Научная статья на тему 'Fenomenul de rezistenţă la antibiotice - problemă gravă de sănătate publică'

Fenomenul de rezistenţă la antibiotice - problemă gravă de sănătate publică Текст научной статьи по специальности «Клиническая медицина»

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Ключевые слова
antibiotics / resistance / mechanisms / Extended Spectrul Beta Lactamases / антибиотики / резистентность / механизмы / бета-лактамазы расширенного спектра

Аннотация научной статьи по клинической медицине, автор научной работы — Olga Burduniuc

Antibiotic resistance is a global problem alarming to public health. Since the discovery of antibiotics, because of their abuse and misuse of bacterial resistance the phenomenon of bacterial resistance, was recorded. Currently observed evolution of antibiotic resistance, and bacteria through mutation and selective pressure are becoming increasingly resistant. Humanity is likely to lose the most important conquest-the antibiotics. Combating antimicrobial resistance is a priority public health.

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Феномен резистентности к антибиотикам – серьезная проблема общественного здравоохранения

Устойчивость к антибиотикам является тревожной, глобальной проблемой для общественного здравоохранения. С момента открытия антибиотиков, из-за их злоупотребления и неправильного использования было зафиксировано явление резистентности бактерий к антибиотикам. В настоящее время наблюдается эволюция устойчивости и бактерии, в результате мутации и селективного давления, становятся все более устойчивыми. Человечество может потерять одно из важнейших завоеваний – антибиотики. Борьба с устойчивостью к противомикробным препаратам является приоритетом общественного здравоохранения.

Текст научной работы на тему «Fenomenul de rezistenţă la antibiotice - problemă gravă de sănătate publică»

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FENOMENUL DE REZISTENTÄ LA ANTIBIOTICE - PROBLEMÄ GRAVÄ DE SÄNÄTATE PUBLICÄ

Olga BURDUNIUC,

Centrul National de Sänätate Publica _2_

Summary

The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance - a serious public health problem

Antibiotic resistance is a global problem alarming to public health. Since the discovery of antibiotics, because of their abuse and misuse of bacterial resistance the phenomenon of bacterial resistance, was recorded. Currently observed evolution of antibiotic resistance, and bacteria through mutation and selective pressure are becoming increasingly resistant. Humanity is likely to lose the most important conquest-the antibiotics. Combating antimicrobial resistance is a priority public health.

Key words: antibiotics, resistance, mechanisms, Extended Spectrul Beta Lactamases.

Резюме

Феномен резистентности к антибиотикам - серьезная проблема общественного здравоохранения

Устойчивость к антибиотикам является тревожной, глобальной проблемой для общественного здравоохранения. С момента открытия антибиотиков, из-за их злоупотребления и неправильного использования было зафиксировано явление резистентности бактерий к антибиотикам. В настоящее время наблюдается эволюция устойчивости и бактерии, в результате мутации и селективного давления, становятся все более устойчивыми. Человечество может потерять одно из важнейших завоеваний - антибиотики. Борьба с устойчивостью к противомикробным препаратам является приоритетом общественного здравоохранения.

Ключевые слова: антибиотики, резистентность, механизмы, бета-лактамазы расширенного спектра.

Rezistenta microbianä la antibiotice este o problemä gravä de sänätate publicä la nivel mondial, fiind cauzatä, in mare mäsurä, de utilizarea inadecvatä a antibioticelor. ín Europa antibiorezistenta este in continuä crestere [3, 8, 12, 23].

ín timp ce in tärile in curs de dezvoltare oamenii mor incä din cauza lipsei de acces la tratamentul cu antibiotice corespunzätoare, rezistenta la antibiotice, conditionatä de utilizarea incorectä a acestora, devine o problemä ingrijorätoare pe toate continentele [20].

Agentia Europeanä pentru Medicamente relateazä cä anual peste 380000 de europeni suferä de infectii cauzate de bacterii rezistente la medicamente, iar aproximativ 25000 de oameni din UE mor din aceastä cauzä [25].

Proiectul european de supraveghere a consumului de antimicrobi-ene (ESAC) - 2008 constatä cä rezistenta unor bacterii gramnegative a devenit alarmantä. Escherichia coli si Klebsiella pneumoniae dezvoltä mecanisme putin intelese de adaptare la antibiotice, in timp ce antibiotice de clasä nouä nu sunt incä disponibile.

Conform numeroaselor studii, rezistenta la antibiotice poate fi de diferite grade si coreleazä cu modul de prescriptie al acestor preparate [2, 10, 37].

Actualmente, bolile infecioase reprezintä o problemä majorä pentru sänätate din cauza fenotipurilor de rezistentä la care nu se mai pot aplica protocoalele terapeutice clasice [26, 30].

Preparatele antibacteriene sunt medicamente utilizate pentru tratarea infectiilor, incluzand bolile contagioase sau cele care ame-nintä viata. Totodatä, ele nu sunt eficiente in tratamentul tuturor tipurilor de infectii: sunt utile in infectii cauzate de bacterii, dar nu si in cele produse de micete, paraziti sau virusuri. Cu toate acestea, in terapia unor infectii de origine viralä, ca otitele, sinuzitele, menin-gitele, bronsitele, gastroenteritele, frecvent sunt utilizate preparate antibacteriene [1, 27].

Antibioticele utilizate adecvat pot salva vieti, insä existä situatii in care pot däuna sänätätii. Spre exemplu, microflora saprofitä este o florä antagonistä pentru bacteriile patogene, impiedicandu-le sä prolifereze si sä genereze infectii, participä de asemenea la digestie si sintetizeazä o serie de substante necesare organismului (de ex., vitamina K). ín ca-zul utilizärii indelungate a antibioticelor cu spectru larg, aceastä florä beneficä este distrusä si lasä loc liber dezvoltärii bacteriilor patogene. Astfel, poate apärea o colitä pseudomembranoasä post-antibioticä, mai frecvent cu Clostridium difficile [1, 26, 27, 50].

S-a constatat cä principalele cauze ale cresterii rezistentei la antibiotice sunt utilizarea necorespunzätoare si prescrierea neintemeiatä a acestor preparate, prin interpretarea gresitä a simptomelor, diagnosticul incert si asteptärile percepute ale pacientului; durata prea lungä/prea scurtä sau doza nepotrivitä de administrare, automedicatia, utilizarea antibioticelor in sectorul veterinar, arsenalul särac de mäsuri de dia-

gnostic, médicamente si vaccinuri; supravegherea si controlul necorespunzätoare asupra utilizärii medicamentelor [38]._

Existä mai multe mecanisme prin care acest fe-nomen se poate dezvolta: inactivarea sau distrugerea antibioticului - de exemplu, inactivarea penicilinei prin producerea unor enzime (beta-lactamaze), care rup o legäturä beta-lactamicä din molecula acesteia; modificarea tintei (locului de legare a antibioticului), astfel incat molecula antibioticului sä nu mai poatä reactiona cu componentele celulare - de exemplu, ribozomi sau enzime implicate in sinteza peretelui bacterian; modificarea cäilor metabolice la nivelul cärora actioneazä antibioticele - cazul unor bacte-rii rezistente la sulfamide, care in loc sä sintetizeze acidul folic, pornind de la acidul para-aminobenzoic, folosesc acid folic preformat, ca celulele mamiferelor; inhibarea pätrunderii antibioticului in celulä - de exemplu, mecanismul de rezistentä a E. coli la ma-crolide; eliminarea antibioticului - fenomen observat la unele specii de E. coli si S. aureus [34].

Introducerea antibioticelor beta-lactamine a determinat aparitia unor noi enzime cum sunt beta-lactamazele care distrug antibioticele date. Prezenta acestora, plus rezistenta crescutä la quinolone medi-atä plasmidial, a inceput sä creeze probleme importante in clinica terapeuticä. Dificultäti in tratamentul maladiilor inectioase apar mai des in cazul infectiilor determinate de tulpini producätoare de ESBL (Extended Spectrul Beta Lactamases). Tulpinile ESBL produc enzime ce dezvoltä rezistentä la un spectru larg de antibiotice [5, 44, 48].

Extinderea BLSE produse de enterobacterii in prezent necesitä reevaluarea tratamentului infec-tiilor cu antibiotice. Problema datä este stringentä in tärile unde E. coli este producätoare de BLSE si prevaleazä la nivel comunitar. Din cauza acestui fapt, existä riscul räspandirii CTX-M in diferite pärti ale lumii [39].

Tulpinile rezistente producätoare de BLSE de ti-pul CTX-M sunt endemice in America Latinä, Japonia si in unele regiuni ale Europei de Est, spre deosebire de Franta, Vestul Europei si SUA, unde aceste tulpini sunt emergente [4].

Conform cercetärilor, se poate afirma cä nu antibioticele sunt cauza rezistentei bacteriilor, ci faptul cä prin utilizarea lor se realizeazä o selectie a bacteriilor rezistente, märind astfel prevalenta. Acest fenomen a fost afirmat si de José L. Martínez, microbiolog la Centrul National de Biotehnologie din Spania [35].

Este alarmant faptul cä rezistenta la antibiotice este un fenomen evolutiv - dupä un anumit timp de la introducerea unui antibiotic nou, foarte repede apar tulpini bacteriene rezistente la acesta.

Desi s-a preväzut evolutia rezistentei fatä de aceste medicamente, nu au fost intuite mecanismele prin care genele care conferä rezistentä se vor räspandi [32, 45, 46].

Dacä vom continua sä folosim antibioticele in ritmul actual, Europa s-ar putea confrunta cu o intoarcere la era preantibioticä, cand o infectie bacterianä obisnuitä, cum ar fi pneumonia, ar putea sä echivaleze cu condamnarea la moarte. Cu alte cuvinte, atunci cand vom avea realmente nevoie de antibiotice, ele nu vor mai fi eficiente [15, 17].

Savantii afirmä cä in viitor disponibilitatea unor tratamente cu antibiotice eficace este redusä considerabil din cauza cresterii numärului infectiilor provocate de bacterii rezistente la antibiotice, in acelasi timp aparitia unor noi antibiotice fiind in descrestere [9, 28, 48].

Multe alte studii stintifce au demonstrat cä aparitia rezistentei la antibiotice este consecinta presiunii de selectie datoratä utilizärii neargumen-tate si nejudicioase a acestora ce se bazeazä pe diverse mecanisme. Aceasta a determinat o crestere a frecventei infectiilor comunitare sau nosocomiale cu tulpini rezistente si multirezistente [20, 29, 40, 42, 43, 45].

Utilizarea gresitä a antibioticelor poate sä ducä la dezvoltarea rezistentei bacteriilor, care este un risc nu numai pentru sänätatea persoanelor care au folosit antibiotice in mod nejustificat, ci si pentru alte persoane care se infecteazä ulterior cu bacteria rezistentä [3, 23].

Principalii responsabili pentru aparitia rezistentei la antibiotice sunt pacientii care apeleazä la automedicatie in diverse afectiuni. S-a observat cä multi bolnavi fac presiune asupra medicilor pentru prescrierea de antibiotice, pe care le con-siderä tratamentul ideal. Presiunea este si mai mare dacä pacientii sunt copii. Astfel, medicii sunt gata sä prescrie antibiotice in 65% din cazuri, dacä observä cä pärintii isi doresc asta, si doar in 7% din situatii dacä pärintii nu insistä asupra acestui aspect. Nu in ultimul rand, poartä räspundere pentru dezvoltarea acestui fenomen si farmacistii care elibereazä antibiotice färä prescriptie medicalä [2, 10, 29, 38, 40].

Din rezultatele unui studiu efectuat in Olanda s-au observat diferente regionale privind rezistenta E. coli la antibiotice [47].

Actualmente, siguranta pacientilor in spitale este amenintatä de aparitia räspandirii si selec-tiei de bacterii rezistente la antibiotice. Pentru a preveni esecul terapeutic si räspandirea tulpinilor multirezistente, terapia empiricä a infectilor trebuie sä se bazeze pe date locale privind profilurile de

rezistentá aie agentiior microbieni, furnizate de speciaiistii din domeniui supravegherii epidemio-iogice [16, 22].

Extinderea fenomenuiui de rezistenta ia antibiotice creste costuriie În sistemui de sánátate. Spitaiizarea preiungitá necesitá cheituieii mai mari si, respectiv, sporeste povara financiará a societátii. Pe ^ngá cheituieiiie economice aie statuiui, sunt si ceie piátite de Însusi pacientui si famiiia sa prin suferinte, secheie sau chiar deces. ECDC estimeaza ca infectiiie cu bacterii rezistente adaugá costuriior de sánátate aie UE circa 1.S miiiarde Euro/an [14, B6, 41, 49].

Majoritatea cercetátoriior afirmá cá utiiizarea prudentá a antibioticeior poate preveni aparitia si seiectia de bacterii rezistente fatá de eie [1, 1B, 19, 26, BO, BS].

În Repubiica Moidova, conform dateior cerce-táriior anterioare privind determinarea sensibiiitátii agentiior cauzaii ai infectiiior intestinaie ia antibiotice, a fost stabiiitá o rezistentá esentaiá ia toate ciaseie de antibiotice a reprezentantiior famiiiei En-terobacteriaceae [7, 21]. Printre principaieie cauze ce duc ia dezvoitarea rezistentei ia antimicrobiene ia noi În repubiicá se numárá prescrierea antibioticeior În diverse infectii, fárá a practica antibiograma, automedicatia.

Concluzii

1. Remarcabiieie progrese aie medicinei privind tratamentui antibacterian au Început sa fie umbrite. Preparateie antibacteriene nu mai sunt arme sigure si eficiente contra infectiiior. Pacientii, farmacistii, medicii nu au Înteies cá trebuie sá utiiizeze aceste arme cu chibzuintá si În consecintá s-a dezvoitat antibiorezistenta.

2. Infectiiie provocate de bacterii rezistente ia antibiotice se manifestá prin forme mai grave, impun foiosirea unor antibiotice de o generatie nouá, spita-iizári preiungite si cheitueii economice esentiaie aie Statuiui, uneori maiadia finaiizându-se cu deces.

B. Evoiutia rezistentei ia antibiotice poate duce ia tuiburári grave de sánátate. Extinderea acestui fe-nomen poate sá depáseascá capacitatea omuiui de a descoperi aite medicamente si metode noi, ceea ce va induce esecuriie terapeutice.

4. Retinerea dezvoitárii rezistentei ia antibiotice trebuie reaiizatá prin: monitorizarea si raportarea rezistentei ia antibiotice; impiicarea institutiiior medico-sanitare În detectarea fenomenuiui de rezistentá ciinicá, prevenirea si controiui evoiutiei rezistentei ia antibiotice; îmbunátátirea caiitátii serviciiior medicaie În ceea ce priveste prescrierea de antibiotice; optimizarea aiegerii tratamenteior utiiizánd ghiduri de antibioterapie empiricá.

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Prezentat la 18.07.2011

Olga Burduniuc, cercetätor §tiintific

Centrul National de Sänätate Publicä,

Tel. serv.: (022) 57- 47-03; mob.: 079579205

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