Научная статья на тему 'THE ROLE OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES OF ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN POLICY ELABORATION'

THE ROLE OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES OF ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN POLICY ELABORATION Текст научной статьи по специальности «Социальная и экономическая география»

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Ключевые слова
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ / ЭКОНОМИКО-ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА / ЭКОНОМИКА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ / ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА / ЭКСТЕРНАЛИИ / ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS / ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL POLICY / ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS / ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS / EXTERNALITIES / բնապահպանական հիմնախնդիրներ / բնապահպանա-տնտեսագիտական քաղաքականություն / շրջակա միջավայրի տնտեսություն / բնապահպանական տնտեսություն / էքստերնալիաներ

Аннотация научной статьи по социальной и экономической географии, автор научной работы — Арутюнян Л. М.

Ecological problems have been addressed by even the founders of classical economics theory. In subsequent years, the interest of the international scientific and political community on these issues has been gradually gained ground, forming new scientific directions, main achievements of which are actively promoted on the international platforms and within the framework of the development policies implemented by the states. The purpose of this article is to analyze the main theoretical approaches to ecological problems and their solutions, which are the theoretical basis of modern economic and ecological policies.

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РОЛЬ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПОДХОДОВ К ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМУ РАЗВИТИЮВ ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ПОЛИТИКИ

Ecological problems have been addressed by even the founders of classical economics theory. In subsequent years, the interest of the international scientific and political community on these issues has been gradually gained ground, forming new scientific directions, main achievements of which are actively promoted on the international platforms and within the framework of the development policies implemented by the states. The purpose of this article is to analyze the main theoretical approaches to ecological problems and their solutions, which are the theoretical basis of modern economic and ecological policies.

Текст научной работы на тему «THE ROLE OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES OF ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN POLICY ELABORATION»

SUmhurnt^ninq^rn^rnU qmpqшglmU шЬиш^шЬ tfnmhgni.üühp^ qhpp £шцшрш^шит.р;]ши ^ш^шЬ qnpbnil

2,шртр]тй]ш11 L- U.

b'Z ^шиш^шрИшЬ. h qupipipmp-jih iiípjinli (2,ш]шшпшЬ, bphil)

harlusine@yahoo.com

4ánnpn2 prnnhp p^^ih^rn^^il h^tfüi^üq^pUhp, püшцшhцшüш-шüшhuшq^шшЦшü РШЦШРШЦШЬП1Р]П1Ь, ü^ilijp^ mümhunLpjnLÜ, p^^ih^i^^U mümhunLpjnLÜ,

tpumhpün^iühp

Роль теоретических подходов к экономическому развитию

в формировании политики

Арутюнян Л. М.

ЕГУ, Кафедра менеджмента и бизнеса (Армения, Ереван)

harlusine@yahoo.com

Резюме: Экологическим проблемам должное внимание уделили уже основатели классической экономической теории. В последующие годы интерес международного научного и политического сообщества к этим вопросам постепенно усилился, формируя новые научные направления, основные достижения которых активно поощряются на международных платформах и включаются в рамках политики развития, проводимой государствами. Целью данной статьи является анализ основных теоретических подходов к экологическим проблемам и их решениям, которые являются теоретической основой современной экономической и экологической политики.

Ключевые слова: экологические проблемы, экономико-экологическая политика, экономика окружающей среды, экологическая экономика, экстерналии

The Role of Theoretical Approaches of Economic and Ecological Development in

Policy Elaboration

Harutyunyan L. M.

YSU, Chair of Management and Business (Armenia, Yerevan)

harlusine@yahoo.com

Abstract: Ecological problems have been addressed by even the founders of classical economics theory. In subsequent years, the interest of the international scientific and political community on these issues has been gradually gained ground, forming new scientific directions, main achievements of which are actively promoted on the international platforms and within the framework of the development policies implemented by the states. The purpose of this article is to analyze the main theoretical approaches to ecological problems and their solutions, which are the theoretical basis of modern economic and ecological policies.

Keywords: ecological problems, economic and ecological policy, environmental economics, ecological economics, externalities

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1 Thomas Robert Malthus, "An Essay on the Principle of Population" 1798, London, (Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project, 1998,

http://www.esp.org/books/malthus/population/malthus.pd f)

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2 David Ricardo, "The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation".1817, Batoche Books, Kitchener, Canada, 2001, 3951, 292

(https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/ricard o/Principles.pdf)

3 John Stuart Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume III - The Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy (Books III-V and Appendices), ed. John M. Robson, Introduction by V.W. Bladen (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965, 801). (https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/243#Mill_0223-03_673)

4 John Stuart Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XVII - The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849-1873 Part IV, ed. Francis E. Mineka and Dwight N. Lindley (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), 1651. (https:/Ml.libertyfund.org/titles/254#Mill_0223-17_436)

5 Alfred Marshall, "Principles of Economics", 1890, 8th edition,

London: Palgrave Classics in Economics,2013

(http://www.library.fa.ru/files/Marshall-Principles.pdf)

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6 Pigou Arthur Cecil. The Economics of Welfare (4th ed.), London: Macmillan, 1932

(http://files.libertyfund.org/files/1410/Pigou_0316.pdf)

7 Coase Ronald H. "The Problem of Social Cost" Journal of Law and Economics, 1960, vol. 3, p. 1-44

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now, clean up later) u^qpnrüp^ü, ü^ü^qhn 2ms

8 Simon Kuznets. 1955. Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review, 49(1-28)

9 Grossman, G. M. and Krueger, A. B., 1991. Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3914, NBER, Cambridge MA.

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шцш qшрqшgпц hрЦрühр^ шпшй^^й пшпъй-йши^рпгр]шй шр^п^рпШ Цпр^ ййшй mhupp ¿^ pшgшhш]ш^пLÜ цш]йшйш^пр^шЬ tf^qmgh ш]й hшüqшtfшüpпф пр qшрqшgпц hрЦрühрp qhnüu ¿hü hшuhl_ £bU ш]й йшЦшр^шЦ^й, пр^д hhшп 2р2шЦш и^ш^шр^ шцтптпЫр иЦипШ t ü^qhp Cüq прпъй, qшрqшgш& hрЦрühр^ ^щрпШ шр дпгдшй^2р шшшшй-^пъй t 6229 UUb цп]_шр^д (И^итр^ш) tf^ü¿ü 12865 UUb цп^шр (ИиЪ)12 uшhtfшüühрпLtf:

^ршЦшйшд^шЬ pшq-йшр^ hhшшqпшпLp]пLÜühрp Цшрпц hüp ш^ш-ш^^ш^^ фшит^, пр qшрqшдпq hрЦрühрp qhnüu hhnm. hü ишhtfшüшфü

^hm^g, пр^ ühЬпLp]пLÜp шшрphр t риш hр-Црühр^: Uju шппШп^ pшцшpшЦшüпLpjшü Ü2шЦüшü цшшши^шüшшпLÜhрp ^hmp t ¿ЪИ ш^ üцшшшЦшqрüшüp qпLqшhhп ^ü-phр ¿^ш;^ mh^üп|пq^шЦшü ^hршq^ütfшü, üпршршрпLpjпLÜühр^ ühрqрtfшü, t^pq^-^hu шüpшрhüцшиш qпр&пl.ühпLpJшü ф^ш^ uш^прtfшü ^^mU^ü ü, püqhшüпLр шп-U^Up, шршшqрпLp]шü tühрqшшшрпLp]шü дш&р gпLgшü^2Ühр шщшhп^hpl. üцшшшЦп^

10 Susmita Dasgupta; Benoit Laplante; Hua Wang; David Wheeler, "Confronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve", The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 16, No. 1. (Winter, 2002), pp. 147-168.

11 David I. Stern, "The Environmental Kuznets Curve" Department of Economics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, 2003

12 Eugenio Figueroa B., Roberto Pastén C, "Country-specific environmental Kuznets curves: a random coefficient approach applied to high-income countries", Estudios de Economía. Vol.

36 - N° 1, 2009. P. 5-32

pmphü^mus ^mjümüühpp ushq&ümü ntq-qntpjmüp:

Q^hpm^müqü^nq nhuntpuühpp ^mnm^mp-ümü nppsntü üh& mqqhgntpptü t ntühgh^ ¿np-hj^üq^ ^münüp13, pus npp, üpgm^gntpjmü ^mjJmüühpnLÜ püm^mü nhuntpu^ hmq^m-qjntm l^üh^p ^mjnq ühbnLpjntüp nhümmü ^mü nnjm^p^ü (jprngntg^ ü^m^np^ mp^jnt-ümhmüümü q^üp mnmüg bm^uhp^), dmüm-üm^^ püpmgpntü mántü t nhuntpu^ q^u^nü-mm^npümü mn^numqpntjp^ ^m^n^, ^ü^p hmümqmmmu^mümpmp müqpmqmnüntü t ^^hpm^müqü^nq nhuntpu^ qü^ m^^ ^pm (mü^m^ nhuntpu^ mpqjntümhmüümü hhs ^m^^mfc bm^uhpp):

Uju^^un^, ühnqmum^mü ntqqntpjmü hh-münpqühpp püm^mü ü^gm^mjpp q^mmp^ntü t^ü np^hu püm^mü m^pmüpühp^ mqpjntp ü hhmümpmp mümhumq^mm^mü ^hp^nt^ntp-jntüühpü ^pm^mümgüntü t^ü 2n^^mjm^mü mnmgmp^^ ü ^mhmügmp^ mpmümpmünt-pjmüp: Uju hmümmhpumntü 2p^m^m ü^gm-^mjp^ ^mh^müümü ü^mmümüp mümhunt-pjmü untpjh^mühp^ ^mhmügmp^p q^mmp^-^ntü t bm^uhp ü oqntmühp 2pgmüm^ntü ü qmnüntü hmümqmrnmu^mü pmqmpm^münt-pjmü qnpb^p:

^ qmmmu^mü 2pgm^m ü^gm^mjp^ ^pü-q^pühp^ 2nLpg m^nq ümmhnqntpjntüühp^ 1960-m^müühp^ü ühnqmum^mü h^üp^ ^pm A.üm^np^hg mümhumq^mntpjmü mnmüA.^ü ntqqntpjntü 2F2mkm ü^gm^mjp^ mUmhumq^-wnLpjntü (environmental economics): Ujü h^ü-üm^müntü pünpn2^ntü tp ühnqmum^mü mümhumq^mm^mü mhuntpjmü 2pgmüm^ntü 2pgm^m ü^gm^mjp^ü ü püm^mü nhuntpuüh-p^ü mnü^nq ^üq^pühp^ ^n^^ümüp, ü npntü qhpm^m t^ü mü^üm^mü mqmmntpjntüp ü u^mnhjnL ^pm^ntüpp: Uju^üpü mnmgümj^ü tp ^hmntpjntüühp^ püm^mü üqntüp m^m-hn^h^nt mnm^hi_mqni.jü mümhum^mü m^, npntü 2pgm^m ü^gm^mjp^ ümuüm^gntpjntüp npüt ^hp^ umhümüm^m^^mb ^tp: Cüq npntü, mü^hpm^mh hm^mm ^mp q^mntpjmü ü mh^-ün^nq^m^mü qmpqmgümü hmüqh^, pus np^ ümpq^mj^ü ushq&mpmp üsp^ ü sh^ün^n-q^m^mü ünpmpmpntpjntüühp^ 2ünph^^ mp-

13 Hotelling H. The Economics of Exhaustible Resources // Journal of Political Economy. 1931. Vol. 39. № 2. P. 137-175.

smp^U mqqhgnLpjnLUUhpU mpmq ^hpmg-^h^U14: Ujq qh^pnrJ ^hsnrpjmU qhpm^msm-pnr.Jp hmUqnrJ t mpsmp^U mqqhgnLpjnLUUhpU hmughmqpJmU U ¿hqnpmgJmU U^msm^n^ (internalize) sUshu^mpnqUhp^U ^pmUUhp^ mnmgmp^JmUp: Hp^hu mjq^u^U ^pmn^nq qnpb^pm^mqJp UhpmnnrJ tp ^pm^m^mU ^mpqm^npnrJUhp, hmJm&mjUnLpjnLUUhp (pm-Um^gnrpjnrUUhp) U hmp^nrJ: UjUnrmJhUmj-U^, mju dmUm^m2pgmUnrJ J^ ^mpUnp hmpg bmqhg ph nppmU t sUshum^mU pUm-^mh^mUm^mU pmqmqp^^ mpdhpp: Hft^mJ "bnpqhmnruU nr ShjJu $-np^UU mnmgmp^hg^U "sUshum^mU pmph^hgnrpjmU qUmhmsnrJ" gnrgmUfr?P15, npn^ ^np& tp mp^nrJ pUm^mh-^mUm^mU U mjL bm^uhp^ J^gngn^ &?qpshi_ ¿"LU-^ pUm^mh^mUm^mU pmqmqp^Uhpp: Uju^UpU U^msm^U tp np^h^ sUshum^mU m^^ ^pm pUm^mh^mUm^mU mqqhgnrpjnrUp: frUqp^ ^mpUnpnrpjmU q^sm^gJmU ^mjnr-pjnrUU t mjU hmUqmJmUpp, np 2018p. sUsh-umq^snrpjmU qbn^ LnphymU JpgmUm^p 2Unph^h t H^l^mJ "bnpqhmnru^U hp^mpm-dmJ^hs Jm^pnsUshum^mU ^hpinLbnLpjnrU-UhpnrJ ^L^Jmj^ ^n^n^nrpjnrUp Uhpmnh^nr hmJmp:

Uju ^mpUnp hmpg^U hU mUqpmqmpAh UmU t^njnq^m^mU sUshumq^snrpjmU Uhp-^mjmgnrg^Uhpp16" ZLU-^ ^n^mphU qhpm-qmuhjn^ ^m^mU mnmgpUpmg^ gnrgmUfy?P (Genuine Progress Indicator) ^mJ ^mjnrU sUsh-um^mU pmph^hgnrpjmU hmJmp^p (Index of Sustainable Development), npnUgnrJ np^hu sUshum^mU bm^u hm2^mp^mb t pUm^mU ^m^sm^ mpdhqp^nrJp:

Zmm^mU2m^mU t, np ^mUmqmjnrJ U UUL npn2 UmhmUqUhpnrJ ^m^mU mnmgpUpmg^ gnrgmU^2P ^m2snUm^hu pUqnrU^h t U

14 Erickson, Jon. (1999). Ecological economics: an emerging alternative to environmental economics. Environmental Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy,Cornell University, Editor: Duan Chapman p. 354

15 Volume Title: Economic Research: Retrospect and Prospect, Volume 5, Economic Growth, William D. Nordhaus and James Tobin, Chapter Title: Is Growth Obsolete?, 1972, p. 1 - 80

16 Daly, Herman E; Cobb, John B, For the common good : redirecting the economy toward community, the environment,

and a sustainable future, Boston : Beacon Press, 1989 Kubiszewski, Ida; Costanza, Robert; Franco, Carol; Lawn, Philip; Talberth, John; Jackson, Tim; Aylmer, Camille; Beyond

GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress; Ecological Economics, 2013, pp. 57-68

pmn^nrJ t ^pm^mU mnmgpUpmg^ qUmhms-JmU U^msm^n^:

t^njnq^m^mU sUshumq^snrpjnrUp AUm-t m^h^ nL2 1980-m^mU p^m^mUUh-p^U U^msm^ nrUhUmjn^ nrunrJUmu^ph^ sUshum^mU U t^njnq^m^mU hmJm^mpqhp^ ^n^mnU^nrpjnrUp17 q^smp^hjn^ sUshum-^mU qnpbnLUhnLpjnrUU t^nhmJm^mpq^ 2p2m-Um^nrJ: U^h^ usnrjq, ^mph^ t ^mushp np t^njnq^m^mU sUshumq^snrpjnrUp AUm^np-t 1989p. «t^njnq^m^mU sUshumq^snr-pjmU J^gmqqmj^U hmumpm^nrpjnrU» ^mqJm-^hp^nrpjmU h^JUnrJ^g hhsn: ^mqJm^hp-^nr-pjmU m^mUm^np Uhp^mjmgnrg^Uhp^g hU sUshumqhsUhp L^^n^mu Snpghupjnr-ftnqhUp, £hUhp Pnnqq^Uqp, ZhpJmU Tm^U U ft^^mpq Lnpqmmpqp, t^n^nq ftnphpm 4nu-smUgmU U 2ms nLpfr?Uhp: LpmUp UmU Jhb m^mUq nrUhU t^n^nq^m^mU sUshumq^snL-pjmU AUm^npJmU U qmpqmgJmU qnpbnrJ:

Uju shunrpjmU 2pgmUm^nrJ ^npA t mp-^nrJ pUq]_mjUhi_ Uhnqmum^mU ^mpmq^qJmU hhsmqnsnrpjnLUUhpnrJ Uhpmnh^n^ sUshum-^mU qnpbnrUhnrpjmU mpqjnrUpnrJ mnmgmgnq 2pgm^m J^gm^mjp^ bm^uhp^ q^sm^mUnphU h^JUm^np^mb JhbnrpjnrUUhpp: LJmU Jnsh-gnrJU pUqnrUhj^ ¿tp Uhnqmum^mUUhp^ ^nq-J^g, pmU^ np mjq qh^pnrJ ^phUg shunrpjmU JmphJms^^m^mU hm^mumpnrJUhp^ h^J-pnrJ qp^mb hUpmqpnrpjnrUUhpp ^n^n^h^nr mUhpmdh2snLpjnrU ^mnmgmUmp: UmuUm^n-pm^hu, Uhnqmum^mU sUshumq^snrpjmU hhsUjmL 3 h^JUmqpnrjpUhpp ^^^mp^^hg^U Snpghupjnr-ftnqhU^ ^nqJ^g. UmuUm^npm-^hu 1) 2nr^mjm^mU hmJm^mpqhpp ^m^ hU, 2) 2pgm^m J^gm^mjp^ 2nr^mjm^mU nh-unrpuUhpp ^hsp t q^smp^hU np^hu 2nr^m-jm^mU hmJm^mpq^g qnrpu U 3) 2nr^mjm^mU sUshunrpjmU m^^ U pUq^mjUJmU umhJmUUhp ¿^mU18:

^mq PnntLq^UqD mUqpmqmpAh^ tp sUshum^mU m^^ ^^q^^m^mU umhJmUm-^m^nrpjmU ^Uq^pUhp^U, ^^^mp^h^ sh^Un^n-q^m^mU ^n^n^ntpjnrUUhp^ 2Unph^^ mjq

17 R. Costanza, J. Cumberland, H. Daly, R. Goodland and R. Norgaard, An Introduction to Ecological Economics (St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton, 1997), pp. 86-88

18 Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas. 1971. The entropy law and the economic process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., pp. 20-21

umhümüühpp hmqpmhmpümü hümpm^npnr-pjnrüühpp U pp hmjmüp hpm^mpm^ümüp19 t^n.nqpm^mü mümhumqpmnrpjmü hpüümpmp qmqm^mpühpp hpüpp qph.:

Lm mnmgpüü tp, np mnmgmp^hg qpmmp-^h. mümhunrpjmü U 2pgm^m üpgm^mjpp ^n-^mqmpA. ^m^p phpünqpümüp^mjp ophüpüh-pp mhumü^jnrüpg: UpqjnrüpnLÜ, ¿.Um^hp^hg hp^nr mnmügpmjpü hüpmqpnrpjnrü. 1) hmüm-A.mjü phpünqpümüp^mjp mnmgpü ophüpp (üjnrpp U tühpqpmjp ^mh^münrü) 2pgm^m üpgm^mjppg mümhunLpjni.ü ühpqp^nq nh-unrpuühpp hnupp ^hmp t hm^mump Lpüp mpmmqpnrpjmü U u^mnümü mpqjnrüpnLÜ mnmgmgnq pm^nüühpp mpmmhnuppü, 2) hm-ümAmjü phpünqpümüp^mjp hp^pnpq ophüfp (tüppn^pmjp ophüp) pm^nüühpp hp^pnp-qmjpü 100 mn^nun^ ^hpmü2m^nrü hümpm^np ¿t: Ujupüpü, mümhunLpjnrüp ^m^ hmüm^mpq t, npnrü mümhunrpjmü U 2pgm^m üpgm^mjpp üp^U nhunrpuühpp 2p2m^mnt]mp mpqjnrüpnLÜ mnmgmgnq pm^nüühpp npn2m^p ümu ^nimm^nrü t, pmüp np qpmügpg ünp nh-unrpuühp hümpm^np ¿t umhqbh.: ZhmUmpmp pn.np gmüphpp ^hmp t nrqq^hü pm^nüühpp ü^mqhgümüp U qpmüg hümpm^nppüu hp^-pnpqmjpü ^hpmü2m^ümüp, ¿^hpm^müqü^nq nhunrpuühpp ^mh^müümüp U tühpqpmjp mj.-pümpmüpmjpü mqpjnrpühpp ümpupüm. oq-mmqnpbümüp mnm^hLnrpjnLü mm.n^ mpUm-jpü tühpqpmjpü:

Uju mpmümpmünrpjmü hmümmhpumnrü Z. ^mjpü (ümU Zmüm2^mphmjpü pmü^nrü pp ^m2rnnüm^mpümü püpmgpnrü) qm2rnqm-ünrü t ^mjnrü ^mü ummmp^ mümhunrpjmü (steady-state economy) qmqm^mpp qhü mpsm-hmjm^h.n^ 2mpnrüm^m^mü m^pü20: Up^jntü-pnLÜ, mpmmqpnrpjmü hmummmntü bm^m.-ühpp ^mpmqmjnrü pm2^nrüü ppm^mümg^nrü t üpgm^gmjpü u^qpnrüphpn^ 2n^mjm^mü nrdhpp mqqhgnrpjmüp: Upmdmümüm^, ^m-pUnp^nrü t npm^m^mü m^p m^mhn^nrüp, npp hmüqhgüh.nr t ^mjnrü qmpqmgümü:

ZhsUmpmp mümhunrpjmü o^mpüm. ümu2smpp mpmmqpmüpp mjü^pup bm^m. t

hüpmqpnrü, npp qhqpnrü hnrüp-mprnmq-pmüp-pm^nü gp^Lp t^nhmüm^mpqp ^hpm-^müqüümü U ^.müümü ^mpnqnLpjnrüühpp umhümünrü ^üüm: Ujq ü^mmm^n^ pmqm-pm^münrpjmü qnpbppm^mqüp ^hmp t nrq-q^mb Lpüp mümhunrpjmü ümu2smpp ^mpqm-^npümüp:

Cpgm^m üpgm^mjpp mümhumqpmnLpjmü U t^n.nqpm^mü mümhumqpmnLpjmü üp^U u^qpntüpmjpü mmpphpntpjntüp ^mjmüntü t üpmüntü, np mnmgpüp 2pgmüm^ntü 2pgm^m üpgm^mjpp U mümhuntpjnLüp qpmmp^^ntü hü mnmüApü hmümphLn^, np mn^m t hp^ntup üp^U npn2m^p hmsümü mppni.jp, üpmdm-ümüm^, püqntühLp t hmümp^ntü, np püm^mü nhuntpuühpp hüpm^m hü ^mnm^mpümü, hph qpmüp umhümüm^m^ hü U ümuüm^gntü hü mümhum^mü qnpbpüpmgühppü, üpü¿qhn t^n-Lnqpm^mü mümhumqpmnLpjmü 2pgmüm^ntü hüpmqp^ntü t, np mümhuntpjnLüp t^nhm-üm^mpqp ümu t U hhsUmpmp ^pntü t mjq hmüm^mpqp mqqhgntpjntüp, pu^ ^hpLntbntp-jntüühpntü müqpmqmpA. t ^mmmp^ntü pnLnp püm^mü nhuntpuühppü np^hu hm^mumpm-^hu ^mpUnp, mü^m^ mümhum^hu hmq^m-qjntm LpühLnL hmüqmümüppg:

t^nhmüm^mpqhpp U mümhum^mü pmqm-pm^müntpjmü ^n^hmpmphpntpjmü püntjpp mhum^münphü smpphp ^hp^ ^mphLp t umh-ümühL, mjq qmm^mnn^ s^jmL ^üqpp mnü¿nL-pjmüp püqntühLp t «ühpnqm^mü pmqüm^mp-bntpjmü»21 ünmhgntüp: Unm^h. Uu, mü^p^hLp t, np ungpm.m^mü U t^n.nqpm^mü hmüm^mp-qhpp pünpn2^ntü hü pmpq ^mnntg^mbpn^ U qmü^ntü hü mü^hpg qpmm^mü ntuntüüm-uppntpjntüühpp U pmüm^h^hpp mppntjpntü, pü¿p ^mjümüm^npntü t qpmüg ^hpmphpjm. üpmü2müm^ ünmhgntüühpp pmgm^mjntpjnL-üp:

Püm^mü t, np t^n.nqpm^mü mümhumqpmnLpjmü ü^mmm^mqpntüp, mjü t «ntdhq» ^mjntünLpjnLüp (strong sustainability) 22, nppmü t., np üm^pümph.p t püm^mh^müm^mü mhumü^jnrüpg, qnpbüm^münrü qmpqmgnq hp-

19 Boulding K. 1966. The economics of the coming spaceship Earth. Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, ed. H Jarett, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, pp. 3-14

20 Daly, H. E. 1991. Steady-state economics (2nd ed.).

Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 180-194

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Norgaard, Richard. The case for methodological pluralism. Ecological Economics. 1. 1989, pp. 37-57. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.. Amsterdam, The Netherlands 22 Daly,H.E.,1991.Elements of environmental macroeconomics. Costanza, R. (Ed.),Ecological Economics: the Science and Management of Sustainability. Columbia University Press, New York.

^pUhp^ hmJmp pmqmpm^mUnrpjmU U^m^JmU pUqnrUh^ U ^pmnh^ qnp&^pm^mqJ ^mpnq t mnmgmp^h^ hp^mpmdmJ^hs hms^m&nrJ, hpp h^mJs^, mqpmsnrpjmU U qnp&mqp^nrp-jmU gnrgmUfy?Uhp^ 2hqnrJp qmpqmgmfc hp-^pUhp^ hmJhJms hmpmphpm^mUnphU ^npp U^mdmJmUm^, J^mU2mUm^ t, np pUm^mh^mUm^mU u^qpnrUpUhp^ hUmpm^n-p^Uu UhpqpnrJp sUshum^mU qnp&pUpmg-UhpnrJ U^mushjnr t s^jmi_ hp^pnrJ ^jmUp^ npm^ pmphjm^JmUp:

^mp&nrJ hUp, pmqmpm^mUnrpjmU ^hpm-phpjm^ pUspnrpjnrU ^msmph^u mnmgUmj^U t hp^p^ Um^pUspnrpjnrUp qmpqmgJmU s^jm^ ^nq^U hmJmqmsmu^mU «nrdhq» ^m-jnrUnrpjmU, ph «pnrji» ^mjnrUnrpjmU qnp&^p-Uhp^ pUspnrpjmU ^hpmphpjmp

U2^hg, 2pgm^m J^m^mjp^ sUsh-umq^snrpjmU hhsUnpqUhpp h^JUm^mU ^pU-q^pp hmJmpnrJ hU 2nr^mj^ A.m^nqnrJUhpp U qpmUg mpA.mqmUphinr U^msm^n^ mnmgmp-^nrJ ^pmnhj_ 2nt^mjm^mU inr&nrJUhp (market-based solutions)" pmqmpm^mUnrpjnrU, np^ U^msm^U t ushqbh^ unrpjh^sUhp^ ^mp-pmqb^ ^n^n^nrpjmUU nrqq^mfc sUshum^mU ^pmU^Uhp mnmUg nrqqm^nphU ph]_mqphinr ^mppmqfc^ ^mUnUUhp ^mp^mhpmJmjm^mU JhpnqUhpn^_ (command and control measures): LJmU sUshum^mU qnp&^pm^mqJ^ ^pmn-JmU 2n^p2 ^nUuhUunru mn^m t UmU t^njn-q^m^mU sUshumqhsUhp^ ^nqJ^g: №mp^h, UpmUp hmJmpnrJ hU, np mju^un^ jnL&^nrJ hU ^Uqpn mnmp^m hmpghpp J^pnJm^mp-qm^nrJ U hhsUmpmp Jh& hm^mUm^mUnrp-jmJp Jm^pnJm^mpqm^nrJ ^Uq^pUhp^ inL&-JmU mjL qnp&^pm^mqJ t ^hsp ^pmnhp: Um, ^mp&nrJ hUp, ^mn ^mjnrpjnrUU t mjU hmUqmJmUp^, np sUshumq^snrpjmU U2^m& hp^nr nrqqnrpjntUUhpp ^pmqJms^ npn2 hmpghpnrJ ^mpnq hU ^n^jpmgUnq i^Uhp

U^U^ mjdJ ^pm^mUmg^mfc 2mpf hh-smqnsnrpjnrUUhp24 ^mjnrJ hU, np sUshum-^mU qnp&^pUhp^ ^pmnJmU fcm^uhpp 2ms

23 Harris, Jonathan. Brian Roach. ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS: A CONTEMPORARY APPROACH, New York, NY : Routledge, 2018, pp. 10-12

24 Harrington W., Morgenstern R.D. (2007) Economic Incentives Versus Command and Control: What's the Best Approach for Solving Environmental Problems?. In: Visgilio

G.R., Whitelaw D.M. (eds) Acid in the Environment. Springer, Boston,

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' OECD, Policy Instruments for the Environment, 2017, p/ 2

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26 World Bank, Greening Industry: New Roles for Communities, Markets and Governments. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000

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