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Minikhanov V. A. - Senior Teacher, Federal State Budgetary educational Establishment of Higher Education "Russian University of Transport (MIET)", 127994, Russia, Moscow, Obraztsova, str., House 9, Block 9, e-mail: vlminih@,mail.ru
DOI 10.14526/02_2018_310
TIREDNESS AND RECOVERY OF CADETS DURING ALTERNATING METHOD USE AT THE LESSONS OF EDUCATIONAL-TRAINING ORIENTATION
Pauesov S.A.1
1 Federal State Public Military Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Perm Military Institute of National Guard Army of the Russian Federation" Russia, Perm, [email protected]
Annotation. The problem of tiredness and recovery during physical and psychic loads of different orientation realization is an urgent general biological problem, which has great theoretical interest and practical value for sports and professional activity of a person. It helped to create the program of cadets' general and special endurance development at physical training lessons, using the alternating method. Materials. The article presents the variants of tiredness demonstration and the state of an organism during different physical loads. The program of the pedagogical experiment is presented, which includes lessons with physical exercises, directed at endurance development and which are fulfilled with the alternating method. In order to reveal the character of program impact on cadets' organism the following tests were used: time, spent for the exercise fulfillment; heart rate (HR) at rest, heart rate (HR) average, HR maximum, HR, orthostatic test (OT) of vital capacity (VC) and respiratory tests - Genchi's test (GT), Stange's test (ST), tapping test (TT). Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis, testing, mathematical research results handling. Results. The characteristic of the tiredness kinds is presented. Recovery processes are studied at cadets' physical training lessons during physical load of different power and duration use. It was stated that during physical exercises of maximum anaerobic power fulfillment, tiredness demonstration is connected with maximum oxygen consumption, which limits physical working capacity. The training program of lessons, directed toward general and special endurance development, includes physical exercises, which are realized with the help of the alternating method. Different kinds of tiredness during physical load are revealed. On the one hand, this deterioration of motor and vegetative functions is characterized by working capacity decrease and the sense of tiredness. On the other hand, tiredness is characterized by the studied indices change. Conclusion. During the experiment the selected exercises, directed toward endurance development use is set 1-2 times a week during the first 6 months of training, which provided general state of an organism improvement, adapted to training loads, respiratory system effectiveness. It was proved that systematic use of exercises, realized with the help of the alternating method of training, provides physical working capacity effectiveness increase.
Keywords: tiredness, kinds of tiredness, recovery, physical loads, aerobic abilities, endurance. For citations: Pauesov S.A. Tiredness and recovery of cadets during alternating method use at the lessons of educational-training orientation. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports). 2018; 13(2): 55-62. DOI 10.14526/02_2018_310
INTRODUCTION
Scientific-methodical and special literature analysis, concerning the problem of the research, showed that tiredness and recovery processes study after physical loads of different orientation is a general-biological problem, which has practical importance for sportsmen's and military men's professional activity (O.M. Mirzoev, 2005; Y.V. Vysochin, L.G. Yatsenko, 2008; C.A. Gizatullina, IS. Mutaeva, 2012; A.V. Kokovkin, M.V. Nikityuk, 2014; S.A. Pausev, 2017).
In literature the questions of tiredness are always debatable. Specialists studied the questions of tiredness and recovery during excessive loads. The main factors of tiredness, overtiredness and overtraining appearance are revealed.
Great contribution to the problem of tiredness study in terms of physical loads was made by V.V. Rozenblat (1975). He created central- cortical theory, where he mentioned that tiredness starts in "cortical centers" change. In his opinion, physical working capacity depends on irritability, tone and
elasticity-viscosity of muscles and the state of blood supply.
During the problem of tiredness study in terms of physical loads it was revealed that the mechanisms of tiredness are determined by functional state of different organs and systems of an organism and their interconnected work.
V.M. Volkov (1977) created the classification of the tiredness kinds: intellectual, sensory, emotional and physical. Intellectual exhaustion he observed during chess playing. Sensory tiredness, as he mentioned, is seen during firepower preparation, emotional tiredness during negative and positive emotions demonstration, for example, during competitive activity. Physical tiredness is characterized by intensive muscular work fulfillment. In professional activity of military men all kinds of tiredness can be considered in complex.
In professional activity of military men especially important is different indices diagnostics and study, which can characterize different level of tiredness display. For example, the number of mistakes increases during motor actions fulfillment (firepower preparation) as a result of movements coordination disorder, while obstacle course overcoming and combat missions fulfillment. Cadets can also refuse to fulfill new motor actions because of tiredness. Especially evident is cadets' muscular activity energy supply expenditures increase during additional movements fulfillment.
In this connection the questions of tiredness and recovery should be considered also during military men training, as their professional activity is accompanied by intensive and long-term physical loads fulfillment. After tiredness always goes the process of recovery, as the base of organism adaptive transformation. The ratio of tiredness and recovery within reasonable limits is the base of physical training and effective physical working capacity of military men.
Modern military specialists are interested in the problem of physical working
capacity increase among cadets of military higher educational establishments.
The aim of this research work is tiredness and recovery study during physical loads of different orientation fulfillment by cadets using the alternating method of trainings.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research methods. Scientific-methodical literature analysis, testing, mathematical treatment of the research results are used.
Material. The article is about the variants of tiredness manifestation and an organism states in case of different physical loads fulfillment. The program of pedagogical experiment is presented, which includes physical exercises, directed toward endurance development and which are fulfilled with the help of the alternating method. In order to reveal the character of program impact on cadets' organism the following tests were used: time, spent for the exercise fulfillment; heart rate (HR) at rest, heart rate (HR) average, HR maximum, HR, orthostatic test (OT) of vital capacity (VC) and respiratory tests - Genchi's test (GT), Stange's test (ST), tapping test (TT).
RESEARCH RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION
It is a well-known fact that during physical loads fulfillment different shifts are happening in cardiorespiratory system indices and psycho-emotional state of cadets.
Light forms of tiredness can be developed after insignificant physical load and be demonstrated in a form of tiredness, but at the same time no physical working capacity decrease is observed.
Acute forms of tiredness can be demonstrated during maximum physical load fulfillment. In this case there is a sharp decrease of physical working capacity and power abilities. There is also heart rate and arterial pressure indices increase.
Over-tension as a kind of tiredness is characterized by functional abilities of an organism decrease during competitive loads fulfillment as a factor of tiredness sharp form
accumulation. It is characterized by general weakness, apathy, coordination of movements violation, arrhythmia, atypical reaction of cardiovascular system to physical loads.
Over-training is characterized by neuropsychic shifts, disorders in motor actions fulfillment, different diseases.
Another kind of tiredness is overtiredness, which is characterized by pathologic state of an organism, nervousness, impatience, instability in tasks fulfillment, apathy and indifference.
At physical training lessons of cadets' physical exercises of different power and duration are used. At the same time, there is tiredness localization depending on the used kinds of exercises.
The characteristic of tiredness demonstration, taking into account the zones of power, helps to correct training loads.
During physical exercises fulfillment, with maximum anaerobic power, tiredness is connected with maximum oxygen consumption, which limits physical working capacity.
While physical loads till 30 seconds fulfillment, such as sprinting, 50 meters swimming, muscular work energy supply is realized by means of phosphogenic power system.
One of the important indices of cadets' physical state complex estimation is physical working capacity. It can also be the index of tiredness and the level of cadets' physical readiness. An important moment in physical training of cadets is educational, training process and further professional activity management.
In order to estimate tiredness during physical loads of moderate and great power fulfillment with the help of the alternating method a pedagogical experiment was held.
The base of the pedagogical experiment program was physical loads inclusion into the lessons, which are fulfilled with the help of the alternating method.
Table 1 presents the training program, directed toward general and special endurance development and the character of its realization.
Tab
e 1 - Cadets' training program of lessons directed toward endurance development
Lessons Exercises Methods Time General volume of the load Character Intensity
of work of rest
1 Cross country race till 10 km alternating 1h 30 min 10 km constant - 140-150beats/min
2 Speeding-up during 3 km distance overcoming alternating 1 h 20 min 6-8 times of 150 and 200 meters constant - 135-140 during speeding-up 160-180 beats/min
3 10x100 m running in 100 m of light running alternating 6-8 times of 150 and 200 m constant - 160-180 beats/min
4 Swimming alternating 1 h no less than 800 m constant - 140-160 beats/min
5 Table tennis alternating 40 min constant - 140-160 beats/min
The training program of the lessons, directed toward general and special endurance development, includes physical exercises, which are realized with the help of the alternating method.
In this variant training lessons lasted 1,5 hours, for example, the volume of the load in cross-country running was till 10 km. In terms of 10 km distance overcoming cadets should speed-up 3 and 4 times 400-500 m each. The work is fulfilled constantly, without a rest. Each presented variant of exercises was included into the lessons 2 or 3 times a week during the first six months of study (table 1).
The main essence of physical exercises realization was their realization using the alternating method. All exercises were directed toward general and special endurance development.
In order to reveal the character of the selected exercises influence on the cadets' organism the following tests were used: time, spent for the exercise fulfillment; heart rate at rest (HRr), the average heart rate (HRa), HR maximum, HR, orthostatic test (OT) of vital capacity (VC) and respiratory tests - Genchi's test (GT), Stange's test (ST), tapping test (TT).
Table 2 - The indices, which characterize the training loads influence on cadets' organism, directed toward general and special endurance development
Periods of measuring The studied indices
HRn HRa HRm OT VC GT ST TT
after a moderate load
initial values 68 - - 12,37 4.03 45,1 63 68
after the load 127 136 146 28,3 3.20 40,3 54 65,7
Hours of recovery period 1 h 78 - - 23.3 3,50 42,1 55 66,5
4 h 76 - - 18,7 3,67 43,0 57 67,8
12 72 - - 15,3 4,00 44,8 61 68
in 24 h 70 - - 14,6 4,00 45,0 61 70,1
after a great load
initial values 68 - - 12,37 4.03 45,1 63 68
after the load 157 145 162 31,3 3.00 37,3 44 57,7
Hours of recovery period 1 h 68 - - 27.3 3,10 40 46 56,5
4 h 68 - - 25,7 3,30 40 47 77,8
12 68 18,3 3,54 40 54 60
in 24 h 76 15,6 4.20 43 57 67,5
Notes: HRr - heart rate at rest; HRa - the average heart rate; HRm - maximum heart rate; OT - orthostatic test; GT - Genchi's test; TT - tapping test
At the first stage of our research work the reaction of cadets' organism to moderate and great power loads was considered (table 2). As the base of physical load we took a veloergometric load of 1 and 2 W per kg of cadets' weight with revolution of pedaling 6062 (table 1).
During the experiment it was stated that after differently directed loads use there is the studied indices deterioration in comparison with the initial indices, which characterizes natural process of tiredness and recovery.
The dynamics of deterioration during moderate and great power loads was the same, but during great power loads results deterioration was more intensive, characterizing lingering recovery. It is connected with the fact that cadets' functional readiness and adaptive abilities of an organism are not ready enough for physical loads of different power.
The character of recovery of the studied indices was the same after the 1st and the 2nd physical load. However, after the great load there was a lingering recovery.
According to HR at rest it was mentioned, that after a moderate and great load HR at rest didn't achieve its initial level and was 70 and 76 beats/min.
The average heart rate was at the level of the average values for moderate and great load.
The speed of anaerobic threshold can be determined according to maximum HR. This index characterizes speed of anaerobic threshold during physical load fulfillment. In our example maximum HR in terms of moderate load was 146 beats/min, in terms of great power load- 162 beats/min. Anaerobic threshold revelation was realized by means of pulse rate taking right after physical load and further diagram formation of HR change from the point of maximum HR inflexion to even training load, which is lower the level of transfer to anaerobic threshold. In order to reveal HR we planned testing trainings at the distances of 400 and 600 meters, taking into account physical-functional readiness of cadets. According to the received HR indices we come to the conclusion, that cadets' functional state is satisfactory.
Quantitative characteristic of cadets' anaerobic abilities is the power of physical load fulfillment in case of duration of 1-2 minutes.
In order to determine cadets' anaerobic abilities criterion of maximum lactate concentration was used, 16 mmol/L.
The received results were estimated according to the following formula:
К an a e г о b = 1 0 — 4 . V 3 a v ,л[НЬ ,
where Vav - the average speed of running in m/s, HL - conditional value of lactate concentration.
Among cadets anaerobic abilities were 0,8 mmol/L, which were characterized as satisfactory.
In functional indices there is also natural dynamics of tiredness and recovery after different orientation loads. At the same time, cadets had low values according to VC, OT, GT, ST and TT tests. There is also insufficient recovery of the studied indices after great power load. The most negative
changes happen in orthostatic test as the index of the restricted functional abilities of cadets' organism. After a moderate and great power load after 24 hours there is insufficient recovery of orthostatic test indices. The character of recovery processes of VC indices was the same in terms of both loads. There was VC increase after 24 hours of a great power load as a result of compensation abilities of external respiration apparatus.
Tapping test characterizes the level of working capacity of nervous system during physical loads fulfillment and long-term physical loads fulfillment without tiredness. In TT indices cadets have insufficient recovery during moderate and maximum loads fulfillment, which says that cadets' readiness is at below the average level.
Tiredness manifestation during physical load is different. On the one hand, this motor and vegetative functions deterioration, characterized by working capacity decrease and the sense of fatigue. On the other hand, tiredness is characterized by the studied indices change. Kinds of tiredness are different, but for training orientation lessons it is necessary to take into consideration the initial and secondary manifestation of tiredness for cadets' training and educational loads correction. During cyclic work of great power there is tiredness development in terms of insufficient functional readiness of cadets. In this case mentioned above indices study in the dynamics shows functional state of an organism change and underlines effectiveness of the training means.
Table 3 presents the results of the studied indices after the pedagogical experiment.
Table 3 shows that under the influence of the presented program of lessons there was cadets' functional state of an organism improvement. Table 3 shows HR at rest decrease, the average and maximum HR increase, which characterizes cadets' adaptive and reserve capacities of an organism increase. We also underline recovery
processes improvement according to the indices of VC, GT, ST, OT and TT.
Table 3 -The indices, which characterize the influence of training loads on cadets' organism, directed toward general and special endurance development, after the experiment_
Periods of measuring Studied indices
HRr HRa HRm OT VC GT ST TT
after a moderate load
initial values 64 - - 11,37 4.35 47,1 66 70
after the load 123 137 156 18,3 4.20 45,3 58 67,7
Hours of recovery period 1 h 78 - - 23.3 3,50 46,1 58 66,5
4 h 76 - - 18,7 3,67 47,0 59 67,8
12 72 - - 15,3 4,00 47,8 65 70
in 24 h 70 - - 14,6 4,00 48,0 71 71,1
after a great load
initial values 66 - - 11,37 4.35 47,1 66 70
after the load 165 143 170 20,3 4.00 35,3 50 60,7
Hours of recovery period 1 h 68 - - 19.3 4,10 42 53 67,5
4 h 68 - - 15,7 4,30 45 54 67,8
12 68 15,3 4,30 61 60 70
in 24 h 76 12,6 4.30 61 68 71,5
Notes: HRr - heart rate at rest; HRa - the average heart rate; HRm - maximum heart rate; OT - orthostatic test; GT - Genchi's test; TT - tapping test
CONCLUSION
Thus, during the experiment the selected exercises, directed toward endurance development, use is set 1-2 times a week during the first 6 months of training, which provided general state of an organism improvement, adapted to training loads, respiratory system effectiveness. It was proved that systematic use of exercises, realized with the help of the alternating method of training, provides physical working capacity effectiveness increase.
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Pauesov S.A. - Senior Lecturer, Federal State Public Military Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Perm Military Institute of National Guard Army of the Russian Federation" 614112, Russia, Perm, Gremyachiy Logstr., House 1, e-mail: [email protected]
DOI 10.14526/02_2018_311
CONJUGATE TRAINING FOR LEGS MUSCLES IN MICRO CYCLE OF TRAINING FOR COMPETITIONS AMONG ATHLETES OF HIGH QUALIFICATION IN
TAEKWONDO WTF
Epov O.G.1
1Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism (RGUFKSMiT)
Russia, Moscow, [email protected]
Annotation. The article presents micro cycle with two conjugate trainings for legs muscles, used at special-preparatory stage of sports training among athletes of student sports national taekwondo WTF team of Russia for international competitions during the following period: 2011-2017. Materials. The training micro cycle presents loads distribution and loads parameters according to week days and the time of a day, the methodology of conjugate training for legs muscles is presented. Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, methodology, score-sheets analysis. Results. The micro cycle with two conjugate trainings for legs muscles introduction into the training process of student sports national taekwondo WTF team of Russia helped to improve physical and technical-tactical readiness of taekwondo practitioners and win medal places at international competitions. Conclusion. It is recommended to alternate micro cycle with conjugate trainings for legs muscles and the micro cycle, which includes conjugate trainings for hands and shoulder girdle muscles. A complex use of both kinds of micro cycles in the
