0Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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TYPES OF WORD FORMATION PROCESSES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION
Ilxomjonovna Durdona Nuritdinova
Student, Chirchik state pedagogical university deeyanax2@gmail .com
Scientific adviser: Abduvaliyevna Komiljonova Mavluda
Teacher, Chirchik state pedagogical university mavlyudadiurayeval @gmail.com
ABSTRACT
In this article, word formation processes are examined and given full definitions for all their types. Word formation concerns the processes that allow us to create new words with grammatical resources already obtainable within a language. These processes agree with the rules of language, specifically with its grammar. Word formation is a linguistic field that studies morphological phenomena whereby language users produce multiplex words from available building blocks. Word formation processes refer to different processes employed in word formation.
Keywords: word formation processes, root, stem, methods of composing new words, conversion.
INTRODUCTION
The English language is famous for its remarkable quality of how words and sentences are formed and used. Formation of new words from an existing stem or base word by adding a syllable or another word in a general process, however, there is a range of ways in which it can be done. The formation of words is classified into four types according to the process of formation is carried out. They are: -by adding prefixes; -by adding suffixes;
-converting from one-word class to another; -forming compound words.
The „Word-Formation Process' is regarded as the branch of Morphology. It has a significant role in expanding the vocabulary that can give a chance to communicate smoothly. The main objectives of the word-formation processes are to form new words with the same stem by deploying various rules or processes. However, the fundamental word-formation processes in linguistics are produced below:
136
April 23-24, 2024
Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
Chirchiq davlat pedagogika universiteti Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
Derivation
Derivation is one of the major word-formation processes that attach derivation affixes to the main form of a word to create a new word. The process includes these steps:
-standardization of the data;
-creation of bucket data;
-creation of comparison data;
-derived data;
-core member data.
Affixes (prefixes or suffixes) are regarded as bound morphemes:
Appear-disappear; justice-injustice; lighten-enlighten; friend-friendship; happy-unhappy; sad-sadness; slow-slowness; weak-weaken; red-reddish; personal-personally.
Back-formation
The second type of word formation eliminates the actual derivational affix from the main form of a ford to create a new word. However, back-formation is contrary to derivation in terms of forming new words. Put simply, a back-formation is a shortened word created from a longer word. The verb 'back-form' is also called back-derivation.
The term back-formation was coined by Scottish lexicographer James Murray, the primary editor of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1879 until 1915.Some examples of back-formation in the English:
Insertion-insert; donation-donate; precession-process; obsessive-obsess; pea-peace; burgle-burglar; diagnose-diagnosis; edit-editor; televise-television; typewrite-typewriter.
Conversion
In conversion, a word of one grammatical form converts into another without changing any spelling or pronunciation. For instance, the word "Google" is originated as a noun before the verb. A few years ago we used the term as a noun only, but now we simply say "Google if instead of "Search it on Google" Conversion is also called functional shift because the change is in the function, not essentially the meaning. For example, "a plane" (an aircraft) and "to plane" (to smooth a wooden surface) are the same, but the meanings are not even close to being alike. So, they cannot be an example of conversion. Thus, conversion requires similarity of meaning in words: love- to love; paper- to paper; work- to work.
137
April 23-24, 2024
Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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Compounding
Compounding is a type of word formation process that allows words to combine to make a new word. Compounding words can be formed as one or as two words joined with a hyphen. In grammar, compounding is also called composition and is used to form words belonging to four common parts of speech; nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Compounding often creates a word or phrase that means differently than the meaning of words used as 'ingredients'. Typically, compounds are usually divided into three different types. So they are closed compounds (basketball, headphones, toothpaste), open compounds (tennis shoes, gym shorts, peanut butter), and hyphenated compounds (sister-in-law; city-state):
Class+room = classroom; note+book = notebook; break+up = break up; high+light = highlight; brother+in+law = brother in law. Clipping
Another important word formation process is clipping. It reduces or shortens a word without changing the exact meaning. According to "Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction" some of the most common products of clipping are names -Liz, Ron, Rob, and Sue, which are shortened from Elizabeth, Ronald, Robert, and Susan. In contrast to the back-formation process, it reserves the original meaning. Clipping is divided into four types. They are: -back clipping -fore clipping -middle clipping -complex clipping
Advertisement-ad; photograph-photo; telephone-phone; influenza-flue; robotbot; chute-parachute; net-internet. Blending
In the blending word formation method, the parts of two or more words combine to form a new word. It refers to joining the beginning of one word and the end of another one to make a new word with a new meaning.
Breakfast+lunch = brunch; biographical+picture = biopic; motor+hotel = motel; smoke+fog = smog Abbreviation
Abbreviation is another famous and widely used word formation method that is used to shorten a word or phrase. In the modern era, abbreviation is becoming more popular. Nowadays people used to use it everywhere, also when they take notes.
Junior-Jr; mister-Mr; mistress-Miss; doctor-Dr; January-Jan, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-NASA
April 23-24, 2024
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Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
Chirchiq davlat pedagogika universiteti Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
Acronyms
An acronym is a popular word formation process in which an initialism is pronounced as a word. It forms the first letter of each word in a phrase. The newly formed letters create a new word which helps for speedy communication. For example, "PIN" is an initialism for "Personal Identification Number" and is used as the word "pin". Here are some of examples of acronyms:
Fear of missing out- FOMO; Graphic interchange format- GIF; wireless fidelity- WiFi; work in progress- WIP. Borrowing
The current word formation method in which a word from one language is borrowed directly into another language. The word that is borrowed is called a borrowing, a borrowed word, or a loanword. It means that words which originated in one language are now used in another:
Algebra-Arabic; cherub-Hebrew; murder-French; pizza-Italian; tamale-Spanish; ballet-French; karaoke-Japanese; ketchup-Chinese. CONCLUSION
To conclude, word formation is the creation of new words from the existing elements in the language, and words are formed by various word formation processes, such as derivation, back formation, conversion, compounding, clipping, blending, abbreviations, acronyms, and borrowings. All of them have their own structure and vital role in making new words.
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April 23-24, 2024
Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
Chirchiq davlat pedagogika universiteti Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
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