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THE INDICES OF FUNCTIONAL STATE AND SPARE CAPACITIES OF CADETS'
ORGANISM
Nikolay A. Grankin - teacher Tyumen Higher Military -Engineering Command School (military Institute) named after marshal of engineering troops A. I. Proshlyakov, Tolstoy str., 1 (10 military campus), Tyumen, Russia, 625001 Zinaida M. Kuznetsova — doctor of Pedagogics, professor Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, 28, Nizametdinov str., Naberezhnye Chelny, the Republic of Tatarstan, 423806, Russia
E-mail: kzm diss@mail.ru
Annotation. Kettlebell lifting, being the applied kind of sport, the means of which are widely used during the process of cadets physical training at military educational establishments, creates the pre-conditions for different physical and physic abilities demonstration, both in education and in personality formation. However, not enough attention is paid to functional abilities of an organism. Material. The article presents the results of the functional state development and spare capacities of cadets' organism study in the experimental and control groups ofpeople, going in for kettlebell lifting. Research methods: scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, the method of multifactorial near-patient testing created by professor S.A. Dushanin and spare capacities of an organism "D&K-Test", functional tests of respiratory system, the method of mathematical statistics. Results. The peculiarities of the functional state change and spare capacities of cadets' organism before and after the pedagogical experiment are revealed. All existing mechanisms of energy supply are characterized by power and metabolic capacity. It was noted that the cadets' metabolic capacity in the experimental group has validly changed. It is determined by general amount of energy, provided by the process of energy supply; the capacity of anaerobic source of energy supply of an organism's muscular activity increased to 19,06 %;aerobic metabolic capacity, which characterizes the ability of cadets' organism to the loads of different volume fulfillment, predominantly of aerobic orientation, was 13,63%; the ability to resist tiredness, the level of general working capacity as the index of general metabolic capacity increased to 15,38 %; the power of creatine phosphate source of energy supply increased to25, 8 %;the power of glycolytic source of energy supply, which shows the level of speed endurance development, increased to 19,43%; the power of aerobic source of muscular activity energy supply increased to 62,14 %; the threshold of anaerobic metabolism - to 13,64 %. Conclusion. The indices offunctional state and spare capacities of cadets' organism increase in the experimental group is conditioned by the influence of the special exercises complex directed at individual rhythm of breathing formation and the indices of respiratory system in general increase. Keywords: cadets, kettlebell lifting, functional state, spare capacities of an organism, physical working capacity, respiratory system indices.
Urgency. Kettlebell lifting, being the applied kind of sport, the means of which are widely used during the process of physical training of cadets at military educational establishments, creates the pre-conditions for different physical and physic abilities demonstration, both in education and in personality formation [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11].
However, not enough attention is paid to functional abilities of an organism. Qualified cadets, who go in for kettlebell lifting, in the average fulfill the load bulk volume of which is 60 tons in the micro cycle and more than 180 tons in mesocycle. Such kind of the training process intensification demands great reserves of cadets organism functional
abilities. That is why the training process organization with the orientation to functional and reserve abilities of an organism increase is one of the most important aims in training cadets, who go in for kettlebell lifting.
The aim of the research work was functional and reserve abilities of an organism estimation among the cadets, who go in for kettlebell lifting, during the process of endurance upbringing methodology realization and an individual rhythm of respiration formation.
Research organization. The research was held on the basis of Tyumen Higher Military-Engineering Command School in Tyumen during the following period: 20122015. Cadets, who go in for kettlebell lifting in the groups of sportsmanship improvement (17-22 years-old) took part in the experimental work. One experimental group (EG) and one control group (CG) was formed, each group included 16 people. In terms of the pedagogical experiment the experimental methodology of endurance upbringing and an individual rhythm of respiration formation was realized, which included the following: aerobic exercises realization, regular use of respiratory exercises and their gradual use, the rhythm of respiration formation and gradual increase of the of aerobic, mixed orientation training influences.
Research methods. The method of miltifactorial near-patient testing created by professor S.A. Dushanin and spare capacities of an organism "D&K-Test" [10]. A cadet was offered to fulfill successively 2 loads of moderate intensity on a veloergometer with rotation frequency 60-80 r.p.m, divided by 3-minutes interval of rest. Each load lasted 5 minutes, in the end during 30 seconds heart rate was calculated. The calculations were held by means of experimental values of heart rate and work power substituting into the following formula:
PWC170 = W1 + (W2- W1) x (170-f2) / f2-f1,
where W1 and W2 - the power of the first and the second load;
fl and f2 - heart rate at the end of the first and the second loads.
Functional tests of respiratory system, such as Stange's test (breath holding duration during inhalation), timed expiratory capacity test (breath holding duration on expiration), Rosenthal test (five-time estimation of vital capacity) and vital capacity (VC). All received results were statistically handled using the following criteria: normality of distribution check was held according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (W criterion); in order to check the hypothesis of two average values difference two-sample Student's test for independent samples and pair two-sample Student's test were used; in case of samples nonconformity to a normal distribution comparison was held according to nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical handling was held with the help of computer using statistics package SPSS-13, electronic tables of Microsoft Excel.
Research results. Table 1 presents functional state indices and spare capacities of an organism change among the cadets from the experimental and control groups during the period of the experiment.
Before the pedagogical experiment anaerobic metabolic capacity of cadets-weightlifters from the CG was 72,11±0,98 c.u., in the EG- 74,24±0,51 c.u.; during aerobic metabolic capacity study the results in the CG was 249,69±3,21 c.u., in the EG 251,38±3,47 c.u.; general metabolic capacity was 296,93±3,90 c.u. in the CG and 301,58±12,53 c.u. in the EG; the power of creatine phosphate source of energy supply was 27,14±0,71 c.u. among the cadets from the CG and 27,74±1,58 c.u. among the cadets from the EG; the power indices of glycolytic source of energy supply were the following: in the CG - 30,00± 0,79 c.u., in the EG -30,55±0,53 c.u.; the power of aerobic source of energy supply of muscular activity was 66,29±2,71 c.u. in the CG and 65,66±0,84 c.u. in the EG; the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in the CG was 64,97±1,04 c.u., in the EG it was 63,77±0,66 c.u.; heart rate threshold of anaerobic metabolism (TANM) among the cadets from the CG was
162,81±1,59 c.u., among the cadets from the EG 161,63±3,04 c.u.
Table 1 - The indices of functional state and spare capacities of cadets' organism change in the experimental and control groups during the experiment
Groups № series of the
research works, ANAMC AMC GMC PCP PGL PASES W TANM HR TANM
parameters of
1 (X±A) 74,24 251,38 301,58 27,74 30,55 65,66 63,77 161,63
±0 51 ±3 47 ±12 53 ±1 58 ±0 53 ±0 84 ±0 66 ±3 04
EG 2 (X±A) 91,73 291,05 356,41 37,13 37,91 40,49 73,84 172,13
n=16 ±1 39 ±1 44 ±2 75 ±0 94 ±0 55 ±0 55 ±0 85 ±2 16
1 P- >2,119 >2,119 >2,119 >2,119 >2,119 >2,119 >2,119 >2,119
P <0,05 <0,05 <0,05 <0,05 <0,05 <0,05 <0,05 <0,05
Difference
(2-1) 17,49 39,67 54,83 9,38 7,37 -25,16 10,07 10,50
Increase
% 19,06 13,63 15,38 25,28 19,43 62,14 13,64 6,10
1 (X±A) 72,11 249,69 296,93 27,14 30,00 66,29 64,97 162,81
±0,98 ±3,21 ±3,90 ±0,71 ±0,79 ±2,71 ±1,04 ±1,59
CG 2 (X±A) 74,93 255,36 300,32 29,14 32,18 69,30 66,57 164,19
n=16 ±0 76 ±3 35 ±3 59 ±0 69 ±0 81 ±2 65 ±1 51 ±2 07
1 P- <2,119 <2,119 <2,119 >2,119 >2,119 <2,119 <2,119 <2,119
P >0,05 >0,05 >0,05 <0,05 <0,05 >0,05 >0,05 >0,05
Difference 2,82 5,67 3,38 2,01 2,18 3,02 1,59 1,38
Increase % 3,77 2,22 1,13 6,89 6,78 4,35 2,39 0,84
Notes: AN AMC- anaerobic metabolic capacity; AMC - aerobic metabolic
capacity; GMC - general metabolic capacity; PCP - power of creatine phosphate source of energy supply; PGL - power of glycolytic source of energy supply; PASES - power of aerobic source of energy supply of muscular activity; W TANM - threshold of anaerobic metabolism; HR TANM - heart rate TANM
The results analysis after the pedagogical experiment showed, that functional state and spare capacities indices of cadets' organism increased in both groups, but most of all in the EG.
"Anaerobic metabolic capacity" (ANAMC) index characterizes the capacity of
anaerobic source of of an organism muscular activity energy supply during the period of the experiment, the increase of the index among the cadets from the EG was 19,06%, and among the cadets from the CG was 3,77%. Aerobic metabolic capacity (AMC) characterizes the ability of an organism to
fulfill the loads of different value mainly of aerobic orientation. In the EG the increase of AMC was 13,63%, in the CG this index increase was only 2,22%.
General metabolic capacity (GMC) characterizes the ability to resist tiredness and the level of general working capacity. In the EG there was a valid increase of 15,38% (р <0,05).
The power of creatine phosphate source of energy supply is demonstrated in reactivity and power endurance of an organism. This index is mainly conditioned by general volume of work with maximum and explosive power and is very important for the representatives of kettlebell lifting, as weightlifters have to fulfill constant explosive lifts of kettle balls in terms of great muscular efforts. In the CG this index increased to 6,89%, in the experimental group to 25,28%.
The power of glycolytic source of energy supply characterizes the indices of speed endurance development. In the control group this index increase was to 6,78%, in the experimental group to19,43%.
PASES index characterizes the power of aerobic source of energy supply of muscular activity. During the experiment this index validly increased to 62,14% in the experimental group.
The threshold of anaerobic metabolism characterizes the level of muscles aerobic abilities development and the level of special endurance (efficiency, technical skill, capacity to study). The indices of of anaerobic metabolism threshold characterize the state of reaction of cardiorespiratory system to the
means of using the muscles of different metabolic profile. During the process of cadets-weightlifters training the threshold of anaerobic metabolism revelation helps to estimate the character of working capacity change, which is the main part in the system of training process rationalization. The cadets from the EG also had a valid increase, which was
13,64%, in the CG it was only 2,39%,
The studied index of HR TANM is the effectiveness criterion of aerobic source of energy supply use. The volume of anaerobic glycolytic orientation has a great influence on this index change. In the EG of cadets HR TANM increase was 6,10%.
Thus, in the EG of cadets owing to a purposeful influence on the mechanisms of energy supply of muscular activity there was the capacity and power increase of the main sources. Special exercises use in terms of the offered methodology helped to influence the development process of adaptation by means of purposeful additional means of influence on different sides of the organism functioning among cadets-weightlifters, helped to increase the effectiveness of their training. The range of individual changes of indices, characterizing functional state and spare capacities of the cadets' organism from the EG, proves the process optimization of functional training and changes setting, which characterize adaptogenic effect.
The results of physical working capacity indices study among cadets-weightlifters from the CG and the EG are presented in table 2.
increase of anaerobic supply mechanisms by
Table 2 - The indices of physical working capacity change among the cadets from the experimental
Groups of the № series of the
research research works,
n parameters of PWC 170 MOC
statistics (kg/m/min) (l/min) MIE (c. u)
1 (X±S) 1175,31± 14,90 3,46±0,06 461,75± 12,03
2 X±S) 1434,93± 16,41 4,07±0,07 558,53±15,06
EG t P. >2,119 >2,119 >2,119
n=16 P <0,05 <0,05 <0,05
Difference (2-1) 259,62 0,61 96,78
Increase % 18,09 14,93 17,33
CG n=16 1 (X±S) 1189,44± 11,00 3,39±0,09 466,44±4,18
2 (X±A) 1292,82±12,82 3,63±0,09 499,11±5,23
1 P. >2,119 <2,119 <2,119
P <0,05 >0,05 >0,05
Difference (2-1) 103,38 0,24 32,67
Increase % 8,00 6,59 6,55
Comparative analysis of physical working capacity indices among the cadets from the EG showed, that their results are validly higher than the results of the cadets from the CG (p<0,05). In the CG in PWC 170 test with the initial values 1189,44±11,00 kg.m/min there was the increase to 8,00%; in the experimental group with the initial results 1175,31±14,90 kg.m/min the increase of PWC 170 was 18,09%.
Maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) has direct dependence on general mass of the used in motional activity muscles and the state of transportation function of oxygen delivery into the organism. In the EG with the initial results of MOC 3,46±0,06 l/min the increase was 14,93%, in the control group with the initial values of MOC 3,39±0,09 l/min the increase was only to 6,59%.
"Maximum index of endurance" (MIE) characterizes general state of endurance development among sportsmen. Competitive exercises fulfillment in kettlebell lifting is characterized by long-term fulfillment and demands high level of endurance development (both power and general endurance). Muscular activity can't be high during a long time period, as natural processes of tiredness happen, which lead to working capacity decrease. That is why in order to preserve physical working capacity at a high level during a long time period it is necessary to create the conditions for the main used muscles relaxation or rest. In kettlebell lifting tension and relaxation alternation of the working muscles is natural. It is
conditioned by biomechanical and technical characteristics of competitive exercises fulfillment. The ability to achieve success depends on the ability to strain and relax timely muscles.
In MIE indices among the cadets from the EG with the initial values 461,75±12,03 c.u. the increase was 17,33%. In the control group with the initial values 466,44±4,18 c.u. the increase was 6,59% and it is lower than the indices of the cadets from the EG.
More considerable indices increase among the cadets-weightlifters from the EG is conditioned, in our opinion, by the mechanism development of oxygen supply in tissues and cells, which happened owing to exercises use, directed at respiratory rhythms coordination and the reserves of respiration broadening in terms of the experimental methodology.
At the end of the experiment the cadets-weightlifters from the experimental group had the following results, which characterize the level of working capacity: PWC 170 in the EG was 1434,93±16,41 kg.m/min, in the CG-1292,82±12,82 kg.m/min; MOC in the EG was 4,07±0,07 l/min, in the CG- 3,63±0,09 l/min; MIE in the EG was 558,53±15,06 c.u, in the CG -499,11±5,23 c.u..
Competitive result in kettlebell lifting is mainly conditioned by the indices of respiratory system functioning. The results of respiratory system indices study among the cadets from the CG and the EG are presented in table 3.
Table 3 - Respiratory system indices changes among the cadets from the experimental and
control groups during the experiment
Groups № series of the research works, parameters of Stange's test (sec) Timed inspiratory capacity test (sec) Rosenthal test (ml) VC (ml)
EG1 n=16 1 (X±S) 62,94±0,92 29,00±0,58 145,69±3,13 4353,81±15,54
2 (X±A) 80,75±1,20 38,50±0,57 94,00±10,70 4572,50±12,11
t P. >2,119 >2,119 >2,119 >2,119
P <0,05 <0,05 <0,05 <0,05
Difference (2-1) 17,81 9,50 -51,69 218,69
Increase % 22,06 24,68 54,99 4,78
CG n=16 1 (X±A) 64,00±0,87 28,88±0,71 138,56±2,87 4330,63±21,30
2 (X±A) 68,88±3,90 31,94±0,70 127,25±8,32 4423,88±17,25
1 P. <2,119 >2,119 <2,119 >2,119
P >0,05 <0,05 >0,05 >0,05
Difference (2-1) 4,88 3,06 -11,31 93,25
Increase % 7,08 9,59 8,89 2,11
The following indices of Stange's test were received: in the EG with the initial results 62,94±0,92 sec. The increase was 22,06% (p<0,05); in the CG with the initial results 64,00±0,87 sec. the indices increased to 7,08% (table 3). In the functional timed inspiratory capacity test were the following results: in the EG with the initial results 29,00±0,58 sec. the increase was 24,68% (p<0,05); in the CG with the initial results 28,88±0,71 sec. to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased to 9,59%.
During the indices of Rosenthal test study among the cadets from the control and experimental groups at the beginning of the experiment there was the tendency of the results decrease from the 1st to the 5th measurement. It proves quick tiredness of respiratory muscles, their functional weakness. At the beginning of the experiment the cadets from the experimental group had the indices decrease to145,69±3,13ml, in the control group the index became worse to 138,56±2,87 ml. At the end of the experiment the index of Rosenthal test changed in both
groups, however, the character of changes was different: in the EG the index increase was 54,99%.
The index of VC characterizes maximum volume, within the limits of which a person can change the depth of own respiration. VC indices increase proves a high functional level of respiratory system. In the experimental group with the initial results 4353,81±15,54 ml the increase was 4,78%. In the control group with the initial results 4330,63±21,30 ml the increase was only 2,11%. The advantage of the cadets from the EG in the indices of respiratory system activity was achieved, in our opinion, owing to endurance of respiratory muscles and their volume increase.
At the end of the experiment the cadets from the CG and the EG had the following results: Stange's test in the EG-80,75±1,20 sec., in the CG - 68,88±3,90 sec.; Timed inspiratory capacity test in the CG -31,94±0,70 sec., in the EG - 38,50±0,57; Rosenthal test in the CG- 127,25±8,32 ml, in the EG - 94,00±10,70 ml; VC in the CG-
4423,88±17,25 ml, in the EG - 4572,50± 12,11 ml.
Conclusion. Thus, the methodology of endurance and an individual rhythm of respiration use among the cadets, who go in for kettlebell lifting, using the exercises for respiratory muscles development and an individual rhythm of respiration formation in terms of physical exercises of aerobic orientation realization, provided the indices of respiratory system increase. The offered approach to the system of sports training improvement among cadets presents additional spare capacities of the functional state for their sportsmanship increase and the effectiveness indices of competitive activity improvement.
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Authors information
Nikolay A. Grankin - teacher Tyumen Higher Military -Engineering Command School (military Institute) named after marshal of engineering troops A. I. Proshlyakov, Tolstoy str., 1 (10 military campus), Tyumen, Russia, 625001
Zinaida M. Kuznetsova — doctor of Pedagogics, professor Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, 28, Nizametdinov str., Naberezhnye Chelny, the Republic of Tatarstan, 423806, Russia E-mail: kzm diss@mail.ru
For citations: Grankin N.A., Kuznetsova Z.M. The Indices of Functional State and Spare Capacities of Cadets' Organism, The Russian journal ofphysical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.3, pp. 31-37. DOI 10.14526/03_2017_232
