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TRANSLATION OF ZHAMBYL ZHABAYEV'S POETRY INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND ITS
RECEPTION ABROAD
Mashakova A.
PhD Philology, Leading researcher M.O. Auezov Institute of Literature and Art, Almaty, Kazakhstan
ABSTRACT
The article deals with translation of Zh. Zhabayev's poems into foreign languages. In Soviet times, his works have been translated into German, English, Spanish, Albanian, Slovak, Czech, Polish, Romanian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Chinese, Korean, Mongolian languages, and in the period of independence of Kazakhstan - into the Turkish language. Special attention was paid to the book «Jambil'in eserlerinden segmeler», published in Ankara in 1996.
Keywords: the Kazakh literature, translation, foreign languages.
This year, Kazakhstan is widely celebrating the 175th anniversary of the famous Kazakh poet-impro-viser Zhambyl Zhabayev (1846-1945), whose creativity was recognized not only in Kazakhstan, but also abroad.
The international recognition of Zhambyl Zhaba-yev took place thanks to the literary translation of his works into foreign languages. People in foreign countries began to learn about Zhambyl Zhabayev's creativity in the late 1930s, when some of his poems appeared in magazines and anthologies of Soviet poetry in many languages of the world [1]. In those years, significant work was carried out in the field of translating Zhambyl Zhabayev's poetic works into German. In 1938-1939 in the newspaper "Deutsche Zeitung" such poems as "Evening", "Happy New Year!", "I sing a song in the radiant Kremlin", "Song of Moscow", "My Moscow" have been published. In 1952 in Vienna in the newspaper "Oesterreichische Zeitung" the poem "We think by that day" was published. A number of Zhambyl's poems were included into the book "Rhythmen der Steppe", which was published in German in 1976, translated by H. Huppert, F. Bolger, R. Zhakmien.
In 1943, Zhambyl's poem "For our native country" was included into the book "War poems of the United Nations", which was published in New York by the "Dial press" publishing house. Prior to that, in 19381939, the poems "Our sunny country", "Song of Lenin", "Leningraders, my children!", "Song of the big caravan", "Horse", "Glory in songs, USSR!" have already been translated into English and published in magazines in the series "International Literature", "Soviet Literature", which were published in Moscow. Moreover, translations were done not only by Soviet translators, but also by foreign ones (V. Jacques, J. Lindsay). During the war period in the series "La Literatura international", Zhambyl's poems "Friendship of Peoples" (1942), "Spanish Brothers" (1945), "Leningraders, My
Children!" (1945) have been published in Spanish. Thanks to these magazines, which were spread all over the world, foreign readers got the opportunity to get acquainted with the creativity of many Soviet writers and poets.
In the 1950s, poems by Zhambyl Zhabayev in Albanian were published in the magazines «Zëri i rinise», «Letrari i ri», «Bashkimi» in the Albanian capital Tirana, in Slovak language in the magazine «Kulturny zi-vot» in Bratislava, in Czech - in the magazine "Svet Sovetu" in Prague. In addition, Zhambyl's poems were translated into Polish and Romanian. Selected poetic works of Zhambyl in Bulgarian and Hungarian were published in Sofia and Budapest. In Bulgaria, the translations were done by D. Vasilev, A. Germanov, A. Todorov, K. Konyarov, and in Hungary - A. Khidas, I. Trencheny-Waldapfel, L. Nadzhi, L. Kardos.
Translated Kazakh literature appeared in foreign eastern countries, mainly in China, Korea and Mongolia. So, in 1952 Zhambyl's poetry collection "Selected" in the translation of Sha Jin was published in the Chinese language in Shanghai, in 1957 Zhambyl's poems were published in the "Shikan" magazine in the translation of Ge Bao-Quan, in 1958 -in the "Ywen" magazine. Zhambyl's poetry in Korean was published in Pyongyang in 1958 and 1963, and in Mongolian - in Ulaanbator in 1958, 1966, 1972.
Literary translation plays an important role in the process of foreign reception of Kazakh literature. The study of the perception of Zhambyl Zhabayev's creativity by foreign literary critics is of great importance in the process of international popularization of Kazakh literature. Zhambyl Zhabayev's poems published in foreign languages have caused positive reviews in the world.
Sh.K. Satpayeva in the book "Kazakh literature in the assessment of foreign criticism" writes that "Zham-bul was the first among the artists of the word, whose
creativity crossed the boundaries of the Kazakh steppe and gained all-Union and world fame" [2, p. 7]. In connection with his 90th birthday (the poet lived to 99 years old) he received greetings from Bulgaria: "Bulgarian progressive writers, highly appreciating the creativity of the folk singer Zhambul, on the day of his ninetieth birthday send their warm brotherly greetings to his talent and poetry, whose appearance is full of inexhaustible youth, and multi-colored life" [2, p. 56]. The Danish writer Martin Andersen Nexe in his congratulations calls Zh. Zhabayev a happy person who has lived "an interesting and rich life from a nomadic image to a high advanced Soviet culture" [2, p. 56-57]. French writer, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature Romain Rolland also congratulated Zh. Zhabayev: "From the heart of the Western Alps to the heart of the steppes of Kazakhstan, brotherly greetings to Zhambul - the singer of the Kazakh people and new humanity" [2, p. 57].
In 1938, the article "Dzhambul - beloved bard of Kazakhstan" with his portrait was published in the magazine "Soviet Russia Today", which was published monthly in the United States. In the same year, in New York, the «Daily Worker» published an article "Dzhambul - 93 years old".
Brief information about the life and creativity of Zhambyl Zhabayev is included into many foreign encyclopedias: "Short Bulgarska Encyclopedia" (Sofia, 1964) and "Encyclopedia. A-Z" (Sofia, 1974) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, "Uj Magyar lexi-con"(Budapest, 1960) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, "Dictionar Enciclopedic Roman" (Bucharest, 1964), "Leksykon Panstwowe Wydawnictwo nau-kowa" (Warsaw, 1972), Grand Larousse Encyclopedique (Paris, 1961, 1977), «Enciklopedija Jugoslaven-skog leksikografskog zavoda» (Zagreb, 1977), "Mala encyklopedia spisovatel'ov sveta" (Bratislava, 1978), "Illustrovany encyklopedicky sveta" (1980). The largest number is represented by German encyclopedias: "Meyers Taschenlexikon. AZ " (Leipzig, 1963),"Mey-ers kleines Lexikon" (Leipzig, 1967), "Meyers neues Lexikon " (Leipzig, 1972)," Meyers Enzyklopaedi-sches Lexikon " (Zurich, 1973)," Handbuch der Sowjetliteratur " (Leipzig, 1975) ).
In the European press, the articles by Czech authors - B. Pashkova ("Novy orient", 1946), E. Shipa ("Rude pravo", 1957), Bulgarian authors - S. Tajer ("Balgaro-svetska friendship", 1955), E. Gergova (Plamk, 1971), S. Lefterova ("Fatherland Front", 1971), Polish - L. Rubakha (Przyjazn, 1946), Z. Zichki (Tribuna Ludu, 1950), Romanian - S. Iures ("Scinteia tineret", 1955), V. Kernbach ("Flascara", 1955) are devoted to Zhambyl Zhabayev. In 1940, the article "Jam-bul. Mitt liv fortait av Jambul, folkepaufer fra Kas-akhstan" was published. B. Pashkova in the article "Dzhambul - the singer of the steppes" analyzes the creativity of the Kazakh poet, dwelling in detail on the poems "Servant of the people", "Study, my boy", "Moscow", "Taras" etc. According to B. Pashkova, "the songs of Dzhambul Dzhabayev are full of the charm of the East, they are passionate and sonorous, multi-colored, like a multicolored oriental carpet. The poet sings
in them the endless expanses of his homeland, his native nature in living and exciting images" [2, p.85]. Emil Ship in the article "In the places where Dzhambul sang" talks about his trip to Kazakhstan, the poet's homeland.
In 1955, Imre Trencheny-Waldapfel's book "Un-nepi megemlekezes Dzsambul Dzsabajev halalanak tizedik evforduljan" was published in Budapest. The Hungarian researcher points to such sources of Kazakh folk poetry as "the life of the people, which is full of struggle, desires and hopes", compares Kazakh akyns with ancient Greek storytellers. He describes the history of Zhambyl's life, drawing parallels with the ancient Greek poet Hesiod, since Hesiod in Greek poetry was the first representative of the oppressed, exploited peasantry: "like Dzhambul, he opposed the ideals of truth to powerlessness, labor to idleness of those who parasitized on his fruits. Hesiod can be placed next to Dzhambul in another respect as well: the form of the first person in his poetry, biographical connections are also explicable by class consciousness, like Dzhambul. When Hesiod sang about himself, he sang about the peasant fate, and his listeners recognized in him a typical representative of it" [2, p. 69].
Under the conditions of independence in Kazakhstan, literary ties with Turkey, China, Mongolia, India, Pakistan, and Iran became more active. This process was greatly facilitated by holding of literary anniversaries of the classics of Kazakh literature in the 1990s-2000s at the international level, including the celebration in 1996 of the 150th anniversary of Zhambyl Zhabayev. In 1996, books with poetic works of Zhambyl were published in Pakistan and Turkey. The collection "Jambil' in eserlerinden segmeler" ("Selected Works of Zhambyl") [3] was published in Turkish, translated by Zeinesh Ismail and Ahmet Gungor. During its preparation, the two-volume book of works by Zh. Zhabayev (1992), published by the M.O.Auezov Institute of Literature and Art, was taken as a basis.
One of the aspects of foreign literary reception is the preface in the translated edition. The book published in Ankara includes an introductory article by the founder of the H.A.Yassavi International Kazakh-Turkish University Namyk Kemal Zaybek and a foreword by Zeinesh Ismail, Ahmet Gungor. In his introductory article, Namyk Kemal Zaibek noted that "the book with the works of the famous zhyrshy Zhambyl Zhabayev for the first time represents the art of zhyrau of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia in Turkey. In this regard, the significance of these works for the literature of the Turkic world is exceptional. For our young generation, it is necessary to know the creativity of the famous poets of the Turkic world. The works published in this book will serve to this purpose" [3, p.15]. In conclusion, Namyk Kemal Zaibek wished Turkish scientists, literary critics and thinkers to comprehend the Turkic-speaking poetry based on the example of the creativity of Zhambyl Zhabayev. The authors of the preface, Zeynesh Ismail and Akhmet Gungor, talk about the life and creativity of Zhambyl Zhabayev, highlighting his talent and skill of the zhyrau, akyn, and aitysker. They noted Zhambyl's excellent knowledge of Kazakh dastans, which he spread among the people
playing a dombra (musical string instrument), while developing and raising them to a high level. As a distinctive feature of Zhambyl's creativity, Turkish authors call the acute social orientation and cognitive depth of his truthful and realistic works. The book includes selected poems and aitys of the Kazakh akyn, as well as the dastan "Utegen batyr".
The publication of Zhambyl Zhabayev's poetic works in Turkish contributed to the scientific research of his creativity in Turkey. Thus, in 2006, in the city of Mugla, Turkish scientist Ali Abbas Chinar published a monograph "Kazak Kulturu ve Edebiyati Ara§tirma-lari" ("Study of Kazakh culture and literature") [4], one of the sections of which is devoted to Zhambyl. Doctor of Philology Ali Abbas Chinar teaches at the University of Mugla at the Faculty of Modern Turkic Languages and Literature.
The section "People's poet Zhambyl Zhabayev and his creativity" begins with the scientist's thoughts that the cultural and creative potential of each country is represented, first of all, by literary and cultural figures. For three years - from 1995 to 1997 - Kazakhstan have honored its great literary figures - Abai, Zhambyl and Mukhtar Auezov. Based on the biographical information about the great Kazakh poet Zhambyl Zhaba-yev, the Turkish scientist writes that a student of akyn Suyunbay, one of the brightest representatives of the folk poetic tradition, Zhambyl lived in the periods of Khan power, Russian tsarism and the formation of Soviet power, developing his creativity in each of these periods, in accordance with its conditions and time respectively. From the age of sixteen, Zhambyl began to create his own poetic works, which he chanted, playing the dombra. His following conclusion is logical: "Zhambyl is attracted by the performance of folk songs, it brings him happiness and joy. A strong and sonorous voice gives him a separate strength. Love for dombra is equivalent to the concept of love in general" [4, p. 148]. Zhambyl's improvisational gift allows him to take part in poetic duels with Kyrgyz akyns. Zhambyl lived during two world wars, and he was an unusually popular person. Ali Abbas Chinar quotes the statement of the Tajik poet Gasem Lakhudi, who addressed the Kazakh akyn from the Pamir Valley.
According to the Turkish researcher, the strongest part of Zhambyl's creativity was the continuation and development of the epic traditions and traditions of aitys. He mentions that M.O. Auezov in his scientific works identified common themes and motives of Abai and Zhambyl's creativity. Agreeing with the statements of the Kazakh scientist and writer regarding the thematic content, Ali Abbas Chinar dwells in more detail on the author's manner of poets-storytellers and reveals the peculiarities of the style of Marabai, Birzhan, Akan, Zhayau, Mussa, Shozhe, Kulmambet and Zhambyl. He calls Zhambyl "the narrator of the epic and the performer of aitys" [4, p.152], the main distinguishing feature of which is the ability of self-expression. His style and creative personality have evolved constantly. He was never defeated in the aitys and created a whole school of his followers in South Kazakhstan.
The author of the monograph believes that Kazakh researchers rightly consider Zhambyl, who lived for a
whole century, to be the Homer of an entire era. And Ali Abbas Chinar considers this comparison to be no coincidence, since Zhambyl reflects Kazakh traditions, history, customs and successfully narrates about them in an epic spirit.
A researcher of Kazakh literature from Turkey systematizes the reasons for the special veneration of Zhambyl by the Soviet government. In his opinion, the first reason was that Zhambyl is the strongest creative person. The second is the creation of the works by Zhambyl, which were perceived by the leadership positively. The third is his popularity among the people and the desire of the Soviet leadership to preserve his authority and use a creative personality for the purposes of propaganda and friendship between peoples. Pointing to the international fame of the Kazakh akyn, Ali Abbas Chinar cites the statement of George Thomson about Zhambyl. The British philologist believed that "Zhambyl conquered the entire Soviet Union by the power of his talent and charm of personality" [4, p. 154]. In conclusion, Ali Abbas Chinar expresses admiration for the power of Zhambyl's creative personality and wishes the same attention to the people's poets of Turkey from his State. On the example of the monograph by Ali Abbas Chinar, it can be noted that Turkish scientists conduct serious research in the field of Kazakh literature, including the study of the life and creativity of Zhambyl Zhabayev.
So, the works of Zhambyl Zhabayev in foreign countries have been translated into German, English, French, Spanish, Albanian, Slovak, Czech, Polish, Romanian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Chinese, Korean, Mongolian languages in Soviet times, into Turkish - in the period of independence Kazakhstan. The literary translation of Zhambyl Zhabayev's poetry into foreign languages contributed to the popularization of his creativity in many countries of the world. In the second half of the XXth century, foreign responses to his creativity appeared mainly in the press, and at the beginning of the XXI century, foreign scientists devote literary works to the life and creativity of the Kazakh akyn. At the same time, the foreign reception of Zhambyl Zhabayev is characterized by a high assessment of his talent and skill.
This work was carried out in the frame of grant funding from the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the project AR08855803 "Kazakhstan and the world literary space: comparative studies".
References
1. Works of the writers of Kazakhstan in the languages of the peoples of the world: a retrospective bibliographic index (1934-1985). - Alma-Ata: GB KazSSR im. A.S. Pushkin, 1989. - 225 p.
2. Kazakh literature in the assessment of foreign criticism / Comp. Sh.K. Satpayeva and A.O. Musinov. - Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1971. - 191 p.
3. Jambil'in eserlerinden segmeler. - Ankara, 1996. - 304 p.
4. Ali Abbas Qinar. Kazak Kulturu ve Edebiyati Ara§tirmalari. - Mugla, 2006. - 220 p.
