1Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
THE CLASSIFICATION OF LEXICAL UNITS WITH FINANCIAL POSITION ACCORDING TO SCIENTISTS VIEW
Guljahon Ahmadjanovna Dehkhonova
Namangan Davlat Pedagogika Instituti ijtimoiy gumanitar fanlar Kafedrasi stajyor-o'qituvchisi
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present paper is to study the national-cultural specificity phraseological units of English and Uzbek languages.The national-cultural specificity of phraseological units with the names of animals which is opened is caused by the factors linguistic and extra linguistic character. As a result of experience of comparisons English and Uzbek phraseological units the following conformity between them are established: complete conformity, partial conformity, absence of conformity.
Keywords: Phraseological units, idiom, national-cultural specificity, linguistic and extra linguistic character, reality.
ANNOTATSIYA
Ushbu maqolaning maqsadi milliy-madaniy o'ziga xoslikni o'rganishdir.Ingliz va o'zbek tillarining frazeologik birliklari. Milliy-madaniy o'ziga xoslik.Hayvon nomlari bilan ochilgan frazeologik birliklarning lingvistik va ekstralingvistik xususiyatga ega omillar. ning tajribasi natijasida ingliz va o'zbek frazeologik birliklarini quyidagi muvofiqlikni taqqoslaydi ular orasida belgilanadi: to'liq muvofiqlik, qisman muvofiqlik, yo'qligi muvofiqlik.
Tayanch so'zlar: Frazeologik birliklar, idioma, milliy-madaniy o'ziga xoslik, lingvistik va qo'shimcha lingvistik xarakter, voqelik.
INTRODUCTION
In modern linguistics, problems related to the study of the national-cultural specificity of a particular subsystem of the language in a typological sense are particularly relevant. In connection with the expanding contacts between peoples by economic, political, cultural and scientific ties, the need for theoretical research puts these topics in a number of problems.
The majority of researches as define the modern society as an information society. The scientific investigation of the foremost difficulties of Uzbek lexicology
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began in the mid-nineteenth century. As we can say that I can write about lexical units with compare set expressions.
The lexical units often referred to as lexical units. Lexical units and phrases are (according to Prof. Kunin A.V.) stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meanings ("line your pocket"- (line your pocket), "tidy sum"-(large sum), "filthy-filthy"(equal, or into two equal parts). While according to Rosemarie Gläser, a lexical unit is a lexicalized, reproducible lexemic or polylexemic words. We can find the meaning of a lexicology unit by one of its components (when it is motivated). In cognitive linguistics tradition, idioms are claimed to have conceptual motivation, on the other hand there are many phraseological units, the meaning of which cannot be found by knowing the meaning of one of its components (when it is not motivated). Its meaning should be traced by using the compositional analysis method. This method helps in need to discover the semantic meaning in the semantic field.
Integrity (or transference) of meaning means that none of the idiom components is separately associated with any referents of objective reality, and the meaning of the whole unit cannot be deduced from the meanings of its components; Stability (lexical and grammatical) means that no lexical substitution is possible in an idiom in comparison with free or variable word-combinations (with an exception of some cases when such substitutions are made by the author intentionally). The experiments show that the meaning of an idiom is not exactly identical to its literal paraphrase given in the dictionary entry. That is why we may speak about lexical flexibility of many units if they are used in a creative manner. Lexical stability is usually accompanied by grammatical stability which prohibits any grammatical changes;
LITERATURE ANALYSIS AND METHODS
Every word has a grammatical and a lexical meaning as basic ones; The lexical meaning contains denotative and connotative meanings, the latter being a matter of diverse interpretation among linguists;
Leech G. distinguishes 7 types of meaning, namely, conceptual, connotative, collocative, reflective, affective, social, and thematic; 1
Denotative meaning of a lexeme is the relationship between that lexeme and persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities external to the language system. It is primary, literal meaning which does not attach any implied, or cultural associations to a word;
1 Semantics by Geoffrey Leech :1981 https://cspu.uz/
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Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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Connotative meaning refers to the associated, implied, or secondary meaning of a word. It is connected to the emotions and experiences of human beings. Connotative meaning can be positive, neutral, or negative, depending on the way a word, a phrase or a sentence is used in a discourse;
The best explanation of the relationship between denotation and connotation is given by Leech: "The connotations of a language expression are pragmatic effects that arise from encyclopedic knowledge about its denotation and also from experiences, beliefs, and prejudices, in the contexts in which the expression is typically used". Lexical units in the synonymic group of rich and poor are based on different images, the majority being elevated: "get your money's worth", "get the short straw", "get a good deal", etc. Some lexical units use financial position causing ironical or jocular attitude:
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
1. "A drop in the ocean "-a very small amount that will not have much effect. For example: we shouldn't worry about paying for that advert. The cost is a drop in the ocean in terms of the other.,
2. "Line your pocket(s)-obtain money, especially by acting dishonestly. " for example: So many politicians just seem to be trying to line their own pockets these days-it's disgraceful, which are usually referred to informal vocabulary.
First proposed by Trier in the 1930s, semantic field theory proposes that a group of words with interrelated meanings can be categorized under a larger conceptual domain. This domain, or entire entity, is thereby known as a semantic, or conceptual, field. Semantic field theory asserts that lexical meaning cannot be fully understood by looking at a word in isolation, but by looking at a group of semantically related words. Thanks to achievements in Modern Lexicology, we can state that lexical units are also indispensable parts of semantic fields.
Lexical units classification as parts of speech was suggested by I. V. Arnold ('The English Word'):
• Noun lexical denoting financial position of a person's life, a living being, e.g. mortgage, overdraft, debt, investment, cash, change, plastic,
• Verb lexical denoting an action, a state, e.g. spend money, go to the expense of, go shopping, make a profit,
• Adjective lexical denoting financial position, e.g. loose as a goose, dull as lead, clean as a new, as clear as crystal.
• Phrases, pattern, collacation lexical units denoting financial position, e.g. get your money's worth, made of money, for my money, earn money, make money
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Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
Chirchiq davlat pedagogika universiteti Zamonaviy filologiya va lingvodidaktikaning dolzarb masalalari
• Preposition lexical units denoting financial position, e.g. "Put by- save an amount of money for the future " (kelajak uchun pul olib qoymoq),
"Give away- give free of charge "(bepul bermoq),
"Get by- manage to survive (financially) "-(pulni bir amallab yetkazmoq);
Lexical units refer to language universals, because every language has stable word group /words that are ready-made, inseparable and fully or partially idiomatic. The meaning of lexical units generally can be deduced from the original meaning of the constituents. The meaning in which the components are used in Lexical units is called their "lexical meanings". The meaning of Lexical units - is an invariant of information, expressed by semantically complicated inseparable language units, unlike free word groups, which are formed by generative structural- semantic patterns.
Functional linguistics is an approach to the study of language characterized by taking into account the speaker's and the hearer's side, and the communicative needs of the speaker and of the given language community. Functional approach is concerned with the functions performed by language, primarily in terms of cognition (relating information), financial position (indicating life), and conation (exerting influence). Functional approaches contribute to an understanding of the relationship between contexts of language use and the communicative competence of speakers in those contexts. A functional approach analyses language as a tool which performs many tasks, and in terms of the uses, or functions, that language or language units, perform in speech/utterance. This approach was developed by William James, an American psychologist in 1890. He claimed that the mental act of consciousness is an important biological function, and we have to understand these functions to discover how the mental processes are reflected in speech;
Functional approaches share similarities with Noam Chomsky's Universal Grammar. Focus is on the use of language in real situations, as well as underlying knowledge. Considered the founder of modern linguistics, Noam Chomsky, born in 1928, is one of the most cited scholars in modern history. Chomsky introduced the concept of a universal grammar, which underlies all human speech and is based in the innate structure of the brain. Chomsky has not only transformed the field of linguistics, his works have influenced fields such as cognitive science, philosophy, computer science, mathematics, childhood education, and anthropology. From the linguistic viewpoint, every time we speak, we do it with a particular purpose, or function;
This approach was developed by William James, an American psychologist in 1890. 1 Functional approaches share similarities with Noam Chomsky's Universal Grammar (1960).
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Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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Linguistic functions refer to the social uses of language, describing objects and activities of the real and unreal world, expressing personal condition and feelings, opinions, requesting information, initiating social interactions, evaluating people and actions, asking for help, or just making a joke, e.g. Don't trust this guy, he's a wolf in sheep's clothing. - Don't worry, with me, he's playing with fire.
Roman Jacobson (1972) suggested the following functions:
• Referential function — is used to describe the object and its state, specific situations;
• Poetic function — exists as is in the poetic genre to distinguish it from others;
• financial functions — expresses financial position in life;
• Conative function — is focused on the addressee and has an imperative character;
• Phatic function — is aimed to "warm-up" the dialogue, to start the conversation, or to continue it;
• Metalinguistic function — is used when there is a need to use the language to describe itself.
linguistic functions which are predetermined by their nature. Some of these functions are constant, which are present in all conditions of use, and include communicative, cognitive and nominative. Others are variable, specific for certain class of lexical units: pragmatic, emotive, etc. The communicative function of lexical units is their ability to serve as means for communication or message transfer. Communication presupposes a mutual exchange of statements, and message presupposes the transfer of information without a feedback from the reader or the listener: E.g. A burnt child dreads the fire.
Nominative function is naming objects and situations of the real world, filling in words in the lexical system of the language, or creating synonyms to existing lexemes thus enriching the language world picture:
1. "Earn money / make money";
2. "Borrow money from the bank/ take out a loan";
3. "Set aside money/save money";
4. "Go from rags to riches- kambag'allikdan boylikka qarab ketmoq."
SUMMARY
Modern English Lexicology aims at giving a systematic description of the word-stock of Modern English. Modern English Lexicology investigates the
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Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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problems of financial position of word-structure and word formation in Modern English the semantic structure of English words, the main principles underlying the classification of vocabulary units into various groupings, the laws governing the replenishment of the vocabulary with new vocabulary units. The word, as it has already been stated, is studied in several branches of linguistics and not in lexicology only, and the latter, in its turn, is closely connected with general linguistics, the history of the language, phonetics, stylistics, grammar and such new branches of our science as sociolinguistics, linguistics and some others. Lexicology provides the theoretical basis of lexicography. The lexicographer although knowing all the semantic details of a lexical unit might at times have to take such decisions and include such features in the definition, which might be his own observation. In lexicology study of words is objective, governed by are the theories of semantics and word formation. There is no scope for individual aberrations. In lexicography, in spite of all the best attempts on the part of the lexicographer, many definitions become subjective, i.e. they are not free from then dictionary maker. Whereas lexicology is more theory oriented, lexicography is more concerned with concrete application of these theories. So, in a certain sense lexicography may be concerned a superior discipline to lexicology, for results are more important than intentions and the value of theoretical principles must be estimated according to results.
We have started talking about words and morphemes as if it were obvious that these categories exist and that we know them when we see them. This assumption comes naturally to literate speakers of English, because we have learned through reading and writing where white space goes, which defines word boundaries for us; and we soon see many cases where English words have internal parts with separate meanings or grammatical functions, which must be morphemes. In some languages, the application of these terms is even clearer. In languages like Latin, for example, words can usually be scrambled into nearly any order in a phrase. As Allen and Greenbush's New Latin Grammar says, in connected discourse the word most prominent in the speaker's mind comes first, and so on in order of prominence. Thus the simple two-word sentence faces amice "you act kindly" also occurs as amice faces with essentially the same meaning, but some difference in emphasis.
So, this is about lexical words with financial position words as if it were obvious that these categories exist and that we know them when we see them. This assumption comes naturally to literate speakers of English, because we have learned through reading and writing where white space goes, which defines word boundaries for us; and we soon see many cases where English words have internal parts with separate meanings or grammatical functions, which must be morphemes.
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