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8PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
KEY ASPECTS AND FACTORS OF LITERARY RECEPTIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Mashakova A.
PhD Philology, Leading researcher M.O. Auezov Institute of Literature and Art, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Abstract
The article discusses main aspects of foreign reception of Kazakh literature: translation and publication of the works of Kazakh authors abroad; prefaces and afterword in published books; press reviews of the writers, critics and other professional readers about Kazakh literature; reports of participants of the International conferences; problem-thematic articles in foreign scientific journals, author's monographs of foreign scientists. Creative contacts with foreign writers and travels of literary figures to distant countries are identified as main factors.
Keywords: reception, literature, translation, reviews, abroad.
Current situation in Kazakhstan creates favorable opportunities for comprehending the history of Kazakh literature development, and the importance of studying it in terms of foreign reception is increasing in this process.
The reader's perception of fiction work is usually referred as literary reception. Such problems have long been included into the historical and literary studies of foreign literary criticism schools. Reception is the main category in the conceptual apparatus of receptive aesthetics - direction in criticism and literary studies, which results from the idea that the work fully realizes its potential only in the process of meeting, contact between the literary texts with the reader. The Polish philosopher and aesthetist Roman Ingarden [1, p. 414], who introduced the concepts of "communicative uncertainty", "concretization", "actualization", "aesthetic experience" into use is considered to be the founder of this trend. However, the most consistent and detailed expression of the principles of receptive aesthetics was found in the works of the researchers who constitute the so-called "The Constance School", which was formed in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1960s. The main representatives of this school are Hans Robert Jauss [2] and Wolfgang Iser [3]. According to Jauss, the history of literature is the history of receptions, and each subsequent one should take into account the experience of all the previous ones, since the semantic potential of the work realizes itself particularly in this experience. V. Iser assigns the role of co-creation to the reader; in other words, the reader should use the power of imagination to fill in the so-called gaps and "omissions" in the text.
Modern scholars divide literary reception into primary and secondary. During the primary reception, the reader independently perceives the text, the secondary literary reception is accompanied by acquaintance with literary criticism in all its genres. According to R.T. Gromyak, "the specified levels of literary reception are formed in view of the horizon of the reader's perception of particular work of certain author by each generation within certain socio-cultural situation" [4, p. 67].
Foreign reception of literature is very important for the development of national literature. Full understanding of any national literature is impossible without
treating it as integral part of the world literature. This attitude becomes especially relevant in globalization period, when the exchange of information accelerates while the mass media develops, as a result of which the world turns into a coherent informational whole thing. Responses to the most distant events in space are possible immediately and exist simultaneously in time with the event itself.
The work, written by the writer, can become an object of reception not only within the culture to which it belongs, but also in foreign cultures. The result of international reception is always significantly different from the result of intra-national reception, as it contains a fresh look at the work, the objectivity of an outside observer and new approaches based on the peculiarities of the development of the perceiving literature. Therefore, ideally, the study of the work should take into account the possible widest range of its perceptions, since only in this case each specific work can be considered as a fact of certain universal phenomenon - the world literature.
Comprehension of the reception of Kazakh literature abroad occurs through the study of its most significant aspects:
- process of translation and publication of the works of Kazakh authors abroad;
- prefaces and afterword in published books;
- press reviews of the writers, critics and other professional readers about Kazakh literature;
- reports of participants of the international conferences dedicated to the creativity of Kazakh writers and poets;
- reference materials in encyclopedias;
- problem-thematic articles in foreign scientific journals;
- copyright monographs of foreign scientists.
In the history of Kazakh literature, the most important figures around whom the process of foreign reception of Kazakh literature is concentrated are Abai Kunanbayev, Mukhtar Auezov, Abdizhamil Nur-peissov and Olzhas Suleimenov. This is due to the fact that their works, which were translated into many foreign languages, received the largest number of responses in foreign countries.
Despite the less number of translations and, respectively, the less scale of the foreign reception process on the creativity of other authors, including Ma-khambet Utemissov, Zhambyl Zhabayev, Abish Kekilbayev and Mukhtar Shakhanov, the perception of their works by foreign professional readers has also great value for the international recognition of Kazakh literature.
Creative contacts with foreign writers and trips of literary figures to distant countries are the important factors of foreign literary reception. The manifestation of these factors is observed in the process of foreign reception of Mukhtar Auezov, Abdizhamil Nurpeissov, Olzhas Suleimenov, Abish Kekilbayev and Mukhtar Shakhanov.
In addition, cooperation of Kazakhstan with international organizations is a significant factor. One of these organizations is UNESCO - representative organization functioning under the auspices of the United Nations. In the 1990-2000s, under the auspices of UNESCO, celebrations of the anniversaries of the classics of Kazakh literature were held at the world level: the 150th anniversary of Abai Kunanbayev (1995), the 100th anniversary of Mukhtar Auezov (1997), the 100th anniversary of Sabit Mukanov (2000), the 100th anniversary of Gabit Musrepov (2002) and the 200th anniversary of Makhambet Utemissov (2003). All these anniversaries were included into the UNESCO Anniversary Calendar.
It should be noted that the celebration of anniversaries is of great importance for the popularization of Kazakh literature abroad. As a result of the celebrations held both in Kazakhstan and around the world, modern foreign writers got acquainted with creative writings of the best representatives of Kazakh literature, and also established personal contacts with modern Kazakh writers and literary scholars.
The study of the main aspects of foreign reception of Kazakh literature makes it possible to determine the periodization of this process. It can be divided into two stages: the first stage corresponds to the Soviet period in the development of Kazakh literature, and the second stage begins with independence of Kazakhstan and continues to the present day.
Of course, the nature of perception of our literature abroad during the Soviet period and the period of independence is different. During the Soviet period, the process of foreign reception started its development. The first translations into foreign languages and, accordingly, the first receptive materials appeared in the mid-1950s. At first, the reception process was descriptive and informative. Because before that, not only Kazakh literature was unknown abroad, but also the Kazakh nation, and therefore, using the examples of the works of Kazakh writers and poets in these reviews and critical articles, it was possible to introduce the Kazakh nation, their customs, originality and specifics to foreign readers.
In the period of independence, the in-depth analysis of the works takes place more often, which manifests the evolutionary nature of the process of foreign
reception. Although, foreign perception of Kazakh literature is still descriptive, the in-depth analysis prevails.
We can mention the number of countries that during the period of independence have shown the greatest interest in Kazakh literature. Among the European countries: France, Germany and Hungary, and among the countries of the foreign East - Turkey, India, Pakistan, Iran, China, Mongolia, and interest is growing in the United States.
The French literary reception represents the largest number of authors. Among them are Leon Robelle, Remy Dore, Albert Fischler, Catherine Pujol, Chantal Lemercier-Kelkezhey, Jean Lambert, Christian Visanti, Jocelyn Perard, Marivonne Perrot and others.
Among German professional readers are literary scholars and literary critics such as Leonard Kossuth, Marcel Erdal, Mark Kirchner, Sigrid Kleinmichel and others.
From the eastern countries, the interest in Kazakh literature is shown by Ali Asgar Shirdust (Iran), Khalid Iqbal Yasir, Ahmad Hasan Dani, Fakhar Zaman and Muhammad Abbas Khan (Pakistan), Ziya Yilmazer, Sadik Tural, Ipekoulou Fakhriye (Turkey), Habyshiin Islam and J.Lhagwa (Mongolia), Sharma Rakesh (India), Zhakyp Myrza (China) and others.
The study of foreign national reception of literature should be carried out taking into account the reader's professional approach to literary reception, his civic position in particular era, his knowledge of the foreign environment and rely on receptive sources which authors are the writers, poets, literary critics, who are rightfully called professional readers. It is necessary to study translation in view of a new approach to it as reception aspect, taking into account the circumstances surrounding the emergence of translation.
During the study of the process of foreign literature reception, one should take into account the political situation in the corresponding time period. In the Soviet period, in terms of the division of the world into socialist and capitalist camp, the Kazakh literature was perceived abroad as the literature of a country, which is experiencing socialistic development. For many countries in the Middle East, such political situation became an obstacle to the development of literary relations. Thus, Pakistan and Iran, being Islamic States where Sharia replaces the constitution, were prejudiced against the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, which was an atheistic State. As a result, no translations of Kazakh literature were done in these countries during the Soviet period. The works of Kazakh writers were translated into Persian and Urdu, and published in Moscow and Tashkent.
In Kazakhstan in terms of independence, the situation has changed dramatically, and now the process of literary reception by professional readers in Turkey, India, Pakistan, Iran, China, and Mongolia is intensively developing. The celebration of the 150th anniversary of Abai Kunanbayev in 1995 and the 100th anniversary of Mukhtar Auezov in 1997 greatly facilitated it.
The main feature of the stage of foreign reception of Kazakh literature in the period of independence is the emergence of the research works published in the
form of monographs in foreign countries. In this case, we can name the monograph "Three peaks of the Chinggis mountains - Abai, Shakarim and Mukhtar" (1995) by the Chinese writer Su Zhou Xun. In 2006, in Turkey, the Turkish scientist Ali Abbas Chinar prepared and published a monograph "Study of Kazakh culture and literature", in which specific chapters are devoted to the Kazakh folklore, Kazakh culture and literature of the best representatives such as Abai Kunanbayev, Mukhtar Auezov, Zhambyl Zhabayev. These are serious works on literary studies, which are quite voluminous and informative. Su Zhou Xun and Ali Abbas Chinar often visited Kazakhstan, and native places of the studied classics of Kazakh literature. Their scientific works made a significant contribution to the popularization of Kazakh literature abroad. In addition, Abai studies are developing in China, and dissertations are being defended.
So, the creative heritage of the classics of Kazakh literature of the XIX century Makhambet Utemissov and Abai Kunanbayev, as well as the classics of Kazakh literature of the XX century Zhambyl Zhabayev and Mukhtar Auezov plays an extremely important role in modern international reception of Kazakh literature. The analysis of the reception of the works of modern prose writers and poets Abdizhamil Nurpeissov, Abish Kekilbayev, Olzhas Suleimenov and Mukhtar Shakhanov that are most frequently translated into foreign languages makes it possible to identify and ana-
lyze the specific features and patterns of foreign reception of the whole modern Kazakh literature. The quantity of translations and foreign reviews, feedbacks and studies is the important index for determining the literary scale of the author in the context of the world literature. Foreign publications on the creativity of the above-mentioned Kazakh writers and poets represent all aspects and factors of foreign reception of Kazakh literature.
This work was performed in the frame of the grant funding of the Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the project theme AR08855803 "Kazakhstan and the world literary space: comparative studies" for 2020-2022.
References
1. Abramovskih E.V. Roman Ingarden, the founder of receptive aesthetics // Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2012. № 2. P. 414-416.
2. Jauss H.R. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception / Transl. by T. Bahti. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982. - 231 p.
3. Iser W. The Implied Reader. Munich, 1972. -420 p.
4. Gromyak R.T. Methodology for the implementation of the receptive approach to literary phenomena in comparative studies // Literary Comparative. 2005. № 1. P. 64-73.
CONCEPTUAL INTEGRATION AND SUBTEXT MEANING IN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE TEXTS
Jumayeva L.
Azerbaijan University of Languages, PhD student
Abstract
By participating in the process of communication, we understand both what is spoken and create textdiscourse, our main goal in the first act is to understand the ideas expressed in the language.
The knowledge used during the coding of the language is not limited only to our knowledge of the language. In addition to our knowledge of the world, the social context of the text, the ability to express what is in memory, to plan, manage the text and other aspects play a certain role.
In this sense, it is interesting to study the issue of conceptual integration and subtext in English-language texts.
Keywords: conceptual integration, meaning, speech, language, word, text, communication.
It should be noted that the modern dynamic model of speech consists of a number of parts, which allow to take into account not only the sound form, but also the meaningful side of the language, which explains the growing interest in the semantics of speech. The dialectical unity of these two sides causes wide variability of expression of the idea, modal relations of the speaker by voice. Recognition of discourse is based on its semantics, including modal-emotional meanings. The perception of the discourse semantics and the meanings of attitudes is related to the recognition of the segment and suprasegment units that are in the composition of interrelated and interdependent signs.
K.Abdullayev notes that the concept of "text" manifests a double meaning and it is important to distinguish them from each other. According to the linguist, "texteme" is in the spirit of "phoneme",
"morpheme", "lexeme", "phraseme", refers to the level of language, not to the level of speech. Texteme is a unit that provides for the analysis of "clear" structure regularities in language structure [1, p.181].
The role of combining words in the presentation of the subtext meaning in the language is not small.
It means that the merged two words are welded in their meanings, when they are processed in a junction or union, both words, unlike them, based on their previous meanings, express a generalized and unified new concept. In such conjunctions or combinations, only taking into account the form, forgetting the meaning and content, of course, is directly related to the thinking of the language.
The success of the human cognitive activity is noted and determined in the language in the form of sentences through words and word combinations.
