9Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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THE MAIN DIRECTIONS AND ISSUES OF TRANSLATION
Adiba Salohiddin qizi Toshtemirova
O'zbekiston Milliy universiteti Amaliy ingliz tili va adabiyotshunoslik kafedrasi o'qituvchisi Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT:
This scientific article is devoted to the problems of translation such as lexical and syntactic which were defined by scholars and linguists. Moreover theories of scholars are used to investigate this research.
Keywords: denotative, semantic, transformational, lexical meaning, methaphorical expression, pragmatic aspects.
ANNOTATSIYA
Ushbu ilmiy maqola tarjima ning quyidagi muammolari ya'ni leksik va sintaktik turlariga bag'ishlanadi. Ushbu muammolar tilshunos olimlar tomonidan tadqiq etilgan va ularning nazariyalaridan ushbu maqoladan foydalanilgan.
Kalit so'zlar: denonativ, semantik, transformatsion, leksik ma'no, metaforik ta'sir, pragmatic aspect.
Translation is the academic discipline related to the study of the theory and phenomena of translation. By its nature it is multilingual and also interdisciplinary, encompassing any language combinations, various branches of linguistics, comparative literature, communication studies, philosophy and a range of cultural studies including post colonialism and postmodernism as well as sociology and historiography. [4;14]
Fyodorov stresses that translation theory is an independent linguistic discipline, deriving from observations and providing the basis for practice. He believes that all experience is translatable and rejects the view that language expresses a peculiar mental word-picture.
Comissarov sees translation theory moving in three directions:
1) The denotative (informational translation);
2) The semantic (precise equivalence);
3) The transformational (transposition of relevant structures). [1;152]
957
April 23-24, 2024
Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
^hjrchiqdavlat^edagGgika^niversiteti^^^^^^^Za
Translation studies elements of social science and the humanities and deals with the systematic study of the theory, the description and the application of translation, interpreting or both these activities.
E. Nida subdivides the process of translation into three stages:
a) Analysis: The surface structure of the Source language text is analyzed in terms of sentential and supra-sentential features. Sentential features include the grammatical relations between the constituent parts of source language and referential meanings of the semantic units. Supra sentential features include the connotative value of the syntactic structures i.e., the evaluation of the syntactic and semantic features of style.
b)Ttransfer: The analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from source language kernel(deep) structures to receptor language deep structures.
c) Restructuring: the transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. [3;17]
It is true that in some cases it is necessary to paraphrase the source-language structure to facilitate its translation. Such transformations come in handy especially when the source-language structure is ambiguous or when it has no parallel in the target language. But transformations in terms of generative grammar are not the only type of paraphrases used in translation. What is more, in some cases, especially when close parallels exist between the source- and target-language structures, they are not even necessary.
Currently, political, economical, cultural cooperation with different countries are developing over the world, so we cannot imagine these relations without translation. it seems to say about importance of translation as the significant of the sun. That means there is no life without sun and there is no development without relationship between countries." It causes negative results not to be aware of other countries' life". [5;18] According to Salomov G Translation is considered with following concepts:
-a friendship and coexistence between countries; -an increasing of scientific and technical researchers; -the influence of culture, art and literature to each other; -enlarging of languages.
Translation is to express oral and written materials of certain language with another language unit. "The notion of translation is so wide. It is the translation of literary works such as: poem, novels, belles-lettres texts, and publicist books, diplomatic documents, official letters, speech of orators and political statesmen, newspapers, films, conversation of people from one language into another one" [5;95]
April 23-24, 2024
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Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
Translation is, at the same time, both too easy to think about and too difficult. It is too difficult, because the vocabulary has been so carelessly used over the centuries that making distinctions within that vocabulary is rendered impossible. So we can see some problems of theory of translation. Translation problems can be divided into linguistic problems and cultural problems: the linguistic problems include grammatical differences, lexical ambiguity and meaning ambiguity; the cultural problems refer to different situational features According to Dr. Miremadi, translation problems are divided into two main categories: lexical problems and syntactic problems. [2;100] He divides lexical problems into five subcategories:
-Straight/ denotative meaning This kind of meaning refers to those words of the source text that can be matched with those of the target text "without missing images" (e.g. mother, father, etc). -Lexical meaning
Lexical meaning refers to words or phrases which seem to be equivalent, although in that situation this may not be the case; the translator must be aware of the intention beyond the words in order not to misrepresent the author's message.
-Metaphorical expression This subcategory refers to the problematic issues of translating idioms and similar expressions. For instance: She was inclined to think ... that her brother was the apple o f Mrs. Ashbury's eyes, and (that she thought) the apple was full o f worm-holes. -Она была склонна думать, что миссис Эшбери ... носится со своим сыном как с писаной торбой, и что торба эта гнилая. "-You really all right? " whispered Salo. "-Yes,Fine", whispered Constant. Warm as toast»
Syntactic problems are the other main category of translation problems; as Dr. Miremadi quoted Nida, one can find no two languages that have the exact identical systems of structural organizations (i.e. language structure varies from one language to another). These differences include:
1. Word classes; Languages differ from each other in the internal word formation of language classification.
2. Grammatical relations; this difference exists among the languages in the way that a constituent of a sentence functions within that sentence.
3. Word order
4. Style
5. Pragmatic aspects
Here we will give some examples of translation, the word "dod" is given by using "bravo" and "ta'zim bajo keltirdi" through "bowed".We think there is no
April 23-24, 2024
959
Chirchik State Pedagogical University Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Chirchiq davlat pedagogika universiteti
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Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
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equivalent of "dod" in English. However "do'st" is given with "brilliant"may be it is the mistake of the translator.
Abdulla chindan ham shavq dengizidan chiqib kelgan kimsadek, atrofga shabko 'rona alanglar edi. [6;77]
Abdulla was indeed like someone emerghing from of a sea of wonder,_ looking around as if half -blinded.[ 6;90] the word "shapko 'rona alanglar edi "is translated with "looking around as if half -blinded"in English. It is also word-for word translation.
Now, below given example you will be witnessed the skill of the translator and the author as well.
Barchinoy eshik oldida qovog'ini uyub, lablarini chuchchaytirib, aravachada o 'tirgan o'g 'lini choyshabga o 'radi.
Barchinoy was there. She knitted her brows, pouted her lips,and tucked the child who was sitting in a stroller, into his blanket.
O'rolboy uning qo 'lidan ushlab, yana o'ziga qaratdi-da, belidan mahkam quchoqlab... o'zi ko'kartirgan o 'shayanoqlaridan o 'pdi.
-Orolboy took her hands and turned her to himself, put his arms around her waist and kissed her on the cheekbone that was hurt. [7;30]
From this example, we can see that "Togay Murod used a great deal of literary words to attract readers' attention.
In conclusion, Translation and translator plays an important role in solving such kind of problems. The necessity and requirement for translators and their duties are becoming more essential issue.
REFERENCES
1. Комиссаров В. H. Теория перевода (лингвистические аспекты)учебник.-М.,Высш. шк,1990.
2. Miremadi S.A.Theories of translation and interpretation.-Tehran.,SAMT,1991.
3. Nida.E.Science of Translation.-America.,Linguistic society of America,1969.
4. Рашидова А. Ф. About some difficulties of literary translation// Молодой ученый.-^^^.
5. Salomov G'. Tarjima nazariyasiga kirish.-Toshkent.,1968.
6. Hamid Ismoilov. Jinlar bazmi.-Toshkent., 2012.
7. Tog'ay Murod. Er va xotin.- Toshkent., 1970.
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