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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-3-5-10
A model for evaluating the performance skills of cheerleaders: aspects of the
judging objectification
Elena A. Pozdeeva'*, Konstantin G. Kletsov2
'Russian State Agrarian University - K. A. Timiryazev Agricultural Academy
Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-4373-8350, lena.pozdeewa@mail.ru* 2Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism
Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0000-0003-1412-5034, kletsov kg@rambler.ru
Abstract: Chir sport, as a young sports discipline of gymnastic orientation, is undergoing the stages of formation. Today, the issue of judging high-level competitions is acute. Among practicing specialists, there is an opinion that each expert evaluates the number in his own way, depending on work experience and knowledge in this field. However, it is still necessary to evaluate the performances of athletes according to certain and precise criteria. Accordingly, it is necessary to refine, clarify the concepts and categories that are used in the competition rules, and raise the level of experts. The purpose of the study is to clarify and specify the system of evaluating performance skills in cheer sports (on the example of artistic disciplines). Materials and methods. Analysis of scientific and methodological literature and competition protocols; pedagogical observations based on video materials of the championship and the championship of Russia (2020); questionnaires, mathematical methods. The results of the study. The aesthetic and technical indicators of the cheerleaders ' performing skills are determined. The criteria of judging in this gymnastic sport are analyzed in detail and clarified (on the example of group exercises). A model for evaluating the performance skills of cheerleaders is developed. It can be used in competitive and training activities. Conclusion. We propose the following additions: to create equal shares in the evaluation of the group exercises performance in artistic disciplines. It should be distributed among the components-technique, synchronicity, choreography. It is also necessary to introduce two or three teams of judges at competitions of the All-Russian level and delineate their duties.
Keywords: cheer sport, performance skills, model, evaluation criteria.
For citation: Elena A. Pozdeeva*, Konstantin G. Kletsov. A model for evaluating the performance skills of cheerleaders: aspects of the judging objectification. Russian journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021; 16(3): 5-9. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-3-5-10
INTRODUCTION in these disciplines. But there are problems with
Cheer sport is a complex coordination sport evaluating competitive exercises, and this is a
that combines gymnastic, acrobatic, basic, dance natural stage in the formation of a sport where there
movements and show elements. Athletes have high is an aesthetic of movements, expressiveness and
requirements for the technique of movements, the artistry.
quality of performance, coordination accuracy, There is very little scientific and
artistry, synchronicity and "uniformity of methodological literature in this sport. This is due
movements" by all members of the group. to the comparative youth of cheer sports. The issues
Historically, cheerleading initially of judicial evaluation objectification are considered
positioned itself as demonstration performances of in some studies on cheerleading [2], where the
girls and boys as support groups for sports teams problem of the judging quality is identified and the
in football. Today it is recognized as a sport, and need for its improvement is emphasized.
all competitions are divided according to the All - In the official document that regulates the
Russian Register of sports into three groups: artistic- judging process, the minimum brief requirements
"cheer performance", acrobatic-"cheerleading" for the performance of exercises are prescribed. For
and "baton-twirling" [1]. Championships and example, in the description of the discipline "cheer-
championships of Russia and the world are held jazz group" it is indicated that "... the technical
performance of elements, amplitude, muscle control, construction and placement on the site, the use of musical accompaniment, movement, group interaction are evaluated". How can I set points objectively, based only on these requirements and criteria described in the evaluation sheet? What is meant by each of them? All this remains unclear. Due to the lack of accurate evaluation criteria in the scientific and methodological literature, an incomplete and unclear description of the methodology for evaluating the skill of cheerleaders in the competition rules and the high requirements imposed on athletes give rise to a number of contradictions. From the above, it follows that the research topic is relevant and promising in the study.
The purpose of the study is to clarify and concretize the system of evaluating performance skills in cheer sports (on the example of artistic disciplines).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were planned: to identify the structure of athletes ' performing skills (IMS) in cheer sports; to define and clarify the criteria for evaluating IMS; to create a model for evaluating the skill of cheerleaders. To solve the problems, the following methods were used: analysis of scientific and methodological literature and competition protocols; pedagogical observations based on video materials of the championship and the championship of Russia (2020); questionnaires of experts(n=42); mathematical methods (concordance coefficient).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of competitive exercises (the championship and the championship of Russia, 2020) allowed us to determine their content and classify the movements, actions and interactions of athletes (using the example of the discipline "cheer-jazz group"). So we will distinguish three large groups: basic movements, team actions, choreography. The group "basic movements" is represented by hand movements, lip-jumps, cheer-jumps, design jumps, splits, swings, bundles of steps and rotations. These elements and movements form
the basis of the combination. The "team actions" include such indicators as working in pairs, working in a team, (support, toss), ripples, builds and rebuilds. And the last group, called "choreography", combines basic movements and team interactions into a single integral spectacular composition. It includes accent points, acrobatic elements, dance movements and actions that emphasize the chosen style. For example, if we are talking about a jazz composition, then elements of classical jazz, soul, blues, jazz funk, musical jazz and others should be used.
This systematization allows us to conclude that performing skills in cheer sports have a two-component structure common to all types of gymnastic orientation, i.e. technical and aesthetic components.
The analysis of the judging evaluation parameters in cheer sports, the comparison of these data with the data of special literature on gymnastic sports and the results of our own research [3,4] showed that the judging system in cheerleading requires improvement.
Today, the judging panel, which directly evaluates the content and performance of competitive exercises in cheer sports, consists of one team of judges (5 experts) and a technical judge (fixes penalty points). Thus, the judge must evaluate the quality of performance, originality, synchronicity, entertainment, musicality, complexity and other indicators within 2 minutes and 15 seconds (the duration of group performances). And also to instantly set points for each parameter, which is very difficult and, accordingly, affects the effectiveness of the expert's work. It should be noted that in sports types of gymnastics, the number of judging teams is from two to three: "performance", "complexity", "artistry".
So, the performance skills of the cheerleaders are evaluated by the judges according to four criteria: technique, group performance, choreography, overall impression. This is reflected in the evaluation sheet of the application of the competition rules. Next, we will analyze these criteria in detail and give a characteristic.
The first criterion is attributed to the technical component of performing skills, as it
is characterized by the concepts of "control of the positions of body parts", "level and quality of performance of elements", "intensity and amplitude of movements".
According to the second criterion, the judges should evaluate the synchronicity and uniformity of movements by all members of the group, equalization and compliance with distances. According to the laws of the exercises construction compositions, such "alignment" contributes to clear lines in the rearrangements, the creation of a drawing in the construction, thereby increasing the entertainment of the performance.
According to the criterion "choreography", an assessment is given of the composition construction in accordance with the music, the use of accents in music; novelty and creativity. The latter, apparently, implies the presence of interesting original new ligaments and movements in the exercise. In the evaluation sheets for pair exercises in "cheer-freestyle / hip-hop/jazz", another indicator "Originality" is highlighted. It apparently corresponds to "novelty"in terms of content. The next indicator "entertainment composition" includes the use of the site, movement, breakdown into levels (in groups) or interaction with each other (in pairs).
The last criterion, "General impression", includes an indicator of artistry. The explanations to it prescribe the following "... impact on the viewer" and there is a clarification "...dynamics, artistry, entertainment, choreography, costumes, music, etc."
Thus, firstly: it is not clear how to analyze Table 1 - These criteria can form the basis of the met
artistry. If all the parameters have already been evaluated earlier, then it is necessary to summarize your subjective ideas about the program in the general impression?! Whether this recurring evaluation element is needed.
Secondly, the terms and descriptions used in the competition rules, in particular in the judging protocols, are ambiguous and substitute for each other, and in some cases the terms are repeated in different evaluation criteria.
Thirdly, we see that the judge has to evaluate both the technical and aesthetic component of the athletes ' skill. As mentioned above, that is a complex process.
Further, an attempt was made to streamline all the requirements for the content of programs and systematize the categories that are reflected in the judging protocols. To generalize and clarify the concepts (34 categories), a questionnaire was developed and a survey of specialists in cheer sports was conducted. 42 experts - highly qualified coaches and judges from Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Moscow took part in this survey. To determine the consistency of expert opinions, the concordance coefficient was calculated. At a 5% significance level, its value (W=0.65) indicates the consistency of the opinions of the surveyed experts.
From the studied indicators, based on the conducted survey, those that more accurately characterize all the components of mastery in group performances in the disciplines "cheer-freestyle group", "cheer-jazz group", "cheer-hip-hop group" were selected and ordered (Table 1). The table shows the quantitative expression of each criterion. dology for assessing skill in cheer sports
№ Single indicator Evaluation criterion Max mark
1. Execution of technical elements and basic movements; compliance with the sports style; amplitude; the difficulty level «Technique» 30
2. Consistency of actions in the group; uniformity of movements by all members of the group; clarity of lines, drawings (alignment) « Synchronicity» 30
3. Originality and novelty of movements and ligaments; visual effects « Entertainment» 10
4. Using musical accents; danceability (correspondence of movements to the chosen style of choreography); rhythmicity (execution of movements to the rhvthm of music) «Musicality» 10
5. Artistry (impact on the audience and judges) «Artistry» 10
6. Levels of space; compositional drawings (constructions and reconstructions) «Use of space» 10
Итого: 100
The first criterion "technique" includes indicators of the elements and movements execution quality. The second criterion "synchronicity" evaluates only the uniformity of movements, synchronous execution by all members of the group
"Choreography" criterion is complex and combines the other four indicators.
So, based on the above facts and the interim results of the study, we propose the following model of IC in cheer sports (Fig. 1.).
f V Performing skills of athletes
Technical component Aesthetic component
quality of execution
Executio
n of technical element s
Executio n
of "basic moveme nts"
Comp lexity
choreography of the program
Musical
ty
Entert ainme nt
Fig.1. A model of performing skills of athletes in cheer sports
This model reflects the general trend of all technical and aesthetic sports, where skill consists of two components: technical and aesthetic. It is detailed for artistic types of cheerleading, but it can also be the basis for building a model in sports disciplines.
CONCLUSION
1. Performing skills in cheer sports are represented by technical and aesthetic components. There we propose to include artistry; expressiveness; originality and novelty of movements and ligaments; visual effects; amplitude; use of musical accents; dancing; rhythmicity; uniformity and synchronicity of movements by all members of the group; use of space in the aesthetic indicators of skill. The technical component includes indicators of the elements execution quality, basic movements and compliance with the style.
2. This study shows the need to improve the evaluation methodology and clarify the rules of the competition. So, we offer equal shares in the evaluation of the group exercises performance in artistic disciplines. They are distributed among the components-technique, synchronicity, choreography. These parameters should be evaluated by different judges, i.e. there is a need to differentiate the duties of judges.
3. The developed model of IC assessment in cheer sports can be used to clarify the refereeing protocols, as well as used in the training process.
REFERENCES
1. Rules of the sport "Cheer sport". [Electronic resource]: Order of the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation No. 890 of December 3, 2020. URL: https://minsport.gov.ru/sport/high-sport/pravila-vidov-sporta/35578-pravila-vida-sporta-chir-sport-2020.
2. Kletsov K.G., Tarkhanov I.V. Consistency
of the opinion ofjudges at the Russian Championship in cheer sports in group disciplines. Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta. 2020; 8(186): 148-150 [In Russ.].
3. Pozdeeva E.A., Pshenichnikova G.N., Korichko Yu.V. Model characteristics of the content of competitive exercises of qualified gymnasts in sports aerobics. Teoriya I praktika fizicheskoj
kul'tury = Theory and practice of physical culture. 2018; 10: 33-35 [In Russ., In Engl.].
4. Pozdeeva E.A. Quantitative indicators of evaluation of gymnasts ' performing skills in cheer sports. Global'nyj nauchnyjpotencial. 2018; 11(92): 36-38 [In Russ.].
Submitted: 12.08.2021 Author's information:
Elena A. Pozdeeva - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Russian State Agrarian University - KA. Timiryazev State Agricultural Academy, Moscow, 127434, Russia, Moscow, Timiryazev str., House 49, e-mail: lena.pozdeewa@mail.ru
Konstantin G. Kletsov - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism, 105122, Russia, Moscow, Sirenevyj blvr, House 4, e-mail: kletsov kg@rambler.ru
