CC BY
20
DOI 10.14526/03_2017_233
PECULIARITIES OF STABILITY FORMATION OF PERFORMANCES IN SPORTS
AEROBICS
Natalia A. Kasatkina - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor
Irina A. Mingalisheva — Postgraduate Fania M. Kodolova - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail: revinaira@yandex.ru ld nazarenko@mail. ru
Annotation. An important factor of the training and competitive activity effectiveness increase among those, who go in for sports aerobics is the stability of performances provision in terms of gradually increasing training and competitive loads. Stability of performances among gymnasts is provided with a necessary ratio of special and technical readiness indices in terms of a high expressiveness level of a performance. Material. A new approach to the training and competitive activity effectiveness increase among those, who go in for sports aerobics, is offered. The methodology of technical and artistic training improvement of qualified gymnasts is created, on the basis of stability of their performances formation, which is understood as the ability of sportsmen to control own psycho-emotional state and the existing situation during sports competitions, which provide kinesiological potential realization. Research methods: scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis and systematization, progressive pedagogical experience of sports aerobics specialists-trainers summarizing, pedagogical experiment, testing, filming, statistical data manipulation. Results. The article offers the methodology of sportsmanship improvement among qualified gymnasts on the basis of performances stability formation in sports aerobics. Its content provides the following theses realization: musical culture formation as the factor of artistic taste upbringing; knowing choreography elements of rhythmic gymnastics and the Olympic gymnastics in order to provide the necessary level of motional culture, mastering the abilities and skills of an accurate forms and content reproduction of motional actions. Conclusion. The pedagogical experiment, which includes special means, complex of teaching and training methods, the system of pedagogical influences and other structural elements of qualified gymnasts training, proved the expediency and effectiveness of the methodology of competitive activity stability in sports aerobics, the use of which in educational-training process conditioned the planned result achievement. Keywords: sports aerobics, qualified gymnasts, stability of performances.
Urgency. The peculiarity of sports aerobics is many-sided influence on physiological systems of those, who train; a distinct orientation at sports culture, aesthetic views, aesthetic tastes and aesthetic notions formation [ 3, 5, 6].
Stability of the composition fulfillment in sports aerobics is conditioned by optimal indices of general and special physical, technical, psychological and intellectual training. Stability of the
performances achievement is characterized by the ability of a sportsman to fulfill technically difficult elements in terms of competitive activity: on the basis of rehabilitation lack, tiredness in case of unfavorable toss-up and others, which provides readiness for the existing situation and psycho-emotional state control, which is very important for a high level of artistry realization - structural component of a performance in sports aerobics.
In order to achieve considerable indices of stability it is necessary to gain optimal indices of sports shape, for which correspondence of motional and vegetative functions is typical; optimal parameters of the leading motional-coordinating qualities development; successful adaptation of an organism to the training load of increased intensity. This kind of sports activity is characterized by considerable intensity of the training load, high speed of motional reactions; great volume of technically difficult elements in a combination and its high aesthetic potential.
The aim of this research work is theoretical and experimental substantiation of stability formation process of competitive activity among people, who go in for sports aerobics, as the main condition for the planned result achievement.
Objectives:
1. To create the methodology of performances formation stability among qualified gymnasts.
2. Experimentally check the effectiveness of the methodology.
Material. In scientific and scientific-methodical literature stability of performances in competitions is considered as the main factor of high sport results achievement. In different kinds of sport stability has its specific features. In sports aerobics as a very spectacular kind of sport great attention is paid to the artistry of performances and it demands special musical training, corresponding indices of general and motional culture; moderation in choosing motional actions, which according to their structure and content fully reflect the peculiarities of a sportsman's character, his temperament, tendency to use the definite manner of fulfillment [4, 6].
Stability of a sportsman's performances is a difficult according to its content component of sports activity, the formation of which is conditioned by the complex of different outer and inner factors. Outer factors include the conditions of competitions organization and realization, participants, the level of judging; inner factors
include the following: functional readiness of an organism for the future physical loads, the skills of psycho-emotional state regulation; the ability to turn one's attention from external irritants to the performance; the ability to focus nervous-muscular efforts on the most technically difficult elements fulfillment, which form the main difficulty of the composition.
One of stability components is the ability of a sportsman to change timely muscular tension into relaxation; difficult motor acts fulfillment holding the breath and favorable moments revelation for breath restoration while connecting elements fulfillment (dancing steps, tracks). An important way of stability achievement in sports aerobics, as the results of our research works showed [1, 2], is different models of compositions fulfillment creation, depending on the conditions of competitions organization, the state of an organism and other factors. Readiness to use different models of the programs fulfillment increases self-confidence, creates more comfortable psychological conditions for an optimal variant of performance selection and it releases necessary part of consciousness for the search for more expressive forms of movements fulfillment, the level of artistry and expressiveness of movements increase. It is very important for understanding the estimation of the artistic-musical image of a program performance.
Results and their discussion. For the pedagogical experiment two groups were organized: the control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG), each group included 12 qualified women-gymnasts. General physical readiness indices testing didn't reveal valid differences in the CG and the EG ^>0,05). The initial results of performances stability among gymnasts, estimated by the group of experts, also didn't reveal considerable differences in the CG and the EG, ^>0,05). Educational-training lessons in the CG were held in accordance with the program, adopted by sports aerobics federation. In the EG great attention was paid to stability of the training and competitive
activity formation. For the stability of performances formation among the female-gymnasts of the EG the methodology was created, the content of which provided the following theses realization:
- the leading motor-coordinating qualities development, which provide the ability of an organism to a repeated fulfillment of the program for special endurance formation;
- the elements of acrobatics, choreography of rhythmic and the Olympic gymnastics mastering in order to provide the necessary level of general and motional culture, the skills of the accurate form and content reproduction of each motor action;
- musical culture formation as the factor of artistic taste upbringing, the ability to orient oneself in choosing music, which reflects inner world of a person;
- mastering the skills of technically difficult elements fulfillment during competitive activity till the level of stereotypy and automatization, which doesn't demand additional control over the consciousness;
- the ability to choose the main direction of movements, which helps to create the conditions for the most favorable perception of each difficult element of the highest group of difficulty and the composition in general;
- the skills easiness and naturalness formation of difficult elements fulfillment with maximum level of artistry and virtuosity.
Experimental realization of these theses in the EG was fulfilled during the whole period of pedagogical experiment. At the same time, great attention was paid to classical, sensitive music. While listening to the music sportsmen chose the exercises of different difficulty in accordance with the character and peculiarities of music. In order to form musical and artistic taste highly-qualified sportsmen (masters of sport, World-class athletes) were invited to the training, who demonstrated different models of performances.
Highly-qualified athletes offered their own variants of the separate parts of the composition using the elements of
choreography and other artistic kinds of sport, offered sportsmen to continue further formation of the composition and it stimulated creative activity of sportsmen, helped to determine the most prospective direction of own program, which reflects fully own kinesiological potential. In the EG great attention was paid to the leading motor-coordinating qualities development: dexterity, accuracy, rhythm, flexibility and other qualities, taking into account the specificity of sports aerobics. In order to increase general special endurance sportsmen ran crosses with sudden speeding-up, direction changes, alternating the running parts with power exercises, jumps, hops and other exercises. Great role was given to motional rhythm formation, the content of which includes the following: an optimal tempo of movements; dynamics, which provides the volume and duration of muscular efforts and harmony of movements owing to coordination of motor and vegetative functions improvement, an optimal psycho-emotional state achievement, directed at a high level of actions result.
In sports aerobics it is especially important to form the skill of an accurate spatio-temporal and spatio-power parameters of motional actions, direction and form of movements reproduction, which are fulfilled in the set speed-power regimen. "Sense of proportionality of movements", "sense of proportion", aesthetic of motor acts were formed with the help of the following special methodical techniques:
- repeating after the trainer the part of a composition in the precise accordance with the set spatio-power and spatio-temporal parameters and psycho-emotional state transmission with the help of individually chosen poses, gestures and mimicry;
- sense of being proud transmission with corresponding in a form, amplitude, height jumps, spinnings, turns with a necessary emotional coloring;
- sense of enthusiasm, satisfaction reproduction with the help of swings, waves, leans, quick change of low and high poses and etc..
For consistency, simultaneity of the partners' actions the movements of different character were fulfilled, where the main criterion was the same direction, amplitude of movements, the same muscular efforts provision. Simultaneity of movements was achieved by means of "feeling the partner" formation, when sportsmen with a high level of accuracy predict the characteristics of partners' motor actions. The speed of movements fulfillment change according to the signal of a trainer; the direction and the amplitude change provided the skills formation of accurate motor actions parameters estimation. Gymnasts from the EG gained the skills of possible mistakes prediction in different parts of the composition. At the same time great attention was paid not only to technically difficult physical exercises fulfillment, which form the main difficulty of the program, but also to transitional, connecting elements, underestimation of which leads to impression decrease from the performances.
In order to prevent possible mistakes special physical exercises were offered, the fulfillment of which demanded the qualities, necessary for an ideal fulfillment of difficult and aesthetically expressive movements. Moreover, special reference points were used in order to achieve optimal parameters of the fulfilled motor actions. For example, for high jumps special bars, flags were set, which the sportsmen were to touch by hand. For high and far jumps vertical and horizontal reference points were used, which demand the definite muscular tension and the regimen memorizing of muscles work, which take part in this element fulfillment. As the evaluation criteria of the composition fulfillment separate parts stability and the whole program in general, the following motor tasks were offered:
- an ideal statodynamic bearing (in jumps, turns, splits and other choreographic and gymnastic elements);
- accurate, perfect forms of motor actions, determined by the group of experts;
- high level of virtuosity, spectacularity, emotionality, determined by
the group of experts according to the ability to transfer inner emotional state with the help of gestures, mimicry accuracy, the location of the body parts in space and time;
- coordination of motional and vegetative functions;
- an optimal rhythm of movements;
- stability of connections character between spatio-temporal and spatio-power parameters of motor actions.
These criteria were used in the EG and the CG during stability indices estimation of the composition parts and the whole program in general fulfillment.
After the pedagogical experiment one more testing was held in order to estimate physical readiness and performances stability indices among gymnasts.
After the pedagogical experiment the results of general physical training and stability of performances at the competitions of different scale improved in both groups, the CG and the EG, however, in the EG they turned out to be higher. In the CG during standing long-jump fulfillment with the initial data 190,2±3,01 cm, after the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 194,40±9,8 cm, (p>0,05); in the EG among girls with the initial results 189,8±12,5 cm, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved till 198,5±11,0 cm, (p<0.05). In standing highjump in the CG with the initial data 39,5±2,1cm, after the pedagogical experiment the indices improved till 40, 9±2,1cm, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial indices 39,2±2,6 cm the results increased till 43,9±2,1 cm, (p<0,05). The same tendency of more considerable improvement in the EG was revealed according to other control exercises: 3000 meters (min) running, standing high-jump with 180° turn; bending forward, standing on the bench, till touching the floor (cm).
Performance stability indices among sportsmen were estimated by the group of experts (5 highly-qualified trainers) in points. In the CG among girls with the initial indices in an ideal statodynamic bearing provision (in jumps, turns, splits and other choreographic and gymnastic elements) 3,09±0,17 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the
results were 3,28±0,15 points, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial indices 3,07±0,29 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results were 4,07±0,19 points, (p>0,05).
An optimal level of general and special readiness in the CG with the initial data 3,14±0,19 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results were 3,29±0,18 points, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,07±0,19±0,25 points to the end of the experiment the indices were 4,03±0,29 points, (p<0,05). More considerable indices improvement in the EG was revealed according to other components of stability: individual style and also coordination of motor and vegetative functions formation.
Conclusion. Thus, the results of the pedagogical experiment showed the expediency of created by us methodology of performances stability indices improvement among gymnasts. Being based on sportsmen's general and musical culture formation, artistic taste upbringing, aesthetic notions formation, the ability to orient oneself in spatio-temporal and spatio-power parameters of motor actions, this methodology helps to form aesthetic taste, necessary for artistry of the program fulfillment increase. An important part of the methodology is a directed development of the leading motor-coordinating qualities, which provide readiness of an organism to fulfill repeatedly composition in order to form special endurance, the skills of artistry and virtuosity. The offered evaluation criteria of performances stability helped to get the results, which prove the effectiveness of created by us methodology.
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Received: 23.07.2017 Authors information
Natalia A. Kasatkina - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
Irina A. Mingalisheva — Postgraduate, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia Fania M. Kodolova — Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail: revinaira@yandex.ru
For citations: Kasatkina N.A., Mingalisheva I.A., Kodolova F.M., Peculiarities of stabilibty formation of performances in sports aerobics, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.3, pp. 38-43. DOI 10.14526/03_2017_233
DOI 10.14526/03_2017_234
EFFECTIVENESS INCREASE OF THE TRAINING PROCESS AMONG GIRLS, WHO GO IN FOR CALLISTHENICS
Elena V. Kvashnina - Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor The Ural State University of Physical Culture Str. Ordzhonikidze, d. 1, Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
E-mail: Alenakvashnina@gmail.com
Annotation. In order to master modern competitive programs in calisthenics each athlete should achieve not only necessary and sufficient level of technical mastery but also artistry and expression. The higher are the woman-gymnast's mastery, musical talent, culture of movements, the more opportunities she has to make movements expressive. Specialists express a consensus that the ability of female athletes to demonstrate virtuosity, create the image is very important and also define the compositions of the separate women-gymnasts, who demonstrate unique choreography during the World competitions. On the basis of "Calisthenics" federal standard, calisthenics programs study, the peculiarities of the training process, girls' age-related and psychological characteristics revelation, taking into account their sports qualification we created the methodology of classical dancing (choreography) means, dancing improvisation and acting technique use, directed at the competitive exercise fulfillment increase artistry and quality level by 10-11 year-old girls, who go in for calisthenics. Materials. The article is about the opportunities to estimate the level of artistry development among the female athletes using the following methodologies: artistry estimation according to calisthenics rules, using the scale, created by I.A. Viner-Usmanova (doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor of gymnastics theory and methodology department of the National State University of physical culture, sport and health named after P.F. Lesgaft, the president of All-Russian Calisthenics federation, the main trainer of the Russian team in calisthenics), and according to the methodology, offered by A.A. Chetvergova (candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor of calisthenics and water kinds of sport theory and methodology department of the Ural State University of Physical Culture). Research
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