3Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
USING THE HYPONYMS FOR IMPROVING THE BEGINNERS'
VOCABULARY RANGE
Nasiba Komil qizi Jumaeva
English teacher, Chirchik State Pedagogical University nasibajumayeva1 @gmail.com
ANNOTATION
Hyponyms are words that belong to a specific category or concept but have varying degrees of specificity. Understanding hyponyms and their relationships with other words can greatly improve vocabulary range. By exploring the semantic hierarchy and categorization of words, learners can enhance their lexical knowledge and language acquisition skills. Hyponyms provide insights into the linguistic organization of words and help learners grasp the nuances and subtle differences in meaning between related terms. By actively engaging with hyponyms, learners can expand their vocabulary and express themselves more precisely.
Keywords: hyponyms, vocabulary range, word relationships, language acquisition, semantic hierarchy, lexical knowledge, word categories, specificity, linguistic organization.
Introduction. Developing a strong vocabulary is a fundamental aspect of language acquisition, especially for beginners. One effective approach to expand vocabulary skills is through the exploration of hyponyms. Hyponyms are words that belong to the same category but have varying degrees of specificity. By incorporating hyponyms into their learning journey, beginners can enhance their vocabulary range, deepen their understanding of word relationships, and improve their overall language proficiency. In this article, we will explore the benefits of using hyponyms and provide practical examples to help beginners utilize this technique effectively. Research Methodology. It is well known that a taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) the structure of classifying especially it is a hierarchical classification which means that things are organized according to its groups or types. In addition to this, taxonomy also applies to relationship schemes other than parent-child hierarchies such as network structures. Taxonomies hierarchies may then include a single child with multi-parents, for instance, car might appear with both parents vehicles and steel mechanisms; to some however, this merely means that car is a part of several different taxonomies. Taxonomy (classification) is a specific method of semantic analysis, a set of principles and rules for the classification of linguistic
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Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
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objects [1]. Using many methods, the concept of taxonomy, which is expressed as a function of the taxonomic relations of objects and their attributes, was introduced into the linguistic system [2]. The concept of mutualism is important as a tool of evolutionary theory. Taxonomic relationships have been expressed automatically for many years. R.A. Amsler automatically created a taxonomy for English noun and verb word groups based on dictionary definitions [3]. M.A. Hirst introduced the use of lexical and syntactic patterns representing hyponymic relations [4]. Taxonomy simultaneously includes three types of relationships, namely hypernymy (genus-species), hyponymy (species-genus) and cohyponymy (speciesspecies). In the study of lexical-semantic groups and functional-semantic fields of natural language word groups, it shows the lack of strict consistency and systematicity in the manifestation of hyper-hyponymic relations. In the scientific typologies of various fields, hyper-hyponymy is a common phenomenon that expands and systematizes the concepts of profession.. It is well known that a taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) the structure of classifying especially it is a hierarchical classification which means that things are organized according to its groups or types. In addition to this, taxonomy also applies to relationship schemes other than parent-child hierarchies such as network structures. Taxonomies hierarchies may then include a single child with multi-parents, for instance, car might appear with both parents vehicles and steel mechanisms; to some however, this merely means that car is a part of several different taxonomies [5]. Materials and methods There have been many researchers and linguistics scholars who have studied and researched the issues related to hyponymy and hyponymic relation and its lexical and semantic characteristics of hyponyms. Here are some examples of research and references. Researchers have found that they expressed their own opinions and research works about lexical and semantic features of hyponyms (Krongauz M.A.Semantics., 2001) [6]. And also studies can be found about this hyponyms and its semantical features in Uzbek Associate Professor N.K.Sabirova and N.K.Jumaeva"s articles ("Hyponymic Taxonomy In Semantics", 2022) [7]. Addition to this the lexical and semantic peculiarities of hyponyms can be highlighted in (Jumaeva, N. K. 2022. Lexical And Semantic Characteristics Of Hyponomic Relations And Deeply Analyzing Its Features In English Linguistucs) [8] and and using in teaching process it (Shorxametov Shotillo Safarovich and Tursuntosh Isroilova 2022.) [9]. Materials and methods. "Words and their Meaning" by Howard Jackson and Etienne Ze Amvela. This book provides an in-depth analysis of words, including hyponyms, and their meanings. It explores the theoretical and practical aspects of vocabulary acquisition and usage."Lexical Semantics: Hyponyms and Hypernyms"
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Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
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by Walter R. Thomas. This scholarly work focuses specifically on the study of hyponyms and hypernyms, offering detailed explanations and examples to help readers understand their role in language and vocabulary development.
"The Oxford Handbook of Lexicography" edited by Philip Durkin.This comprehensive handbook covers various aspects of lexicography, including the study of hyponyms. It provides insights into the creation, organization, and usage of dictionaries, which often include hyponyms as a key component. "Word Power Made Easy" by Norman Lewis. Although not solely focused on hyponyms, this popular vocabulary-building book features exercises and techniques that can help improve vocabulary range, including the use of word relationships such as hyponyms. Result and discussion. Hyponyms are words that fall under a broader category. They represent the hierarchical structure of language and provide insights into the relationships between words. For example, within the category of "fruits," hyponyms include "apple," "banana," and "orange." Also there is several benefits of utilizing hyponyms for beginners:
1. Vocabulary Enrichment: Exploring hyponyms allows beginners to discover a wide range of words related to a specific category. By learning multiple words with subtle nuances, beginners can express themselves more precisely and expand their vocabulary repertoire.
2. Contextual Comprehension: Hyponyms provide valuable insights into how words are used in different contexts. By understanding the relationships between words within a category, beginners can comprehend and use language more effectively, enhancing their overall language skills.
3. Memory Enhancement: Learning words in the context of their hyponyms aids memory retention. By associating new words with related terms, beginners create stronger neural connections, making it easier to recall and apply vocabulary in real-life situations.
Practical Examples of Utilizing Hyponyms:
1. Category: Animals
• Hyponyms: dog, cat, lion, elephant, giraffe
• Example sentence: "I saw a majestic lion at the zoo yesterday."
2. Category: Colors
• Hyponyms: red, blue, green, yellow, orange
• Example sentence: "She painted the room a vibrant shade of blue."
3. Category: Professions
• Hyponyms: doctor, teacher, engineer, musician, chef
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Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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• Example sentence: "My sister aspires to become a skilled chef in the future."
4. Category: Vehicles
• Hyponyms: car, motorcycle, bicycle, truck, bus
• Example sentence: "He commutes to work on his sleek black motorcycle."
5. Category: Emotions
• Hyponyms: happy, sad, excited, anxious, content
• Example sentence: "She felt a surge of excitement upon receiving the good news."
6. Category: Food
• Hyponyms: apple, banana, orange, strawberry, watermelon
• Example sentence: "She enjoyed a refreshing slice of watermelon on a hot summer day."
7. Category: Clothing
• Hyponyms: shirt, pants, dress, hat, shoes
• Example sentence: "He wore a stylish hat that perfectly complemented his outfit."
Conclusion
Incorporating hyponyms into vocabulary-building exercises can significantly benefit beginners in their language learning journey. By exploring related words within a category, beginners can expand their vocabulary, improve contextual comprehension and enhance memory retention. Examples in various categories, such as animals, colors, professions, vehicles, emotions, food, and clothing, demonstrate the practical application of hyponyms. By actively engaging with hyponyms and practicing their usage in context, beginners can develop a strong vocabulary foundation and improve their overall language proficiency. With consistent effort and a curious mindset, utilizing hyponyms will undoubtedly unlock the full potential of beginners' vocabulary skills.
REFERENCES
1. Krongauz M.A.Semantics. -M., 2001: -C. 98.
2. Farris J.S. The meaning of relationship and taxonomic procedure. Systematic Zoology. Vol. 16. No.1. 1967. pp. 44-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2411515.
3. Amsler R.A. A taxonomy for English nouns and verbs, in Proceedings of the 19th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics. Standford, CA. 1981. pp. 133-138.
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Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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4. Hearst M.A. Automatic acquisition of hyponyms from large text corpora, in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 1992. pp. 539-545.
5. Jackson, Joab, "Taxonomy"s not just design, it"s an art". Government Computer news. Washingtong, D.C. September 2, 2004. Pp 98-99.
6. J. Djumabaeva, N. Sabirova. The study of hyponymic taxonomy in English linguistics and the lexical and semantic relations of hyponymy. Ilkogretim Online-Elementary Education Online 2020; 19(4):p. 874. Doi:10.17051 /ilkonline .2020.04.195
7. N. K. Sabirova. N. K. Jumaeva. Hyponymic Taxonomy In Semantics. Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS) ISSN (online): 21812454 Volume 2 | Issue 12 |December, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947
| Google Scholar | www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022- 12-143-148 Email: carjisor@gmail.com.
8. Jumaeva, N. K. (2022). Lexical And Semantic Characteristics Of Hyponomic Relations And Deeply Analyzing Its Features In English Linguistucs. Academic Research in Educational Sciences, 3(4), 535-542.
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