CC BY
11doi: 10.5862/MCE.68.9
The elementary mathematical model of sustainable enclosing structure
Простая модель теплоустойчивой ограждающей конструкции
E.A. Statsenko, A.F. Ostrovaia, T.A. Musorina, M.I. Kukolev, M.R. Petritchenko,
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Студент Е.А. Стаценко,
студент А.Ф. Островая,
студент Т.А. Мусорина,
д-р. техн. наук, профессор М.И. Куколев,
д-р. техн. наук, заведующий кафедрой
М.Р. Петриченко,
Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия
Key words: buildings; construction; civil engineering; energy efficiency; temperature; humidity conditions; the accumulation of heat; wall enclosure; problem of Cauchy
Ключевые слова: здания; строительство; гражданское строительство; энергоэффективность; температура; влажность; накопление тепла; ограждающие конструкции; задача Коши
Abstract. Energy efficiency building envelopes (walls, floors, facades) should meet the requirements of regulatory documents. The main attention is paid to structural and technological activities aimed at increasing the thermal resistance of protections. Estimates of the thermal stability of the wall are required for realization of high thermal resistance of the wall structure. The object of study is a simple model of the building envelope. It has been shown that the increased thermal conductivity, thermal resistance does not always provide the steady-state temperature faces the wall. Research method is based on the analysis of the properties of the Cauchy problem. In this article it is found out the connection between the active (thermal resistance) and reactive (accumulation) resistance enclosure on the model of one-dimensional wall.
Аннотация. Энергоэффективность ограждающих конструкций (стен, перекрытий, фасадов) должна соответствовать требованиям нормативных документов. В настоящее время основное внимание уделяется конструктивно-технологическим мероприятиям, направленных на увеличение термического сопротивления ограждений. Реализация повышенного термического сопротивления стеновой конструкции требует оценок термической устойчивости стены. Объектом исследования является многослойная ограждающая конструкция. Показано, что повышенное термическое сопротивление теплопроводности не всегда обеспечивает стационарность температур граней стены. В работе описывается важность следующих факторов: оптимизация температурно-влажностного режима стен; влияние включений на величину потерь теплоты; влияние двойных фасадов на тепловые потери; эффективность применения новых теплоизоляционных материалов на термическое сопротивление и энергоэффективность. В данной статье выясняется связь между активным (термическое сопротивление) и реактивным (аккумуляция) сопротивлениями ограждения на модели одномерной стенки.
Introduction
Optimization of temperature and humidity of the walls [1], impact of inclusions on the magnitude of heat loss and thermal resistance of protections [2], the influence of the double facades on heat loss [3], the effectiveness of new insulating material, including membranes fire, for thermal resistance and energy efficiency [4], cetera are studied. But from the list of particular problems, as a rule, issues of thermal stability of fences and related issues determining the accumulation of heat protections are overlooked.
The accumulation capacity enclosure determines the amount of heat which is essential to maintain the desired temperature level, and the walls enclosing the room when the temperature of the external source (sink) is rising. Construction is thermally stable if the rate of temperature changes at any point of the structure does not exceed a certain limiting value. Otherwise, if the temperature of the building
ST
< Ct ; or, too, the speed of temperature change is uniformly bounded
envelope T=T(t,x), then max
8t
xeX
on X values spatial coordinate x.
The article [1] considers thermal properties of different structural systems of ventilated facades. In [3], the authors explain the sufficient conditions necessary for the existence of free convective flow in a vertical slot channel.
Problem solutions of hydraulics non-isothermal free-convective flows of hinged ventilated facade are less represented. The number of articles on thermal transmission and hydrodynamics of ventilated air spaces of hinged ventilated facade is less then number of articles on optimization of the thermal resistance of wall fences.
The problem solution of energy saving in buildings is the subject of many studies. Calculation method of the coefficient of heat engineering design efficiency, taking into account the influence of structural elements, is proposed [5-6].
At present, the issue of the influence of the building envelope thermal protection level on the amount of thermal energy losses in the building, which is considered in the article [7].
The purpose of the article is to clarify relation between the active and reactive resistances protections on the model of one-dimensional wall
For this purpose it is necessary to complete next tasks:
1. Consider the three inequalities that express restrictions on the instantaneous temperature of the
wall;
2. To analyze the properties of the Cauchy problem.
Methods
In normalized coordinates the problem is posed as follows: Ou O i dT\
TU = dX(a(x->dT)'t> 0'0<x< 1;
a (1)
(-U) + h0(e0(t) - u(t' 0)) = (-U) + hi(u(t, 1) - 0i(O) = 0't > 0'U(t' 0) = 0.
\Ox/x=0 \-x/x=1
where u (t, x) - the wall temperature, x - coordinate (in fractions of a wall thickness 8), t - the
dimensionless time (the number of Fourier t •= f = ^^t - "physical" time), d01 - temperature of
8 2
source, hot and cold, respectively (given), h0 1 - dimensionless thermal transmission from an external source to the wall with hot and cold side (Biot number, specified), a=a(x) - reduced coefficient of thermal
a :=-
conductivity, , given. This structure of wall is shown in Figure. 1.
Figure. 1. The temperature distribution over the thickness of the wall
Boundary-value problem (1) is well known in the classical theory [8, 9]. Traditional methods of its solution badly work at temperatures of external sources and thermal transmission coefficients, changing in time [10-11].
It is important to note three inequalities expressing constraints on the instantaneous wall temperature:
01(t) < u(t, 1) < u(t, 0) < 60(t) (1.1)
and properties of the semicontinuity of limit wall temperatures as functions of Biot number. That is:
90(t) > lim supu(t,0),91 < lim infu(t, 1).
h0^<x>
(1.2)
In order to simulate the temperature distribution, u = u (t, x) the integral identity which is obtained from the equation of the boundary-value problem (1) [8-9, 12] is used:
^J u(t,x)dx = H0(d0 -u(t, 0))-H1(u(t, 1) -61),
(2)
H0 ■= a(0)h0,H1 ■= a(1)h1.
The left side of identity (2) is instantaneous speed of the average fence temperature change, that is measure of its thermal stability. On the right side of (2) the balance of the heat flux, "corrected" (authors multiply by coefficient of thermal conductivity in the limit points x = 0, x = 1) with account of the variability of the wall thermal properties along the heat flow [13, 14] is written.
Identity (2) can be converted to a differential equation for the limit temperature u(t, 0) ■= fl0(t).
Let us assume that u(t, x) = d0(t)exp(-m(t)x). Due to the expression (2) we get:
dt\m
(1 - e-m) ) = H0(e0 - 0O) - Hi(dQe-m -di) = 0
(2.1)
where obviously d0 (0)=0.
If m<<1 we obtain the following Cauchy problem for the determination $0(t): dd0
dt
+ (Ho+ Hi)do = Ho6o + Hi6i,do(0) = 0
(3)
0
h 0
Knowing 00(t) and making use of identity m = 0 ° , we can find the exponent m(t) for the next
h0+$0
iteration. As seen in h0<<1 assumption concerning the smallness of the m (t) is correct. Conversely, if h0>>1, then m(t)=00(t). Then the temperature approximation has the form (3.1):
u(t, x) = -90(t) exp(-x60 (0). (3.1)
Then, t) = -90exp(—60( t)), from which we immediately obtain that the h0>>1 temperature of hot source 00(Q is the logarithmic average of wall temperatures in limiting points: 60( t) = ln^0^.
Results are based on simple properties of the solution (4) of the Cauchy problem (3).
Results and Discussion
These properties are formulated as lemmas without evidence. Lemma 1. The solution of the Cauchy problem (3) has the form:
00(0 = J(#0^0 + H101)(T)exp (- J(H0 + dr
x, ra - integration variables.
Lemma 2. Let t^^. Then:
° ° 1 1) (4.1)
Otherwise, the limiting (conservative) value of the temperature of the "hot" wall face is equal to the weighted average (based on thermal transfer, "corrected" to the wall thermal diffusivity nonuniformity) temperature of the hot and cold sources.
Lemma 3. Let the "corrected" thermal transfer coefficients (Hi=0.1) and the temperature of the source (0i=0.1) are constant. Then the solution (4) takes the form:
HnSn + 01
*0(0 = 0„\„ 1(1 - exp(-( #0 + #1)0) (4.2)
#1 + #0
(4)
Further:
d 0o/dt = (Яо0с + Hi0i)exp(-t(Hc + Hi)) ^ +0. (5)
The article [15-17] revealed the fact that the regulatory requirements to the level of thermal protection were lower, even though slightly, than in the requirements of the standards in 2003 (Russian Set of Rules SP 23-02-2003). Consequently, the building meets the requirements of the current Set of rules, would not provide the necessary heat protection in the present circumstances. Moreover, many construction companies do not always comply with them.
Expression (5) is also valid for slowly varying distributions 81=0.1 (temperature of sources) Hi=0.1 (thermal transfer coefficients).
If the temperature of the hot wall face changes linearly, then for any finite value t> 0 of the cold source changes exponentially with time: 6x(t) «ехр(Шх). Otherwise, the rate of change of the temperature of the source and the wall faces is different: an exponential change of source temperature leads to a linear change in the wall face temperature.
In all cases, the wall storage capacity smoothes the temperature fluctuations on the wall surface. storage capacity (smoothing changes in temperature of sources - air) of the construction fence is the more, the more the value of the mentioned above thermal transfer coefficients Hku, that is, the more the thermal diffusivity coefficients 8=0,1 of the wall faces. Thus, the implementation of the increased thermal resistance of walls through the use of heat-insulating materials with low thermal diffusivity comes into conflict with the thermal resistance of the fence. As it show in the article [18-20] thermal resistance of the ventilated facade is increased.
Стаценко Е.А., Островая А.Ф., Мусорина Т.А., Куколев М.И., Петриченко М.Р. Простая модель теплоустойчивой ограждающей конструкции // Инженерно-строительный журнал. 2016. № 8(68). С. 86-91.
Conclusions
1. If Ho=0, hot wall face is insulated, the instantaneous speed of the hot wall temperature (dâo(t)/dt) is determined only by the "cold" source:
dd0/dt = H101(t)exp(-tH1) (5.1)
2. The maximum rate of temperature change does not exceed the set values for all tH1exp(-tH1) of the cold source temperature 8i(t):
d2d0/dt2 = - Н^в^ expÇ-tHi)
(6)
3. When the final heat transfer on hot and cold faces, we have:
, ,, fdd0 ddi \ d2d0/dt2 = (h0 + Н1)(Н0в0 + Н1в1)) exp(-t(H0 + H1)) (6
■1)
4. So, when the linear (low) temperature changes reduced brink 80H0+81H1 source temperature is proportional to exp(t(H0+Hi)).
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Elena Statcenko,
+7(981)8398538; staclena@mail.ru Anastasia Ostrovaia,
+7(953)3449063; stasya2609@yandex.ru Tatyana Musorina,
+7(952)2860376; flamingo-93@mail.ru Maksim Kukolev,
+7(921)7540087; m_kukolev@mail.ru
Mikhail Petritchenko, +7(921)3300429; fonpetrich@mail.ru
Елена Александровна Стаценко, +7(981)8398538; staclena@mail.ru
Анастасия Федоровна Островая, +7(953)3449063; stasya2609@yandex.ru
Татьяна Александровна Мусорина, +7(952)2860376; flamingo-93@mail.ru
Максим Игоревич Куколев, +7(921)7540087; m_kukolev@mail.ru
Михаил Романович Петриченко, +7(921)3300429; fonpetrich@mail.ru
© Statcenko E.A., Ostrovaia A.F., Musorina T.A., Kukolev M.I., Petritchenko M.R., 2016
