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15—, aspirated ("ascyriated") h,e,^,= and strong ("tense", "glottalized") hh,ti,i:c,*j.
In the articulation of consonants at the beginning of the word, the weak consonants in the initial position are pronounced as voiceless consonants with a slight aspiration lasting about 30-50 milliseconds, and aspirated consonants are pronounced as strongly aspirated voiceless consonants (aspiration lasts about 100 milliseconds). In English, the aspiration of voiceless consonants takes about 70-85 milliseconds, which leads to the fact that English speakers are often unable to distinguish between Korean weak and aspirated consonants. Strong consonants with their more intense articulation resemble the voiceless p, t, h of English or Italian.
Many foreigners learning Korean tend not to notice the difference in the pronunciation of weak, aspirated and plosive consonants, since there are no alternatives in their native language, and therefore, during listening, it is often challengeable to distinguish these three types of consonants. Compare examples:
sh (tal) - moon ^ (thal) - mask s (t'al) - daughter
These words are completely different in meanings and have nothing in common with each other. However, non-Korean speakers can misunderstand them and pronounce in an incorrect way, which can be wrongly comprehended by native Korean speakers.
The most distinctive contrast between Korean and English is associated with consonant clusters.
The Korean phonetic syllable structure is of the form (C)(G)V(C) which consists of only one optional consonant (C) and one optional glide or semivowel (G) in the initial position, and one optional consonant in word-final position. A vowel (V) is the only obligatory element in the Korean phonetic syllable structure [3, p 167]. Due to the influence of this phonetic syllable structure, Korean speakers tend to insert a vowel [i] when they pronounce words including consonant clusters. For instance, the single-syllable English word "strike'' is borrowed as a four-syllable word
[si-th i-lai-khii] [3, p 167]
The difficulties in acquiring the Korean language lie in the originality and unique qualities of its phonological system, which is difficult for English-speaking learners to perceive, thus, it frequently becomes the foremost reason of phonetic interference.
References
1. Phonetic interference and foreign accent in teaching Russian pronunciation.
2. Korean language, Lee Iksop, Lee Sanhok, Choe Wang; Moscow, 2005.
3. Characteristics of Korean phonology: Review, tutorial, and case studies of Korean children speaking English, Seunghee Ha, Cynthia J. Johnson , David P. Kuehn
PERCEPTION OF LITERARY HERITAGE OF MUKHTAR AUEZOV IN GERMANY
Mashakova A.K.
PhD Philology, M.O.Auezov Institute of Literature and Art, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Abstract
The article deals with the perception of the creative writings of the famous Kazakh writer of the XX century Mukhtar Auezov in Germany. It is determined that receptive sources on the creative writings of Mukhtar Auezov cover both stages of foreign reception of the Kazakh literature: the Soviet period and the period of independence of Kazakhstan. It focuses on the process of translating his prose works into German. The authors of the reviews on the appearance of these publications in the German press have been identified. The articles of German researchers on the creative writings of Mukhtar Auezov in scientific journals are considered. The following factors that are the characteristic features of the perception process of the literary heritage of Mukhtar Auezov in Germany have been outlined: his professional trips around the world and personal contacts with foreign writers, poets and literary critics.
Keywords: Kazakh literature, Mukhtar Auezov, Germany, literary translation, foreign perception.
One of the outstanding classics of the Kazakh literature, writer, playwright, publicist, scientist and public figure Mukhtar Auezov is the most important figure in the history of the Kazakh literature. His active creativity had a huge impact on the development of modern Kazakh prose, drama, and literary criticism. Mukhtar Auezov gained a worldwide fame since the middle of the XX century, when for the first time the epic novel "The Path of Abai" has been translated into foreign languages.
In Berlin, a novel-dilogy which is dedicated to Abai Kunanbayev appeared in 1958 and 1961 under the title "Before The Dawn" and "Over Time". Both volumes were translated from Russian, and the translation into Russian was performed by four translators under the general supervision of Leonid Sobolev. The translators of the first book from Russian into German was Hilda Angarova, and Ruprecht Vilnov of the second book (the poet Wilhelm Tkachuk helped him to translate the poems). Both volumes were illustrated by graphic artist Bert Heller. Numerous colorful scenes,
performed by him in an original style, causing an ambiguous reaction, testify how he was impressed by the creative writing of Auezov.
Other works of M. Auezov have also been published in Germany. The novel "Shot at the Pass", translated by Ruprecht Vilnov, was published in 1964. In 1974, the story "The Dashing Year" was published in German under the title "The Uprising of the Meek."
The publication of Mukhtar Auezov's works in Germany aroused interest and a number of articles in the German press by such authors as Alfred Kurella, Werner Baum, Herbert Krempien, Otto Braun. They respected Mukhtar Auezov and enthusiastically perceived his works.
The German writer, translator, Director of the Literary Institute in Leipzig, Alfred Kurella, in the article "Fate in the Heart of Asia", which was published in the newspaper "Tägliche Rundschau", calls the novel "Abai" unusual: "We get acquainted with a whole nation at a turning point in the historical period" [1, p. 97]. In his opinion, the value of the book as a historical novel lies in the comprehensive completeness of the narrative, since the main character, the poet Abai, passes through all spheres of Kazakh life. Alfred Ku-rella's statement about Mukhtar Auezov's novel in the "Sonntag" newspaper is considered to be paradigmatic: "Haven't you read Abai yet? It means, you haven't read anything. This is incredible, this is amazing! The steppe came to life and went to you, with all the splendor of its pristine nature, its gestures and integral characters. And what passions - Shakespearean! You feel the era like in no other scientific research" [2].
Werner Baum in the newspaper "Sonntag" calls him a great Kazakh novelist and playwright, who managed to transform the deep knowledge of his nation into a literary image. Herbert Krempien in the magazine "Der Bibliotekar" compares M. Auezov's novel with oriental ornament, which is rich in smallest decorations and at the same time preserves the main line, the main idea. Otto Braun writes that Mukhtar Auezov in his novel depicted the life of the Kazakh people from the middle of the XIX to the beginning of the XX century.
The creative writings of Mukhtar Auezov in modern foreign reception can be observed through the study of its most significant aspects: translation of his works into foreign languages and their publication abroad, prefaces and afterword to these books, press reviews, reports of foreign participants at the conferences, literary biographies in foreign encyclopedias ... A number of foreign reviews and responses was due to the personal contacts of Mukhtar Auezov with foreign literary figures. He met many of them in Alma-Ata, where foreign writers arrived, including the German writer Heinz Stern. For a long period, he maintained friendly and creative relations with the famous German writer Anna Segers, as evidenced by letters and telegrams kept in the archives of the "Auezov House-Museum" Scientific and Cultural Center in Almaty. There one can also get acquainted with the correspondence of Mukhtar Aue-zov with the editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Kultur und Fortschritt", a Turkologist, Professor Erich Müller. The subject of discussion was Kazakh folklore in connection with the preparation of the collection of
Kazakh epics and fairy tales "Golden Yurt" for publication in the German publishing house. By the way, in 1957 the newspaper Sonntag published his article "Mukhtar Auezov is 60 years old", in which he told about the participation of the Kazakh writer at the Fourth Congress of German Writers as a guest. Erich Müller ended his congratulations with the following words: "If Goethe and Heine, Segers and Bredel found a second literary homeland in distant Kazakhstan, then with the novel "Before The Dawn" Mukhtar Auezov erected a solid yurt for himself in our country. He shows us, the Germans, the customs and traditions of the people, with whom we have every reason to get acquainted. This shows our respect for the great thinker and artist" [3].
The voluminous articles by German researchers Peter Kirchner and Sigrid Kleinmichel are noteworthy. Unlike previous German reviews of Auezov's creative work, these articles reveal one of the special features of foreign reception of the Kazakh literature - its analytical nature. These authors present an in-depth analysis of the works of Mukhtar Auezov.
In 1975 the article "The versatility and richness of multinational literature" by Peter Kirchner was published in Berlin in the magazine "Multinational Literature". In it, he considers the novel "The Path of Abai" by Mukhtar Auezov as an example of socialist literary synthesis. We should bear in mind that in those years socialist realism was the dominant method in the literature of the socialist countries. In Auezov's novel, Peter Kirchner analyzes the central characters of the real people. In his opinion, "the novel draws attention to the fact that all these events take place in the 80s of the XIX century, that is, at a time when Abai establishes contacts with representatives of the underground union "Narodnaya Volya". Their activities took place on the second half of the revolutionary movement in Russia, when the social and political struggle became stronger. The historically real prototype of Pavlov - an exile, a member of an underground union and a friend of Abai - Dolgopolov was not a socialist-democrat. Active participation in the revolutionary struggle and close connection of this character with the emerging proletariat (the episode of Maken's liberation) gave a reason to Auezov to create a type of revolutionary, whose actions are closely related to the spread of Marxism in Russia, with the emergence of the Union of Struggle for Liberation of the Working Class" in St. Petersburg [4]. In this case, the author of the article does not describe the life of the Kazakh people, their customs, and nature. Peter Kirchner's attention is focused on the political situation in those years when Abai, being a mature man, met and became close to Russian political exiles, the followers of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov.
In 1982 in Berlin, the publishing house "Aufbau" prepared the collection "What can a writer do on this earth?". The article by the German writer Sigrid Kleinmichel, dedicated to Mukhtar Auezov, was entitled "Between the Asian Middle Ages and Socialism." This title was given to the article by the author, apparently because of the statement of Mukhtar Auezov: "I came from the Asian Middle Ages, which was more complex and backward than the European one. I have gone
through three social formations and now I live at the beginning of the fourth", with which this article begins. The author of the article, Sigrid Kleinmichel, describes the life and career of the famous Kazakh writer, analyzing a number of his works, including " Shot at the Pass" and "Gray Fierce". Sigrid Kleinmichel provides detailed description of the novel-dilogy "The Path of Abai". She tells how the process of creating this novel took place, how the author collected material about the main character - the poet Abai Kunanbayev, what difficulties arose on the way of Mukhtar Auezov. Sigrid Kleinmichel believes that thanks to Mukhtar Auezov, Abai was recognized as a classic of the Kazakh literature: "Mukhtar Auezov initially meets the resistance of most of the writers of Kazakhstan. They identified Abai with the feudal class and evaluated his works from this point of view. They rejected the works of Abai, because they wanted to dissociate themselves from the group of intelligentsia, who considered Abai (even before the revolution) a national poet [5]. As a result, she characterizes the creativity of the Kazakh writer with the following words: "The artistic and educational power of Mukhtar Auezov corresponds to all the social opportunities and requirements of his time" [5].
Foreign literary encyclopedias and reference books serve as one of the aspects of international perception of M.Auezov's creative writings. In the 80-90s of the XX century, the name of Mukhtar Auezov first appeared in such widely known German encyclopedias as the Brockhaus Encyclopedia (Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, 1987, Mannheim), Krener's encyclopedia of world literature (Lexikon Kröners der Weltliterattur, 1988).
Over time, the interest in the creative writings of Mukhtar Auezov in Germany does not weaken. Since 2006, the publication of the "Kasachische Bibliothek" ("Kazakh Library") in German began with the assistance of the Embassy of Kazakhstan in Germany and thanks to the efforts of particular German literary and cultural figures. For example, the publication of reviews and articles on the literature of Kazakhstan in German journals by the famous German literary critic, poet and translator Leonard Kossuth significantly contributed to the emergence of the "Kasachische Bibliothek" in Germany. Within the framework of this project, the novel "The Dashing Year" [6] in 2007 and the novel-dilogy "The Path of Abai" [7] by Mukhtar Aue-zov in 2014 have been republished.
In the process of foreign reception of the Kazakh literature, the perception of Mukhtar Auezov's creativity occupies a special place in connection with a significant number of responses in the foreign countries. Receptive sources for the creative writings of Mukhtar Auezov cover both stages of foreign reception of the Kazakh literature: the Soviet period and the period of independence of Kazakhstan. In addition, in terms of the literary heritage of Mukhtar Auezov, one can consider the main aspects of reception and observe all changes in the nature of evolution of the perception of the Kazakh literature. The following factors, characterizing this process should be noted: professional travel around the world and personal contacts of Mukhtar Auezov with foreign writers, poets and literary critics. German receptive material clearly demonstrates the constant interest of foreign literary criticism in the Kazakh literature in the person of Mukhtar Auezov. The epic novel "The Path of Abai" received special attention and recognition from foreign professional readers.
This work was carried out in the framework of the grant funding of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the project AR08855803 "Kazakhstan and the world literary space: comparative studies" for 20202022.
References
1. Alfred Kurella. Fate in the heart of Asia // Kazakh literature in the assessment of foreign criticism. -Alma-Ata: Science, 1971. - P. 96-97 [in Russian].
2. Alfred Kurella. About the epic novel "The Path of Abai" // Kazakh literature in the assessment of foreign criticism. - Alma-Ata: Science, 1971. - P. 98 [in Russian].
3. Erich Müller. Mukhtar Auezov is 60 years old // Sonntag. - 1957, 29 September. - P. 8 [in German].
4. Peter Kirchner. The versatility and wealth of multinational literature // Multinational Literature. -Berlin: Aufbau, 1975. - P. 577-601 [in German].
5. Sigrid Kleinmichel. Between Asian Middle Ages and Socialism // What can a writer do on this earth? - Berlin: Aufbau, 1982. - P. 169-188 [in German].
6. Muchtar Auesow. Aufstand der Sanftmütigen. - Berlin: Dagyeli Verlag, 2007. - 188 s. [in German].
7. Muchtar Auesow. Abai. Uber Jahr und Tag. -Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2014. - 852 s. [in German].
