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16form of monographs in foreign countries. In this case, we can name the monograph "Three peaks of the Chinggis mountains - Abai, Shakarim and Mukhtar" (1995) by the Chinese writer Su Zhou Xun. In 2006, in Turkey, the Turkish scientist Ali Abbas Chinar prepared and published a monograph "Study of Kazakh culture and literature", in which specific chapters are devoted to the Kazakh folklore, Kazakh culture and literature of the best representatives such as Abai Kunanbayev, Mukhtar Auezov, Zhambyl Zhabayev. These are serious works on literary studies, which are quite voluminous and informative. Su Zhou Xun and Ali Abbas Chinar often visited Kazakhstan, and native places of the studied classics of Kazakh literature. Their scientific works made a significant contribution to the popularization of Kazakh literature abroad. In addition, Abai studies are developing in China, and dissertations are being defended.
So, the creative heritage of the classics of Kazakh literature of the XIX century Makhambet Utemissov and Abai Kunanbayev, as well as the classics of Kazakh literature of the XX century Zhambyl Zhabayev and Mukhtar Auezov plays an extremely important role in modern international reception of Kazakh literature. The analysis of the reception of the works of modern prose writers and poets Abdizhamil Nurpeissov, Abish Kekilbayev, Olzhas Suleimenov and Mukhtar Shakhanov that are most frequently translated into foreign languages makes it possible to identify and ana-
lyze the specific features and patterns of foreign reception of the whole modern Kazakh literature. The quantity of translations and foreign reviews, feedbacks and studies is the important index for determining the literary scale of the author in the context of the world literature. Foreign publications on the creativity of the above-mentioned Kazakh writers and poets represent all aspects and factors of foreign reception of Kazakh literature.
This work was performed in the frame of the grant funding of the Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the project theme AR08855803 "Kazakhstan and the world literary space: comparative studies" for 2020-2022.
References
1. Abramovskih E.V. Roman Ingarden, the founder of receptive aesthetics // Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2012. № 2. P. 414-416.
2. Jauss H.R. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception / Transl. by T. Bahti. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982. - 231 p.
3. Iser W. The Implied Reader. Munich, 1972. -420 p.
4. Gromyak R.T. Methodology for the implementation of the receptive approach to literary phenomena in comparative studies // Literary Comparative. 2005. № 1. P. 64-73.
CONCEPTUAL INTEGRATION AND SUBTEXT MEANING IN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE TEXTS
Jumayeva L.
Azerbaijan University of Languages, PhD student
Abstract
By participating in the process of communication, we understand both what is spoken and create textdiscourse, our main goal in the first act is to understand the ideas expressed in the language.
The knowledge used during the coding of the language is not limited only to our knowledge of the language. In addition to our knowledge of the world, the social context of the text, the ability to express what is in memory, to plan, manage the text and other aspects play a certain role.
In this sense, it is interesting to study the issue of conceptual integration and subtext in English-language texts.
Keywords: conceptual integration, meaning, speech, language, word, text, communication.
It should be noted that the modern dynamic model of speech consists of a number of parts, which allow to take into account not only the sound form, but also the meaningful side of the language, which explains the growing interest in the semantics of speech. The dialectical unity of these two sides causes wide variability of expression of the idea, modal relations of the speaker by voice. Recognition of discourse is based on its semantics, including modal-emotional meanings. The perception of the discourse semantics and the meanings of attitudes is related to the recognition of the segment and suprasegment units that are in the composition of interrelated and interdependent signs.
K.Abdullayev notes that the concept of "text" manifests a double meaning and it is important to distinguish them from each other. According to the linguist, "texteme" is in the spirit of "phoneme",
"morpheme", "lexeme", "phraseme", refers to the level of language, not to the level of speech. Texteme is a unit that provides for the analysis of "clear" structure regularities in language structure [1, p.181].
The role of combining words in the presentation of the subtext meaning in the language is not small.
It means that the merged two words are welded in their meanings, when they are processed in a junction or union, both words, unlike them, based on their previous meanings, express a generalized and unified new concept. In such conjunctions or combinations, only taking into account the form, forgetting the meaning and content, of course, is directly related to the thinking of the language.
The success of the human cognitive activity is noted and determined in the language in the form of sentences through words and word combinations.
Language in its development evolves not simply in a limited circle of framework, but from low to high, from simple to complex. It is the result of such development that the number of complex words and word combinations in the language has increased.
In terms of conceptual integration and subtext, let's consider the following passage:
He sat writing in the room with the deadly statistical clock, proving something,no doubt -probably, in the main, that the Good Samaritan was a Bad Economist.
The noise of the rain didnt disturb him much; but it attracted his attention sufficiently to make him raise his head sometimes, as if he were rather remonstrating with elements. When it thundered very loudly, he glanced towards Coketown, having it in his mind that some of the tall chimneys might be struck by lightining [4, p. 230].
Here the subtext is very skillfully given by the author. Thus, with the precipitation of rain, it becomes clear that certain thoughts arise and are transmitted to the mental sphere. In this passage, there is an underlined author's idea hidden under the cover of word. The text type is homogeneous according to the register, has the ability to expand into structurally-semantically fragmented full-text within the volume of a homogeneous register block.
Conceptual integration of the concept of person through deictic words has been successfully implemented. In this passage, the writer expressed his dissatisfaction with the social situation in which the hero lived, and noted that the dynamism of the events is pessimistic.
From the sentences given at the end of the current material this is clearly noticeable. When it thundered very loudly, he glanced towards Coketown, having it in his mind that some of the tall chimneys might be struck by lightining - in the sentence, the writer tries to show that the expectations of the hero are rooted in pessimism. Although the physical parameters of space are not so important here, they seem to be the leading line in the explicit conceptualization of space.
All elements that have the expression and content plan of the language - morphemes, lexemes, word combination models, sentences are included in various paradigms. Together they play an important role in the synthesis of meaning in the text.
The theory of "Conseptual Blending Theory" by G. Fauconnier and M. Turner has also been transformed into various research objects from time to time [3, p.123].
Let's take a look at the text fragment below:
The Bennet girls, who would lose their inheritance because of him, had a reputation for being attractive and charming , and his idea of making amends to them was to marry one of them.
He considered this an extravagance plan, and thougt himself extremely generous and unselfish in carrying it out"[6, p. 24].
In this sentence type, the idea naturally integrates its development from one sentence to another. Direct parallel use of two input fields serves the chain development of thought. The progression of the thought
movement weakens at that time when the connection of the mentioned areas becomes distant. So there is another sentence member between them.
In addition, in the current material, we can see the emergence of a dynamic person, time and space continuum in terms of communicative and social situations. So, it is known that the sequence of events in the context space is directed from the past to the present, from the present to the future, from the future to the present.
Thus, the use of pronouns in such cases points to the closeness between the author and the reader. The reader literally enters the interlocutor, who is not just familiar with the person or objects, but is closely acquainted with them. Sometimes the use of pronouns acts as the main tool in the construction of the work of fiction.
The presence of "mental field" in the current material allows text analysts to give preference to a full sentence, rather than dependent or free sentences, to analyze the field.
However, such facts do not solve the problem of the field. The field base of these mentioned contexts can already be integrated into several free ones. It can be noted here that the process of creating situative structures is not limited to the operation of common attributes.
There was only one other person in the room and he was awake too. I listened to him being awake, for a long time. He couldn 't lie as quietly as I could because, perhaps, he hadn't had as much practice being awake. We were lying on blankets spread over straw and when he moved the straw was noisy, but the silk worms were not frightened by any noise we made ate on steadily.
There were the noises of night seven kilometers behind the lines outside but they were differentfrom the small noises inside the room in the dark. The other man in the room tried lying quietly. Then he moved again. I moved too, so he would know I was awake [5, p.95].
The current material gives us the dynamics of what is happening throughout the text. We witness the dual input field in the text fragment, which is rich in contrasts. The issue related to the general field is that both of them are settled in the same conditions. But we witness clashes over time. Although there are microtext separations, this does not take long, and again the events are tipped to the same point. The chain of events that continuously integrates accelerates the continuous inflow of "info" into the mental field.
The harmony of the person pronouns (I, he, we, they, him), which contain the concept of person in the text, with the space (there) and time (then, for long time) adverbs, which are representations of the concept of space and time, forms an attractive color. It also turns out that modal verbs demonstrate an active position in the conceptualization of the person. The author embodies the reader's expectations about the result, skillfully placing their performance on the subcortical meaning. All this is done by the behavior of the person, the description of the space, the dynamics of the sequence of actions, the order of the registers.
In this regard, Azad Mammadov, Misgar Mamma-dov note: "Thus, the people of the society share their
desires (the social context with the relevant social component and the communicative context related to the concrete situation) with others through text or other se-miotic systems using all possible language means available to them and as a result, a very complex psychological, sociological, linguistic, semiotic and cultural phenomenon called discursive occurs" [2, p.64].
In addition, we encounter various representations of life, which is an important concept of time, space and person.
It should be noted with certainty that the essence of the style and argument are inseparable from each other. Ancient rhetors treated speech and thought figures equally. According to their views, the style was a technical tool for strengthening and decorating important argumentative moments. They even allocated special rhetorical means, such as antithesis and parallelism, which is especially characteristic for the discourses of law, in which the emotional and logical effect takes a dominant position. In rhetoric, metaphors are particularly focused on its special emotional impact, because metaphors bring not only emotional tone, but also the integrity of mental ability without affecting logical immunity.
Thus, appropriately figurative expressions increase interest in speech, stimulate the psychological contact with the listener, awaken the mind and feelings, and ultimately create a convincing effect.
In direct communication, the language external context expressed with the help of gestures, mimicry, intonation are manifested in written speech by means that allow us to create the state of discourse in our imagination. Discourses are metaphors if they are thought of as metaphors by the speaker, that is, if the speaker wants to be understood as metaphors of his own saying.
The speaker does not want to let the listener think that he is simply wrong in his saying. The listener, on the other hand, understands that the speaker did not make a mistake or make a mistake in saying that word in that context or in that situation.
It is impossible to put a boundary in the word in general, as well as to find its boundaries, or in most cases it has been possible to talk about this issue in a relative way. The history of the word is very large and in a number of cases dark. The word is being, it covers a wide area as much as life and thought.
As if the language is multi-faceted, this sign differs from the words in its own way with its versatility, as a minimum, lexical-semantic units. Summing up, we can say that the cognitive model as an epistemological tool dictates that the highest sign of language should be analyzed as a product of collective thinking and ethnos experience.
In addition to intonation means, a number of formal means of communication are involved in the formation of the text - discursive structure. Such formal means of communication include phonetic repetitions (alliteration, assonance), morphological repetitions (gender, time, repetition of case signs), lexical repetitions (complete, incomplete, repetition of the word in different grammatical forms and zero repetitions), syntactic repetitions (complete and
incomplete repetition of the word order), lexical-grammatical means (conjunction, determinatives) and deictic elements (pronouns, articles).
Let's consider the following microtext:
His eyes watched Fuentes, now standing still. Now he leaned back, calling to him. Fuentes twitched the two banderrilos and the light on the still points caught the bulls eye. His tail went up and he charged [5, p.211].
In this small text, along with metaphorization, we witness the successful use of cohesive means. The words with lexical repetitions his, him, now, eye, eyes, still are the focus of attention. Time-related clashes are noteworthy. In the sentence His eyes watched Fuentes, now standing still. Now he leaned back, calling to him we notice that there is a sequence from the past to the present. The current material dictates to us that lexical repetitions are an important text formation factor.
In addition, the person has become conceptualized.
Let's take a look at the other piece:
It was evening now and he had been asleep. The sun was gone behind the hill and there was a shadow all across the plain and the small animals were feeding close to camp; quick dropping heads and switching tails, he watched them keeping well out away from the bush now. The birds no longer waited on the ground. They were all perched heavily in a tree. There were many more of them. His personal boy was sitting by the bed [5, p. 280].
The factual material presented by the current text clearly shows the conceptualization of time, space and person. In particular, the confrontation between the past and the present is evident. Cohesive means were distributed throughout the text and became an important factor in its creation. At the same time, the defining parameters of space, person, time, gender can be noted. In the hypotheses, it is noted that if a person moves from one element of the structure within the text to another, this transition is noted in the integration of the sentence and the sentence complex. In addition, conceptual integration also looks interesting in the following sentence.
Thomas Gradgrind sir. A man of realities. A man of facts and calculations. A man who proseeds upon the principle that two and two are four, and nothing over,and who is not to be talked into allowing for anything over. Thomas Gradgrind,sir-peremptorily Thomas-Thomas Gradgrind. With a rule and a pair of scales,and the multiplication table always in his pocket, sir ready to weigh and measure any parcel of human nature, and tell you exactly what it comes to. It is a mere figures of questions, a case of simple arithmetic. You might hope to get some nonsensical belief into the head of George Gradgrind, or Augustus Gradgrind,or John Gragdrind, or Joseph Gradgrind (all supersititious, non-existent persons)but into the head of Thomas Gradgrind-no, sir! [4, p.4].
In this small piece we come up with repetitions, which implies a potential expansion of the text. These repetitions help to conceptualize the person. Here you can see the perfect synthesis of grammatical and lexical means. Under the cover of word, there are points that the author wants to convey to the reader.
References
1. Abdullayev K.Azarbaycan dili sintaksisinin nazari problemlari. Baki: Maarif, 1999, 281 s.
2. Mammadov A., Mammadov M. Diskurs Tadqiqi. Baki: 2016, 111s.
3. Fauconnier G., Turner M. The way we think. Conceptual blending and the mind hidden complexities. NY. Basic Books, 2002, 347p.
4. Dickens Charles. Hard Times. Moscow: 1952, 334p.
5. Hemingway Ernest. Selected stories. Moscow: Progress publishers, 1971, 397p.
6. Jane Austen. Pride and Prejudice. Oxford University Press: 1995, 108 p.
INFLUENCE OF FICTION ON ENRICHMENT OF ENGLISH LEXICAL FUND
Farhadova G.
Azerbaijan University of Languages, PhD student
Abstract
The article deals with the problem of working out the influence of the literary works to the enrichment of English lexical fund. While analyzing great attention was given to the facts taken from the literature. One of the important goals of the article is to detect and find out the backgrounds of enrichment of lexical fund. Here is emphasized the role of literature. Since its emergence this theme caught the attention and new researches appeared.
In this regard, the words and phrases used by writers and poets in fiction do not remain unaffected by the lexical fund of the language, but array the vocabulary of the language with new lexical units.
Keywords: globalization, literature, speech, language, context, text, strategy.
As we know, globalization has turned English language into a major international medium of communication.
Globalization is characterized the impact on languages in a variety of ways. But the point of interest here is that if any language is more exposed to influence, then from time to time changes resulting from this influence penetrate into other languages. For example, the influence of globalization on the lexical fund of the English language on one or another degree results in the inclusion of words and terms in other languages. Here, we can not deny the direct or indirect influence of globalization on a language.
Based on observations, we can say that in the process of social communication there is a rapid transition from local to global.
It is manifested on the following real grounds:
1. Expansion in the sphere of communication in the world;
2. Narrowing of local communication spheres.
The changes taking place in the globalized world
have their influence on the lexical fund of language. Fiction also has an important role in the enrichment of the language.
Speech expressiveness is inherent not only in sounds, words and their grammatical forms, but also in the syntactic arrangement of speech. As the style of the author, as well as the style of fiction is determined to some extent by syntax. The main unit of language at the syntactic level is a sentence model, which is characterized in different ways in various linguistic currents.
Words and phrases used by writers and poets in different periods contributed to enrichment of lexical fund of language from time to time. This can be seen clearly, especially in the use of newly formed and derived words.
In this regard, it is of particular interest the use of acquisitions in fiction during the globalization period.
So there are a lot of words and phrases that are worked out by writers and poets. So, the word piano is also often used by writers.
Let's take a look at some examples.
Mr. Darcy looked a little ashamed of his aunts insensitive words. Meanwhile, Colonel Fitzwilliam had displayed Elizabeth to play some music, and she sat down at the piano. But when she had started playing, Mr. Darcy went to stand in front of the piano, where he had a good view of her face [5, p.54].
In this piece of text, the word piano is of Italian origin, it is processed twice and belongs to the field of music and culture.
Let's look at the other sentence:
Quivering from the defeat of his hopes, with the green morocco case still flat against his heart. Soames revolved thoughts bitter as death [6, p.123].
The underlined word morocco is interesting here. The idea of the speaker in the text fragment is fully understood.
It seems that some words in the literary text have an active role; they determine their position in the organization of the text.
It should also be noted that such points of work have specific characteristics. Derived, newly formed words, etc. enriche the vocabulary and meaning system of artistic speech environment. In the harmony of the vernacular absorbed into the literature, the elements of individual speech are tuned to new layers. This aspect of innovation in the literary language is subject to the purpose of increasing the aesthetic coefficient of the word. New words create an artistic atmosphere, which evokes special emotionality in the literary language. Master's sensibility distracts artistic thought from standards. Thus, it removes words from accustomed language materials, achieves its semantic goal by changing a component of words formed by traditional methods - both root and suffix.
