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DOI 10.14526/01_2017_202
FACTORS CAUSING TO EFFICIENCY INCREASE IN FITNESS AEROBICS TRAINING
Irina A. Mingalisheva - postgraduate student Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, area of 100th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail: revinaira@yandex.ru
Abstract. Fitness-aerobics refers to sports gaining popularity among children, adolescents and youth. A variety of motor dance, gymnastic and acrobatic exercises performed in the group to the sound of music meet the requirements in physical activities, self-realization, self-knowledge, self-development and self-improvement. Material. In the literature, the authors consider various ways of solving efficiency increasing problem of athletic training in fitness aerobics finding additional resources, ways of organizing the training sessions; the development of motional activity leading qualitative sides. Factors influencing the training process effectiveness increase are discussed, which allow to better understand the fitness aerobics specifics, its essence; more targeted control of the motivational sphere, to stimulate the need for systematic fitness aerobics. Research methods: analysis and systematization of scientific and scientific-methodic literature, generalization of practitioners advanced experience in the field of fitness aerobics, pedagogical experiment, observation, testing, statistical processing of the material. Results. The method of sports training level increase on the basis of key factors that enhance the effectiveness of sports training in fitness -aerobics is developed. The author pays great attention to the importance of the composition development, largely aerobics. determines the athletes artistic and entertainment performances, the optimal sequence of structural elements, the uniform distribution technically difficult exercises in the beginning, middle and final part of the program, the logic of using static and dynamic postures, gestures, facial expressions, specific means of expression and artistry of the performance. Conclusion. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed that the developed method of athletic training efficiency increasing in fitness aerobics on the basis of the identification and use of leading factors showed the feasibility of its application, as it provides the ability to control the motivational sphere ofgymnasts, underlying sports skill increase, as well as indicators of motional and musical culture.
Keywords: fitness-aerobics, athletic training, factors, artistry, technique, pedagogical experiment.
Urgency. A feature of modern sport is its transformation through the integration of forms and methods of music, dance, drama pedagogy, which led to the emergence of sports activities new types, characterized by creative imagination, self-expression, creating a situation of success. Such sports include fitness-aerobics. The concept of "fitness" is considered as a system of physical exercises aimed at all-round, harmonious development. "Aerobics" - rhythmic gymnastics with elements of dance under the sound of music. In the compositions of aerobic- fitness performances elements of various complexity, which require flexibility, which gives the
movements, plasticity and gracefulness are well presented. The level of flexibility determines the amplitude of the motor action, causing the degree of their complexity. One of the main means of fitness aerobics is the choreography, which provides opportunities to foster a culture of movement, posture, expressiveness and artistry, which is important for strengthening of motivation to go in for the elected sports. Systematic training for aerobic fitness contribute to the improvement of the morphofunctional status, which increases self-esteem, confidence, skills of communication with surrounding people [1].
A variety of steps with different amplitude, direction, nature of execution, combined with jumps, leaps, spins and other multi-directional and multi-temporal elements plays a major role in the content of fitness-aerobics. A variety of motor acts determines the necessity of their combination in a uniform composition with well thought out logic of their combination, distribution, complexity, form, entertainment. The program of fitness aerobics should be structured in such a way that alternated fast and slow parts, changed motor rhythms, high and low postures, etc., given the growth-weighted, age-related, phenotypic characteristics; the nature of the musical accompaniment, the of muscular strength development, speed of movements, agility, accuracy, plasticity and other motional-coordinating qualities [5]. Bright, original composition performances allows to fully express athletes physical, aesthetic, intellectual, strong-willed potential that makes high requirements to its development.
The aim of this work is theoretical and experimental substantiation of the factors identification importance influencing the sport training in fitness- aerobics effectiveness increase.
Tasks. 1. To identify and theoretically prove the leading factors that contribute to athletic performance in fitness-aerobics.
2. To develop a method of sports training level increasing on the basis of the leading factors.
Materials. Fitness-aerobics refers to the artistic and aesthetic kind of sport that combines dance and music culture, artistry and expressiveness of movements, complexity and virtuosity of execution, originality and creative imagination. The level the gymnast skills is caused by his physical and technical readiness, understanding of motor acts that constitute the program performance content; according to the degree of their emotional-aesthetic impact on the performer and other people, the ability to transfer their feelings, emotions, thoughts by means of fitness-aerobics [6, 7]. The force of influence on the audience is caused by the athlete readiness to create artistic and aesthetic
motor of the image corresponding to his spiritual and moral development level.
Composition, created in accordance with the requirements of the rules, provides efficient use of all sports fields and different directions of movements: straight line, diagonal, circular, zigzag, and arc; the alternation of high and low body positions; high-far jumps and exercises in the stalls; swing, power, quick, slow, powerful, expressive and plastic motor actions [8]. A correctly written composition allows to combine the specific rhythm of the dance steps and choreography, jumps with gymnastic and acrobatic elements in a special rhythmic music and movement space of a uniform artistic-aesthetic image, not detailed perception of which fills the soul of the viewer with the charm of a creative imagination flight.
Conceptualization of the artistic-aesthetic image as a result of the achieved performance level is based on a high level of the composition development importance understanding as a major component of self-expression inner vision possibilities models by fitness- aerobics means. A correctly written composition provides an opportunity to think in parameters that go beyond conventional ideas about the subject abilities to control the psycho-emotional state, turning the performances platform in the creative space, allowing more fully realize psycho-physiological resources of the body. The composition should be structured and programmed in such a way as to create the conditions for duality of the aesthetic and functional nature perception of each physical action, aimed at solving a complex set of interrelated and interdependent tasks of improving, developing and harmonizing orientation [2, 3].
For composition development, we used a person - oriented approach, based on the following principles:
- self-actualization, satisfying the athlete need in the realization of his abilities and opportunities;
- subjectivity based on the use of forms and methods enriching the gymnast personal training and competing experience.
- success, representing the opportunity of expression through the natural instincts, purposeful development of personal and motional-coordinating qualities implementation;
- individualization aimed at identifying the athlete phenotypic characteristics.
The process of sports training in fitness- aerobics should be considered as a complex multi-level system, the effectiveness of which is caused by the following factors:
- ability to develop original compositions;
- accounting of regularities to strengthen the physical, technical and artistic training;
- understanding conditionality of competitive activity results by motivational sphere development degree;
- awareness of the need for more subtle interaction of individual body parts and establishing a closer relationship between them.
Results and their discussion. To
check the significance of these factors and improve the efficiency of athletic training in fitness- aerobics a pedagogical experiment was held, where 28 qualified (first category and candidate of masters) athletes of 15-19 years old participated. The control (CG) and the experimental (EG) groups were organized, each consisting of 14 people. Before the pedagogical experiment a test was held with the aim to identify the level of physical, technical and artistic readiness.
Physical fitness was assessed by the following control exercises: running 100(second), long jump (cm) running 2000m (min); bending and unbending of hands in front support position (quantity); lifting and lowering the torso of the supine position (quantity). The level of technical readiness was identified by the following indicators: the number, diversity, originality and purity of complicated gymnastic, acrobatic and jumping elements performing according to their spatial-temporal and spatio-power parameters. Artistry was determined by: unity and plasticity of motor actions performance, their expressiveness, entertainment postures,
gestures and facial expressions, the ability to transfer the artistic-aesthetic image; musical accompaniment character correspondence to motor actions. Analysis of the data revealed no significant differences in terms of the physical, artistic and technical readiness of the CG and the EG athletes. In the CG the training lessons were held according to traditional methods in accordance with the program recommended by the fitness- aerobics Federation. In the EG created by us methodology was used, based on implementation of factors that determine the training and competitive activities effectiveness.
Without psychosomatic apparatus mechanism understanding it is impossible to consciously achieve a high physical and technical training level. We can achieve increase of these indicators when systematic implementation of special exercises for development of muscular strength, speed, endurance, and other qualitative parties of motive activity; consistent assimilation of preparatory, feed and basic motor acts, conducive to the absorption of high complexity motional actions rational technique in a specific environment are used. [5, 6]. The summation of trace processes from the corresponding load leads to the training increase. The expected training effect is achieved when the volume and intensity of sports activity corresponds to age, level of fitness, psycho-emotional stability of the subject. As the body's adaptation to physical activity, it should gradually increase, providing growth of sports skill.
Accounting regularities of improving physical, technical and artistic training allows the athletes to more effectively manage the training and competitive activities, enhances the effectiveness of athletic training. Understanding the causality of competitive activity results by the degree of motivational sphere development defines the construction of sports training system on the basis of identifying individual characteristics, abilities and possibilities of the subject. The result of training and competitive activities is caused by the athlete fitness level, however, the main component of his skills growth is his
motivation to sports activities. Motives of sports activities differ in their focus:
for process activities, ensuring the satisfaction of needs for physical activity, realization of the desire for competition and self-affirmation; such motivated athletes, as a rule, do not reach high level of sports skills;
the result, in this case, the athlete is committed to self-development, self-improvement and self-realization by achieving high performance.
When developing methods of sports skill increase for people involved in fitness-aerobics, great attention was paid to identifying the motives, activities involved in the transformation of primary motivation to the socially-significant motivation of higher order, contributing to the understanding of sport essence, as the possibility of intellectual, physical and volitional self-knowledge capacities for self-development and self-improvement, acquisition of communication skills, rivalry, mutual exchange and enrichment of spiritual and material values
The penetration to the motivational sphere is an important condition of the training process effectiveness. Without motor activity, normal functioning of the body is not essential. Therefore, the need for sport is natural. A factor of the motivational sphere is the goal that determines the choice of ways satisfying needs. When setting goals, it is necessary to consider its stimulating function, manifested:
- the harmonious development and morphofunctional status improvement;
positive dynamics of health, physical and technical readiness indicators; the results of competitive activity;
- participation in competitions of different scale;
- the acquisition team's performances in qualifying and controlling competitions;
- possibility to travel to other cities competitions.
The basis of socially important motivations are spiritual and moral ideals, beliefs, sense of duty, the desire of sports lifestyle formation, high level of intellectual and physical performance.
Fitness-aerobics includes in its content difficult coordinate and simple structure motor actions, the aesthetic perception of which is conditioned by the level of accuracy, rhythm and plasticity of movements development [4]. This requires consistency of motor and vegetative functions, coordination of the muscle groups involved in performance of motor acts; permanent, timely distribution and redistribution of muscular effort. In this regard, awareness of the need for more subtle interaction of separate parts and the parts of the body, establishing between them a closer relationship is a significant factor in sport training efficiency increasing. Relying on this factor in the training sessions process, we paid attention on the dependence of the dance beauty, running and normal steps, turns, rotations, static and dynamic poses from a bearing condition, head position, gaze direction, hands lines, hands arrangement. Engaged in fitness-aerobics performed in front of the mirror a variety of motor acts in place and in motion, in a high rack and in a stall, choosing the most spectacular pose, expressive gestures and facial expressions, which was estimated by the expert group.
After the pedagogical experiment, additional test was held with the aim of establishing the nature of physical, technical and artistic training indicators changes. Analysis of the survey data showed that improvement occurred in both groups: KG and EG, with different degrees of change. If KG with initial data at 100m of 15.43±0.32 s to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved to 15.19±0,45s (p>0.05), in the EG with the initial data of 15.47±0,21s increased to 15.01±044s (p>0.05); in the CG with the initial data in the long jump from the place 179,44±9,22 cm, to completion of pedagogical experiment the results improved to 183,11±of 7.36 cm (p>0.05); in the EG with the initial data 179,09±9,35 cm, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased to 191,21±10,84 cm, (p<0.05). This trend of more significant indicators improvement in the EG was revealed according to other tests.
The indicators of technical readiness changed in the following way. In the KG input
data were 3.61±0.30 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved to 3.76±0.16 points (p>0.05); in the EG respectively, with the input indicators 3,72±0,25 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved to 4.31±0.18 points (p<0.05).
The degree of the athletes' artistry was assessed in terms of expressiveness and plasticity of the composition performance, contact with the audience, creating artistic and aesthetic image. In the KG with the initial data 3.69±0,15 points to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved to 3.82±0.26 points (p>0.05); in the EG, respectively, with the initial data 3,57±0,24 points, to completion of the pedagogical experiment the results increased to 4.31±0.27 points (p<0.05).
Conclusion. Thus, the results of the pedagogical experiment showed that the growth of sports achievements is determined by many factors: the motivation to sports activity formation; the level of a trainer competence; health indicators, general, motional and musical culture, choreographic skills, as well as compliance of intellectual, physical and personal qualities with the essence of this sport activity. Among the various factors determining the growth of sports skill, the leading place is: the ability to develop original compositions; consideration of increasing fitness patterns; the degree of the motivational sphere formation; understanding of the chosen kind of sports activities, their implementation contributes to the fitness-aerobics athletic training efficiency.
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Submitted: 20.04.2017 Received: 23.04.2017
Irina A. Mingalisheva - postgraduate student Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, area of 100th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail: revinaira@yandex.ru
For citations: Mingalisheva I.A. Factors causing to efficiency increase in fitness aerobics training, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 26-31.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_203
THE DYNAMICS OF SPEED INDICES ANALYSIS AMONG RUSSIAN ICESKATERS AT 500 METERS DISTANCE DEPENDING ON AGE AND QUALIFICATION
Ekaterina A. Morozova - post-graduate Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "National State University named after P.F. Lesgaft, Saint-Petersburg", 35, str. Dekabristov, St. Petersburg, 190121, Russia
E-mail: eemorozova@mail.ru
Annotation. Modern tendencies in the sphere of speed skating are mainly connected with the speed of running increase along the distance and, as a result, with sports results improvement. Therefore, the specialists in speed skating face the following problems: training process optimization and rationalization, the search for new means, methods and methodologies of the training process organization and training sportsmen in accordance with modern tendencies of speed skating development. Materials: The aim of this research work is in differences revelation and the factors determination, which condition them, in the results of Russian ice skaters of different age and qualifications. This article presents the factorial analysis of the results at 500 meters distance among ice-skaters at the World Championship according to the separate distances, Russia Championship according to the separate distances, the Championship of Russia among juniors, and young people of all ages (season 2015). Research methods. The information for the research was received as a result of video of running and the official score sheets analysis. Statistical data handling was fulfilled with the help of the following programs: Microsoft Excel (2010) and STATGRAPHICS Centurion. Results. At the first stage of the research it was stated that common planned schedule includes the competitions of Russia Championship and the Championship of Russia in 5 age groups and a tight schedule of elimination competitions. Ice-skaters of the junior age group have considerable differences in the level of physical and technical readiness and in general are characterized by a low level of sports qualification (II sports category and lower). The next step belongs to the mid age group - 30% of boys exceed the set norms of Candidate Master of Sports. However, there is no further sportsmanship improvement - the results of Candidate Master of Sports among senior age group and juniors is more than 80%. Only 19% of juniors were able to fulfill the normative of the master of
