako)' (<*da?-), daudai 'k. of snake' I Angas du 'lizard' I Bolewa did 'snake' II C. *dVdVw/y-: Mofu dédew I Mada dèdyè-kw 'a very poisonous snake'.

(?) Cush. N. *daw?-: Beja do?-o 'maggot, worm, caterpillar'.

Omot. *dawi?- 'python' [Pythonidae sp. ]: N. *dawi?-: Malo dawe I Oyda dawwe I Basketo dawi I Chara do?-a I Ginirra (Bencho) dyah I Dizi (Sheko) daw-â II S. *da(H)w-: Dime dââu.

► AADB 253, 368.

9.5. *har- 'crocodile'

Chad. *har-um- 'crocodile' [Crocodylus sp.]: W. *haram-: Diri hur-in I Sha hàr-àm 'some water monster (crocodile, hippo)' I Bokkos haràm I Daffo-Butura hàràm I Kulere hârâq, etc. II C. *hurum-: Gisiga hurom I Mbara hurum I Masa hurum-na, etc. II E. *(H)urm-: Lele urm-o I Ka-balai orrm-a.

Cush. E.: Dullay: Gollango hâar-o 'crocodile' [Crocodylus sp.] II S. *harar- (redupl.) 'mythological giant snake': Iraqw hârâr-îo I Gorowa haraari-yoda.109

► AADB 4072; CED #332 (comp. to Gollango and Ongota).110

9.6. *-has- 'k. of big snake or crocodile'

Sem. *na-has: Ugr. nhs 'serpent, snake' II Hbr. nahas 'snake' (in one context interpreted as Crocodilus vulgaris [Crocodylus vulgaris]).111

(?) Egyp. (OK) msh (< *mV-has- with met.?) 'crocodile' [C. vulgaris].

Chad. W. *ni-(H)yis-: Sayanchi nyic-i 'snake' I Bokkos nyes I Daffo-Butura nis 'python' [Pythonidae sp. ].

Cush. E.: LEC *ya-has- 'crocodile' [Crocodylus sp.]: Somali yehaas I Rendille yah(a)s-i I Boni jahâas (3- <*y-?) I HEC *hamas- (< *mV-has with met.) 'snake': Sidamo hamas-o I Hadiya hamas-icco I Burji hamas-i.

▲ The multiple prefixes and metatheses may be due to tabooing.

► AADB 279, 336. Cf. Stolbova 2005 #502 and SED II: p. 211.

9.7. *kVr- 'k. of big snake or crocodile'

(?) Egyp. (Pyr.) i?kr.w 'kind of snake' (a variant root ?).

Chad. *kVr-:112 W. *kVr-: Bolewa kure-di 'snake' I Dera kor-î 'black cobra' [Na;a melanoleuca] I Tangale kuro-t I Pero kùre-t I Guruntum kàrà-udi 'viper' I Kulere kigyér (redupl.) 'snake' II

108 Cf. also ti-dda, ti-ddi-t 'sangsue' strangely quoted in Naït-Zerrad 1999: 274 without naming the language.

109 Acc. to Kiessling, Mous, 2003: 132, "probably of Datoga origin", which is less likely in view of the Chad. cognates.

110 Ongota haar-o 'crocodile' compared ibid., if recorded correctly, does not fit here because of h-.

111 Cf. Arab. hanas- 'reptile, snake' with irregular -s instead of -s and Akk. sahan, a snake-god acc. to some authors.

112 In all Chadic languages represented here, k may continue both AA *k and *k.

C. *ku/ir-: Hwona kir-aja I Gude kir-ma I Laamang kar-âmâ I Mandara kirr-we I Glavda kir-awà I Musgu kûr-um 'crocodile' [Crocodylus sp.] I Banana kur-îyà 'snake'.113

Omot. S. *kar- 'python' [Pythonidae sp.]: Ari kari I Hamar kââri.

► AADB 266.

9.8. *sib- 'k. of snake or worm'

Sem. *sib- and *sibsib- (redupl.): Akk. (MB) sibb-u 'a snake' y Gur.: Gyeto sïb-a I Chaha, Eza sib-a I Ennemor sïb-a 'k. of worm' y Harsusi sebseb-ët 'small red worm, centipede' I Mhr. sabsïb, Jib. sabséb 'red water worm' [Glycera sp.].

Chad. E.: Lele sûb-ô 'worm'.

Cush. *sib-: C. *sib-ar- (with fossilized -r suffix) 'snake': Bilin sabar-a I Khamir sibr-a H E.: LEC: *si(m)b-: Oromo siib-a 'worm' I Somali sumbay 'tapeworm' [Eucestoda sp.].

Omot. N. *sibb- 'crocodile' [Crocodylus sp.] (with a semantic shift): Koyra sepp-o I Ganjule seb-o I Zaisse sebo, sepp-o I Zergula sep-o.

► AADB 256; cf. SED II No. 200, HSED № 2227.

9.9. *sVf- 'k. of snake'

Sem. *sVp-: Hbr. sapïp-on 'horned viper' [Cerastes cerastes] h Syr. sappap-a 'serpens' h Arab. siff-, suff- 'serpent; espèce de serpent tacheté de blanc et de noir' H Tgr. saf 'millepede' [Diplo-poda sp.] I Tna. wàsf-at 'intestinal worm, hook-worm' [Ancylostoma sp.] (K 1748).

Egyp. (RT) sfy 'Name einer Schlange'.

Berb.: Zenaga te-sfuf-ah 'a snake'.

Chad. E.: Kwang sep-i 'snake'.

Omot. N. *sip-: Kafa sef-ittoo 'sorta di lucertola' I Bworo sippir-a, sipr-a114 'worm'.

► AADB 254; SED II No. 207.

10. Water reptiles and amphibia (selection)

10.1. *kwaî- and *kwaîkwaî- (redupl.) 'frog'

Sem. *kwaîkwaî- (redupl.) 'frog': Eza Msq. kwàç-à I Cha. Enm. Gyt. kwànç-à I End. konç-a (with a secondary -n) H Mhr. kak-at I Hbt. kak?ô-ot I E. Jib. kîâkî-ât.115

Chad. *kawkaw (redupl.): W.: Ngizim kôokô 'small frog' H C.: Buduma koko 'frog'.

Cush. E. *kawî- 'frog': Dullay *koî-: Tsamay mu-koî-te H Yaaku tok-^nte (redupl.).

Omot. N. *?uk- (met.?) and *kwak- (redupl.) 'frog': Male ?uk-ane I Mao (Hozo) kwak-a I (Sezo) kwak-i.

► AADB 3963, SED II No. 128.

10.2. *çamb- 'some water creature'

Sem. *sabb-: Hbr. sab 'thorn-tailed lizard' [Uromastyx sp.] H Syr. îabb-a 'garum, lacerta caudiverbera' [Lacerta caudiverbera] 116 H Arab. dabb- 'lézard, part. lézard d'Afrique'117 H Mhr. zabb-ït I Hrs. zebb-ët I Jib. zob (pl. zët) '(female) monitor lizard' [Varanus sp.].

Berb. S. *zVbb- 'k. of small insect living in water': Ayr, E. Wlm. ta-zabb-e.

Chad. W. *çumb-: Hausa cùmb-ë 'frog'.

113 Cf. also Munjuk kiyir 'ground worm' and E.: Sokoro köre 'guinea worm'.

114 With fossilized suffix -r.

115 Cf. Jib. TakTakat 'frog', with metathesis.

116 Aram. Jud. sabbä, säbä 'thorn-tailed lizard' [Uromastyx sp.], likely < Hbr. since *s is expected to yield T-.

117 Cf. also Arab. di?b- 'animal living in water'.

Cush. S. *camb-VT-: Iraqw camb-ebe 'small insect drifting on top of water, tadpole' I Alagwa cemb-eTu I Burunge camb-eTu 'frog'.

Omot. *cV(m)b-: Gimirra (Bencho) cobm 'adder' [Vipera berus]118 I Yemsa cop-a, sop-a 'fish' I Kafa tibb-o 'sorta di verme che vive nell'acqua'.

► AADB 334; cf. SED II No. 221; Blazek 2008 #173; HSED #581; Dolgopolskiy 2008 #470.

10.3. *dindal- 'small waer creature'

Sem. *da(n)dil-: Akk. (SB) dalil- 'a small animal, probably a frog' II Hbr. pB nadal (met.) 'polype, centipede' II Aram.: Jud. naddal- id. (met.) I Syr. dandal-a 'scolopendra vel millepeda' II Jib. dolol-et 'kind of slow-moving snake'.119

Chad. E. *didaln- (met.): Dangla didoln-ya 'limace'.

Cush. E.: HEC *dindal-: Darasa daddal-?e I Kambatta diddil-iccu I Sidamo dandall-e 'lizard'.

► AADB 3916. Cf. SED II No. 68.

10.4. *kwar- 'frog'

Sem. *kwa/ir- and *kwa(r)kwir- (redupl.) 'frog' (with different affixes): Syr. yakrur- and Takruk-I Jud. ?akrok-ta II Arab. kirr-, kurr-, karr-at- II Gz. kaker, kwarnana?at I Tgr. koraT, ?ankoraT I Tna. kwarTo, ankoroT120 I Amh. karnan-ot I Har. ankurarah-ti.

Egyp. (NE) krr I Copt. *karar-aw (redupl.) 'frog' (Vycichl 1983: 86-7).

Berb. *karw and *karku/ir (redupl.) 'toad, frog': Rif a-karkur I Iznassen karkriw 'toad' I Sen-haja a-karkur I Ahaggar a-yeru, pl. i-yer-dn 'frog'.

Chad. *kir-an- and *ka(r)kir-an 'frog': W.: Ngizim kariinakau II C. *kir-in- 'frog': Gava kire I Mofu kakaraq (redupl.) I Daba kirriq II E. *kVrin-: Birgit kiren-i I Sokoro koriy-e.

Omot. N. *?u-kar: Zaysse ?6okkar-o I Zergula ?ooker-u 'frog'.

► SED II No. 137; AADB 270.

11. Fish

11.1. *?irw- 'fish; spawn'

Sem. *?irw-: Akk. (SB) e/uru-t-u '(fish) spawn'.

Egyp. (Med.) ih.t 'part of fish' (if < *?ir-t).

Chad. *?iwr- 'fish': W. *?uri-: Hausa uurii II C. *wuraH- (met.?) 'k. of fish': Zime wurahu? 'Polypterus bichir' [Polypterus bichir] II E. *?ir-: Ndam er-e 'fish'.

Omot. *?ur-t- 'fish': N.: Sheko or-us II S.: Dime or-co.

► AADB 2027.

11.2. *kal- and *kalul- (redupl.) 'k. of large fish'

Sem. *kalul-: (redupl.) Akk. (SB) kulil-, kulull- 'a fabulous creature, part man and part fish'121 II Mhr. kell I Jib. kal 'whale'.

Chad. *kVl-: W. *kul-m-: Hausa kulm-a/e/i 'the name of a large fish' II C. *kalik- (redupl.): Bura kalik-o, kilakil-a 'a k. of fish'.

Cush. E. *kallu-m- 'fish': SA *kullu-m-: Afar kullu(u)m I LEC *kallu-m-: Somali kalluun, pl. kalluum-o I Bayso kunnum-i (assim.)

► AADB 2674; cf. Dolgopolskiy 2008 #1030 (apud Thomas).

118 Cf. also conbet 'snake'.

119 Cf. Arab. duldul- 'hérisson' and Chad. E.: Tumak dél 'rat géant', hardly related.

120 -? in Tgr. and Tna. is non-etymological.

121 Hardly a Sumerian loanword in view of the Sem. and AA cognates.

11.3. *kawar- 'fish (generic?)'

Sem. *kawar- 'k. of fish':122 Aram.123: Off. kwr 'fish' I Bab. kawar- 'fish' I Jud. kawr-a 'fish in the cauf; fish in general'I Mand. kauar-a 'fish' H Soq. kûwerhor 'espèce de poisson'.124

Chad. *kirw- and *kukirw- (redupl.): W. *(ku)kirw-: Hausa kukkurw-ai 'name of fish' I Bo-lewa kerw-o I Ngamo kèrw-o, kerh-o H C. *kikur-: Mbara kikur-a 'kind of fish (Tetradon fahaka)' [Tetraodon lineatus].

Cush. E.: LEC *ka(w)ar- 'fish': Dasenech kaara I Dullay *ka(w)ar(-at)- 'fish': Gawwata haar-e I Gollango haar-e I Harso, Dobase haar-icce I Tsamai haar-ite, etc.

Omot. S. *kar- 'fish': Hamer, Ongota kara 'fish'.

▲ Cf. Nub (Kenuzi, Dongola) kâre 'fish'.

► AADB 372; cf. SED II No. 125; cf. Stolbova 2011 #282.

11.4. *kar-tum- 'k. of fish'

Sem. *kar-mut (met.): Arab. karmut-, kurmut-, pl. karamït 'Silurus anguillaris, k. of eel' (Wehr 1020) [Clarias anguillaris] H MSA *tarnik (met. <*kar-nit): Mhr. tarnïk 'name of a fish' I Soq. târnik, tânik I Bothari tonëk 'a kind of large black canîad (King macherel)' [Scomberomorus cavalla] (Johnstone 1987).125

Cush. E. *kur-tum- 'fish': LEC *kur-tum-: Oromo kurtumm-i I Dirayta kurtum-et I HEC *kur-tum-:126 Sidamo, Darasa kulti?m-i I Kambatta kurtum- I Alaba kurcum-et I Hadiya, Burji kurtum-e.

▲ Apparently a unique case of a compound word consisting of two root morphemes which are separately preserved only in NAA: *kar- 'fish'127 and *tum- 'fish'128 (t > t in the compound terms influenced by k).

► AADB 1054.

11.5. *mawl-ay- 'k. of fish'

(?) Egyp. mr.t (if <*mVl-) 'ein Tier (zwischen Fischen genannt)'.

Chad. W. *mawl(-ay)-: Galambu mâl-â 'eel' [Anguilla sp.] I S.: Bauchi *mwal(l)-aj- (met.) H C. *mawl-ay-: Mofu mâlàl-ây (redupl.) 'catfish' [Siluriformes sp.] I Kotoko. mul-nî 'poisson: Gum-narchus nilotocus' [Gymnarchus niloticus] I Musgu-Puss malaw (met.) 'poisson: Porcus Bayad Bayad' [Bagrus bajad] H E. *mawl- (met.): Somrai mwàl-à 'carpe' [Cyprinus sp.].

Cush. E.: LEC *mawl-ay 'fish': Somali mâlày I Jiddu mallay I Boni màlalâi (redupl.) I Baiso mole I Mossiya mole I Bussa mole I HEC *mawl-iy-: Sidamo mwoliya.129

Omot. *mawl-ay- 'fish': N.: Wolaita moliy-a I Dawro moly-a I Male moll-o I Dorze, Zergulla mole I Chara mul-a I Bworo mole y S.: Galila mol-ta I Ari mol-a.

▲ Too much similarity between Chadic, Cushitic and Omotic forms raises suspicion of in-terborrowing which is, however, is hard to prove.

► AADB 3668; EDE III, 397.

122 Cf. Gz. kawwara 'to set traps, catch fish'.

123 Hardly from Akk. (OB) kamar- 'k. of a fish' as claimed by some authors.

124 Cf. also kér 'kind of shark'

125 Though a series of metathetic words, their quadriconsonantal roots leave little doubt about their links with the Cush. terms, whether related or borrowed.

126 Borrowing from Omoto is not to be ruled out.

127 Preserved, e.g., in Hausa karäyä 'fish'.

128 NAA *tVm- 'k. of fish': Egyp. (Med.) tm.t 'k. of fish'; Chad. C. *tum-: Munjuk tum 'pêche', tumi 'pêcher', Musgu tum 'Fisch' (rel. to Chad. *tVm- 'to fish, fishing' CED #743). Cf. also Sem. Eth. *taman-: Geez taman, Tgr., Amh. tämän 'snake, dragon'.

129 Acc. to EDE 2008, < Omotic.

Typological considerations

Extensive discussion addressing the issue of the Proto-Afrasian homeland in a chronological context can be found in our previous paper (Militarev, Nikolaev 2020). In this part, we only need to make an additional point in light of further evidence presented by semantic reconstruction in the zoonymic field.

The difficulty of reconstructing zoonyms for wild animals at the Afrasian level is hardly unique from a typological point of view. Thus, in Proto-Indo-European, the chronological depth of which is approximately half the depth of Proto-Afrasian, precise semantics can be reconstructed for only a small subset of the terms for wild animals (*bhebhru- 'beaver', *lunks-'lynx', *wlk(w)o- 'wolf', *hil0p- 'fox', etc.); interpretation of the rest remains difficult. Several examples will suffice:130

(1) PIE *h.2eit- (~*hr) 'k. of lesser bovid': Old Indian éta- m., éta f. 'a k. of deer or antelope' | Baltic: Latvian àita, dial. àite 'sheep (generic)' (WP I: 3);

(2) PIE *kerw- 'k. of larger bovid': Slavic *korva 'cow' and *korm> 'ox' (Old Polish karw 'old ox') | Baltic *karwia f. : Lithuanian kârvë 'cow'and *kurwa- m. 'bull': Old Prussian curwis, acc. kurwan 'bull' | Germanic *xiru-ta-z, -en, *xiru-tu-z 'deer' [Cervus elaphus] | Latin cervus m. 'deer' [Cervus elaphus]; cerva f. 'hind' | Celtic: Welsh carw, Cornish carow, Breton karo 'deer' [Cervus elaphus] | Albanian ka, pl. qe 'ox'. ♦ The root is sometimes considered to be derived from *k'erh2(w)- 'horn', but the Balto-Slavic non-satem forms contradict this etymology. (WP I: 403 f.);

(3) PIE *dam-, *dam- 'k. of lesser bovid': Greek (suffixal) Sa^aA^ç m. 'young steer', 5a|aaAn f. 'young cow, heifer', 5à|aâAiç 'young cow, heifer', dial. 'pig', Sà^ôAoç (Hdn.) 'calf ?' | Germanic *tam-Vr(-Vl)- (suffixal): Low Austrian German zamer, zamerl 'junger Ochs' | Latin damma or dama 'a general name for beasts of the deer kind: fallow-deer [Dama dama], chamois [Rupicapra rupicapra]; buck, doe, antelope' | Celtic *dam-: Cornish da 'fallow-deer [Dama dama]', Old Irish dam 'ox', dam allaid 'deer' [Cervus elaphus]; suffixal: Welsh dafad, Old Cornish dauat, Breton danvat 'sheep'. ♦ The root is sometimes considered to be derived from *demhs- 'to tame', but its nominalization and "animal" semantics can be projected back to Proto-Indo-European in any case (WP I: 72 f.);

(4) PIE *sing'h- 'k. of large feline': Proto-Tokharian *sens-ake (suffixal) 'lion' [Panthera leo]: Tokh. A sisak, B secake | Old Indian simhâ- m. 'Id.' | Armenian inj 'leopard' [P. pardus]. (WP II: 508);

(5) PIE *wlp- 'k. of wild canine or feline': Iranian (suffixal): Middle Persian gurp-ak, Persian gurb-a '(domestic) cat' | Baltic (suffixal): Lithuanian vilp-is-i-s m. 'wild cat [Felis silvestris]' | Germanic *wulfa-z 'wolf', *wulhio 'she-wolf' [Canis lupus] (a contamination with *wlk(w)o- 'wolf') | Latin volpes, vulpes 'fox' [Vulpes vulpes] (and lupus 'wolf', a contamination with *wlk(w)o-'wolf' and *h2lop- 'fox'?). (WP I: 317 f.);

(6) PIE *bhel-, *bhel- 'k. of small predator or rodent': Slavic *belb,*bela 'squirrel' [Sciurus vulgaris] (East Slavic only; contaminated with *beh 'white') | Latinfeles f. 'wild cat' [Felis silvestris], also 'marten, ferret, polecat' | Celtic (suffixal) *bel-ego-: Welsh bele 'marten' [Martes martes] | Germanic (suffixal) *hel-ik-: Old High German bilih m., bilihmus 'dormouse [Glis glis]; shrew [Sorex sp.]', Middle High German bilch f., German Bilch m. 'dormouse' [Glis glis] (WP II: 177).

Examples like these, which can be easily multiplied, show that the Proto-Afrasian semantic picture as presented in the evidence assembled in this paper, with its mix of (sometimes) precise and (more often) vague, genus- or family- rather than species-based, reconstructions, should not be considered as being out of line with the commonly accepted standards of se-

130 All the Indo-European examples are quoted according to Sergei Nikolaev's online database for Indo-European etymology, hosted by the «Tower of Babel» project (https://starlingdb.org).

mantic reconstruction for acknowledged families — even though, of course, this does not imply that researchers in the future should not strive for more semantic precision through more careful analysis of whatever lexicographic or philological evidence is available to them.

Appendix: Alphabetic index of reconstructed roots

*?achayl- '(big) reptile' 9.1. *?andaw- 'mouse' 7.2. *?ar- 'hare' 7.3.

*?a/usk-ay- 'k. of canine or hyena' 5.3.

*?away- or *yawa?- (met.) 'k. of canine' 5.1.

*?aw/ys- 'k. of canine' 5.2.

*?ajur- 'k. of feline, hyena or viverra' 6.1.

*?irw- 'fish (generic?); spawn' 11.1.

*?V(n)caw- 'k. of smaller carnivoran or rodent' 7.1.

*(?a-)gwir- 'k. of bird' 8.6.

*?ariw- ~ *?iraw- 'k. of feline' 6.2.

*ba?y- 'leopard or lion' 6.3.

*ba?is- 'k. of feline (Felis silvestris)' 6.4.

*ba?Vs- 'k. of canine or hyena' 5.4.

*bac- 'snake, reptile' 9.2.

*bar- 'k. of bird (pigeon, partridge)' 8.1.

*bat- 'k. of snake or worm' 9.3.

*bawih- 'k. of canine' 5.5.

*bawr - 'k. of large carnivorous animal' 7.4.

*ciraî- 'k. of bird' 8.2.

*cap- 'k. of smaller carnivoran or rodent' 7.5.

*çamb- 'some water creature' 10.2.

*dab- 'k. of large animal' 7.6.

*da(?/y)m- 'k. of feline' 6.5.

*dang(w)VUr- 'monkey; dwarf' 4.1.

*dVr- 'k. of bird' 8.3.

*dawi?- 'k. of snake or worm' 9.4.

*gVd- 'k. of canine or hyena' 5.6.

*guray- 'k. of monkey' 4.2.

*giwar- 'k. of feline' 6.6.

*gwam- 'k. of bird' 8.5.

*gway- and *gwagway- (redupl.) 'k. of bird' 8.4.

*yura? - 'crow' 8.7a.

*yurayb- 'crow, raven' 8.7b.

*yurayk-an- 'k. of bird (crane, raven)' 8.7c.

*har- 'crocodile' 9.5.

*has- 'k. of big snake or crocodile' 9.6.

*kal- and *kalul- (redupl.) 'k. of large fish' 11.2.

*kur(-ay-) 'k. of canine' 5.7.

*kawit- 'dog' 5.8.

*kawar- 'fish (generic?)' 11.3.

*kwihan- 'dog' 5.9.

*kway- and *kwakway- 'k. of crow or bird of prey' 8.9.

*kwa?ay- and *kwakway- 'k. of gallinaceous bird' 8.10.

*KV3im- or *KV3im- 'dog' 5.10.

*ka(?a)yr- 'monkey' 4.3.

*kVr- 'k. of big snake or crocodile' 9.7.

*kar-tum- 'k. of fish' 11.4.

*kwaî- and *kwaîkwaî- (redupl.) 'frog' 10.1.

*kwar- 'frog' 10.4.

*kwa(?)r- 'crow, raven' 8.11.

*labi?- 'lion' 6.7.

*layc- 'k. of large feline' 6.8.

*mawl-ay- 'k. of fish' 11.5.

*mary- or *mayr- 'k. of feline' 6.9.

*sib- 'k. of snake or worm' 9.8.

*sVf- 'k. of snake' 9.9.

*sa/ikw- 'k. of lesser animal' 7.7.

*sawr- and *sarw- 'k. of feline' 6.10.

*wahr- 'k. of canine; hyena' 5.11.

*wans- 'k. of canine' 5.12.

*ja?ib- 'k. of scavenger' 7.8.

*jag(w)-il/r- 'k of. monkey' 4.4.

Abbreviations

Names of languages

AA - Afrasian = Afro-Asiatic; Akk. - Akkadian; Amh. - Amharic; Arab. - Arabic; Aram. - Aramaic; Berb. - Berber; Bibl. - Biblical Aramaic; Cha. - Chaha; Chad. - Chadic; Copt. - Coptic; Cush. - Cushitic; Dem. - Demotic; E. Wlm - East Tawllemmet; Ebl. - Ebla; Egyp. - Egyptian; End. - Endegen; Enm. - Ennemor; ESA - Epigraphic South Arabian; ESud - East Sudanic; Eth. - Ethiopic; Ez. - Eza; Gog. - Gogot; Gyt. - Gyeto; Gur. - Gurage; Gz. - Ge'ez; Har. - Harari; Hbr. - Hebrew; Hbt - Hobyot; HEC - Highland East Cushitic; Hrs. - Harsusi; Jib. - Jibbali; Jud. -Judaic Aramaic; LEC - Lowland East Cushitic; Mand. - Mandaic; MB - Middle Babylonian; Mhr. - Mehri; Min. -Minaean; MK - Middle Kingdom; Msq. - Masqan; MSA - Modern South Arabian; Muh. - Muher; NAA North Afrasian; NE - New Kingdom; NS - Nilo-Saharan; OAkk - Old Akkadian; OB - Old Babylonian; Off. - Official

Aramaic; OK - Old Kingdom; PAA - Proto-Afrasian; PAlt - Proto-Altaic; PCO - Proto-Cushitic-Omotic; Phoen. -Phoenician; PIE - Proto-Indoeuropean; PNorthCauc. - Proto-North-Caucasian; PSEBC - Proto-Semitic-Egyptian-Berber-Chadic; Qat. - Qatabanian; S. Cush. - Southern Cushitic; SA - Saho-Afar; Sab. - Sabaic; Sam. - Samaritan; Sel. - Selti; Sem. - Semitic; SNil - South Nilotic; Soq. - Soqotri; Sum. - Sumerian; Syr. - Syriac; Tgr. - Tigre; Tna. -Tigrinya (Tigray); Ugr. - Ugaritic; Wol. - Wolaita; YB - Young Babylonian.

Terminology

coll. - collective; dial. - dialect; dissim. - dissimilation; f. - feminine; gen. - generic (term); id. - idem; k. - kind; lw. - loanword; m. - masculine; met. - metathesis; pers. - personal; pl. - plural; pref. - prefix; redupl. - reduplication; sg. - singular; sp. - species; subst. - substantive; suff. - suffix.

Other notational symbols

II separates branches within a language family I separates subbranches or groups - denotes morphemic boundaries131

Abbreviations of sources

AADB = Militarev, Stolbova 2020 AHw = von Soden 1965-1981 BK = Biberstein-Kazimirski 1860 CAD = Brinkman et al. 1956-2010 CED = Stolbova 2016 DRS = Cohen et al. 1970-1993 EDE = Takacs 1999, 2001, 2008 EDS = Parpola 2015 HSED = Orel, Stolbova 1995 LSF = Attinger 2019

PSD = Anon. 2019 (The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary) SED II = Militarev, Kogan 2005 WP = Walde, Pokorny 1926-1930

References

Anon. 2019. The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary, ePSD2 Public Beta 5 (built 2019-05-24). Online resource at: http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/.

Attinger, Pascal. 2019. Lexique sumérien-français (textes traduits dans Attinger février 2019). Ms., online at: http://www.iaw.unibe.ch/attinger.

Bargery, George P. 1934. A Hausa-English Dictionary and English-Hausa Vocabulary. London: Oxford University Press.

Bassano, Francesco da. 1918. Vocabolario tigray-italiano e repertorio italiano-tigray. Roma: Casa editrice italiana & C. de Luigi.

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А. Ю. Милитарев, С. Л. Николаев. Праафразийские названия некопытных животных в свете проблемы афразийской прародины

В статье представлена вторая порция относительно полного тезауруса праафразийских зоонимов, подготовленного авторами — более шестидесяти реконструированных названий обезьян, собачьих, гиен, кошачьих, грызунов и других млекопитающих, птиц, пресмыкающихся, земноводных и рыб, отражающих максимально полную (на современном уровне наших знаний) картину этих видов фауны в период накануне распада праафразийского языка (11 тыс. до н.э. согласно глоттохронологическим подсчетам) и в зоне обитания праафразийцев, две различные точки зрения на локализацию которой (Левант и Восточная Африка) также обсуждаются авторами.

Ключевые слова: афразийская прародина; афразийские (афро-азиатские) языки; этимология зоонимов; реконструкция культурной лексики.