CC BY
12
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_175
SYNCHRONIZED MUSICAL IMPACT AS RECOVERY AID FOR SPORTSMEN
(marital arts)
Olga I. Kolomiets — candidate of biological sciences, associate professor
Eugene V. Bykov — doctor of medical sciences, professor Nadezhda P. Petrushkina - doctor of medical sciences, senior researcher Ural State University of Physical Culture, Ordzhonikidze, 1, Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
E-mail: Kolomiec o@mail.ru
Annotation. The process of physical working capacity increase of a sportsman is conditioned not only by a correct volume ofphysical loads, but also by a correct organization of recovery, it means that recovery is an important part of a training process. The state of recovery is determined as activation decrease in an organism during rest and/or work. It is connected with the absence of outer and inner factors of stress and domination of parasympathetic activation. Speed of recovery after training and competitive loads depends not only on the regimen of rest and loads optimization, but also on the choice of recovery means. Material. The influence estimation of a synchronized musical impact on recovery processes of sportsmen during pre-competitive period. Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, Firstbeat-monitoring, questionnaire survey, experiment. Results. With the use of Firstbeat-monitoring during a sleep (480 minutes) several indices were determined, which characterize the processes of recovery (time of relax and time of stress, cardio-vascular activity and oxygen consumption indices, peculiarities of energy exchange and vegetative regulation). The quality of organism recovery during a sleep in the main group turned out to be validly better, than in the control group. More distinct vagal influence in the main group, prove a high index of recovery, low indices of maximum and minimum heart rate, oxygen consumption indices and the peculiarities of energy exchange, stated during a sleep. Conclusion. The results of a synchronized musical impact study during the training prove its positive influence on a sportsman's recovery.
Keywords: sportsmen, recovery, synchronized music, sleep, Firstbeat-monitoring.
The process of a sportsman's physical working capacity increase is conditioned not only by a correct volume of physical loads, but also by a correct organization of recovery, it means that recovery is an important part of a training process. The state of recovery is determined as activation decrease in an organism during rest and/or work. It is connected with the absence of outer and inner factors of stress and domination of parasympathetic activation.
Speed of recovery after training and competitive loads depends not only on the regimen of rest and loads optimization, but also on the choice of recovery means. Full, correctly organized recovery after training
increases physical and psychological reactivity, endurance and working capacity, provides muscular energy accumulation, normalizes metabolism, prevents overtraining state [3, 5]. At the same time, as most recovery measures and programs are not effective enough or not effective at all (more often because of undue or incorrect organization), the search for new methods of recovery is still continued [2, 4].
Musical influence in sport is considered as one of effective instruments of teaching, motional skills and abilities improvement [6-9]. In an available literature there are many works, which prove, that synchronized music provides physical skills
and mastery formation. It was shown, that musical impact provides cyclists' speed increase [10, 11], time of choice reaction decrease among tennis players [12], improves sports characteristics in sprint [13], the power of holds among judoists [14] and improves productivity in rowing [15]. However, there are no enough works connected with the influence study of synchronized music on recovery of sportsmen and during precompetitive period.
The aim of our research work was in influence estimation of synchronized musical impact (SMI) during precompetitive period on recovery of sportsmen.
Research organization and research methods
The research was held in accordance with the principles of Declaration of Helsinki concerning ethical principles for research works with people. All participants of the research were informed about the objectives of the research and used methodologies and gave their willful written consent to take part in the experiment. The record of the experiment was approved by committee of bioethics of the Ural State University of Physical Culture.
32 highly qualified sportsmen (marital arts) took part in the experiment (age range: 18-21 years old). With the help of random sampling they were divided into two groups (the main and the control group). Young people from both groups trained according to one program, had the same day, food and trainings regimen. Sportsmen from the main group in addition to the training lessons got an hour of locomotor load at a running track synchronously to music of a given tempo, corresponding to individual optimal value of heart rate (HR). Music tempo for running was chosen in a way that it was within the set range of heart rate (14). In software program of a musical composition the series of musical tracks of synchronization in terms of constant tempo were selected. The style of a musical composition, used in the experiment, was chosen with the help of preliminary questionnaire survey. All respondents in the control group got the same amount of training
lessons and locomotor load at treadmill, but to free and independently chosen music.
The research was held with the help of Firstbeat-bodyguard measurement (company Firstbeat-Technology-Ltd, Jyvaskyla,
Finland) and provided the results estimation of several physiological indices monitoring during a sleep. Monitoring was fulfilled since 10 pm till 6 am. The level of stress and recovery was determined from the recording of R -R- intervals in real conditions during a sleep. Then the results were analyzed with the help of a software program (version 5.3.0.4). This program helps to classify received results, taking into consideration individual peculiarities of different physiological indices: heart rate level and vegetative control and on their basis estimate the quality (index) of recovery (16). Variable recoveries within 24 hours of constant monitoring were used for time determination, which is necessary for full recovery. The state of recovery is determined as activation decrease in an organism during recovery, rest and/or peaceful work. This state is connected with the absence of outer and inner factors of stress and also with domination of parasympathetic activation.
Thus, the estimation of traditional heart rate indices (the average, maximum and minimal value), stability against hypoxia (the indices of oxygen consumption - the average and maximum value and post-training oxygen consumption), the degree of sympathetic or parasympathetic division tonus of vegetative nervous system predominance was fulfilled.
The character and level of metabolism reflect the quality of recovery. That is why the following indices were analyzed: metabolic equivalent (equivalent of metabolism), maximum aerobic abilities and general energy exchange, including separately- by means of carbohydrates and fats.
The received results were submitted to traditional statistical handling: the average values calculation, mistakes of the average, comparison of average-group values according to Student's t-test [1].
Results and discussion. The received results are presented in the tables. As it is
seen from table 1, in both groups recovery processes predominated during a sleep, however, the quality of recovery in the main group turned out to be validly better, than in the control group. It is proved by valid differences of tonus indices of various divisions of vegetative nervous system, vegetative balance in the main and the control
group (1,07±0,031 and 1,46±0,041) and a higher index of recovery in the main group (243,3±4,92), than in the control group (129,4±2,9). The index of vegetative balance in the group of sportsmen, who went through SMI, was close to 1 and it proves the predominance of vagal influence and a higher level of organism recovery during a sleep.
Table 1 The quality estimation of sportsmen's recovery during a sleep
Indices Groups, the average +a mistake, min-max values, Student's t-test value
main control t
M+m min-max M+m min-max
Time of relax, in % 79,0+2,19 63-93 69,8+0,72 56-84 3,55
Time of stress, in % 21,0+0,22 18-21 30,2+0,05 31-33 40,8
Tonus predominance of parasympathetic nervous system, HF notional currency units 137,9+4,07 126-199 122,2+3,56 118-182 2,91
Tonus predominance of sympathetic nervous system, LF notional currency units 102,5+4,78 42-128 133,4+3,85 109-178 5,04
Recovery index 243,3+8,92 176-298 129,4+0,9 114-149 12,7
Vegetative balance index (LF/HF) 1,07+0,031 0,78-1,34 1,46+0,041 1,06-1,79 7,62
The average value of heart rate in the studied groups (table 2) during a sleep had no valid differences: 57±1,32 beats per minute (in the main group) and 55±0,75 beats per minute (in the control group). However, minimal and maximum values of heart rate among sportsmen of the studied groups had
Table 2 - Heart rate i
considerable differences. Lower values of minimal and maximum heart rate in the main group also prove the predominance of parasympathetic nervous system tonus, which proves a higher, than in control, level of recovery among sportsmen, who went through SMI. eristic during a sleep
Groups, the average +a mistake, min-max values, Student's t-test
Indices value
main control t
M+m min-max M+m min-max
The average value of heart rate during a 57+1,32 50-68 55+0,57 46-68 1,39
sleep, beats per minute
Minimal value of heart
rate during a sleep, 42+0,18 39-46 48+1,02 40-54 5,77
beats per minute
Maximum value of
heart rate during a 89+0,57 80-102 110+3,22 86-130 6,43
sleep, beats per minute
For the phase of late recovery oxygen consumption decrease is typical and it is conditioned by cholinergic influence and forms a metabolic base for a structural trace
As it is seen in table 3, the average value of oxygen consumption during a sleep in the group of sportsmen, who went through SMI, was 3,4±0,08 ml/kg/min, in the control group-3,7±0,24 ml/kg/min (t=1,45). Maximum oxygen consumption in the main group turned out to be twice lower, than in the control group: 6,1±0,15 ml/kg/min and 14,7±0,67 ml/kg/min. The index of posttraining oxygen consumption at rest, which reflects the amount of oxygen necessary for oxidation of the accumulated in the organism not enough oxidated products of metabolism, was 0,7±0,04 ml/kg and 0,85±0,03 ml/kg (t=3,34). The same situation was with the average value of oxygen consumption and maximum oxygen consumption (t=12,54).
of a long-term adaptation formation in an organism and provides metabolic processes economization.
Lower values of theses indices during a sleep among sportsmen from the main group can be conditioned by SMI effect during the period of training already during the period of urgent recovery. Dynamics study of these indices during a day, especially during the period of urgent recovery, helped to determine this time shift.
As the quality of recovery is characterized by the level of metabolism at rest, the following indices were analyzed: metabolic equivalent (equivalent of metabolism) and general energy exchange, including separately- by means of carbohydrates and fats. The results of the analysis are presented in table 4.
Indices Groups, the average +a mistake, min-max values, Student's t-test value
main control t
M+m min-max M+m min-max
Metabolic equivalent, VO2 :3,5 ml/kg/min/ 7,8+0,21 3,3-11,40 8,5+0,62 3,9-12,40 1,15
General energy exchange (kkal), 602,8+11,80 399,8-856,8 368,9+9,10 234,2-480,8 15,7
Table 3 - Oxygen consumption peculiarities during a sleep
Indices Groups, the average +a mistake, min-max values, Student's t-test value
main control t
M+m min-max M+m min-max
VO2 av. ml/kg/min 3,4+0,08 2,1-5,1 3,7+0,24 2,1-5,4 1,45
VO2 max ml/kg/min 6,1+0,15 3,1-8,9 14,7+0,67 10,5-19,61 12,54
Post-training oxygen consumption at rest, VO2 ml/kg 0,7+0,04 0,46-0,97 0,85+0,03 0,48-1,45 3,34
Table 4 - Metabolic processes characteristic during a sleep
including:
by means of carbohydrates, in % from general 40,9+1,83 31,1-56,1 44,4+0,57 35,4-57,3 1,83
by means of fats, in % from general 59,1+1,51 46,9-68,9 55,6+0,57 42,7-64,6 7,91
Ratio of metabolic processes "carbohydrates: fats" 0,71+0,05 0,12-0,48 0,82+0,02 0,07-0,26 2,05
As it is seen from table 4, though the levels of metabolic equivalent, calculated in ml/kg/min/3,5, validly didn't differ: in the main group-7,8±0,21 and in the control group - 8,5±0,62 (t=1,15), general energy exchange in the main group was almost twice higher than in the control group: 602,8±11,80 and 368,9±9,10 kkal (t=15,7).
During physical load fulfillment maximum oxygen consumption and metabolic equivalent reflect maximum aerobic abilities of a sportsman and a maximum level of physical abilities. That is why these indices during a sleep, apparently, not enough informative. More important are the indices of general energy exchange and energy exchange by means of carbohydrates and fats. Though in both groups these indices are monodirectional, energy exchange by means of fats turned out to be validly higher in the group of sportsmen, who went through SMI. This fact will be further compared to the volume of weight loss and will be discussed in the context of the opportunity to use this methodology for weigh loss during pre-competitive and competitive period.
Conclusion. The results of a synchronized musical impact study during the training prove its positive influence on a sportsman's recovery. Mainly,
monodirectional differences of the studied indices were stated in the main and the control group, which positively characterize training process organization. Though in both groups the processes of recovery prevailed during a sleep, the quality of organism recovery during a sleep in the main group turned out to be validly better, than in the control group. More distinct vagal influence in the main group prove high index of
recovery, low values of minimal and maximum heart rate, the indices of oxygen consumption and the peculiarities of energy exchange, stated during a sleep.
References
1. Ayvazyan S. A., Enyukov I.S., Meshalkin L.D. Prikladnaya statistika. Osnovy modelirovaniya i pervichnaya obrabotka dannykh [Applied statistics. The basis of modeling and the initial data handling]. Moscow, Finance and statistics, 1983, 286 p.
2. Aftimichuk, O. E., Kuznetsova Z.M. The importance of rhythm in the system of vocational educational and sports training. Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoi kul'tury i sporta, 2015, vol.10, no. 2, pp. 28-38. Available at: http://iournal-science.org/ru/article/157. html. DOI 10.14526/01_1111_04.
3. Kuznetsov S. A., Zakirov D.R., Yury Krikukha The Greco-roman style wrestlers training individualization with different types of temperament. Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoi kul'tury, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 76-87. Available at: http://iournal-science.org/ru/magazine/20.html.
4. Petrushkina N. P., Erdakov E.E. Functional state of young hockey players increase by means of recovery measures. Optimizatsiya uchebno-vospitatel'nogo protsessa v obrazovatel'nykh uchrezhdeniyakh fizicheskoi kul'tury [Educational-upbringing process optimization at educational establishments of physical culture], materials of the XXth regional scientific-practical conference, Federal state educational establishment of higher education "Ural State Physical Culture University", 2010, pp. 270-272. (in Russian).
5. Petrushkina N. P., Ponomarev V.A. Fiziologicheskie osnovy sportivnoi deyatel'nosti [Physiological basis of sports activity]. Chelyabinsk, 2014, 312 p.
6. Simonova N. A., Petrushina N.P., Degtyarev A.V. Computer games as the means of teenagers' functional state of nervous system improvement. Optimizatsiya uchebno-vospitatel'nogo protsessa v obrazovatel'nykh organizatsiyakh fizicheskoi kul'tury [Educational-upbringing process optimization at
educational establishments of physical culture], materials of the XXVIth regional scientific-practical conference, Federal state educational establishment of higher education "Ural State Physical Culture University", 2016, pp. 162-164. (in Russian).
7. Taymazov V.A., Golub Y.V. Psikhofiziologicheskoe sostoyanie sportsmena (Metody otsenki i korrektsii) [Psychophysiological state of a sportsman (methods of estimation and correction)]. Saint-Petersburg, Olympus, 2004, 400 p. (in Russian).
8. Southard, Dan and Andrew Mircale, "Rhythmicity ritual, and motor performance: a Study of free throw shooting in reset ball" Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 64(3), 284-290. 1993.
9. Southrad, Dan, Amos, Blake (1996) "Rhythmicity and pre performance ritual: stabilizing a flexible system", Research Quarterly for Exercise and sport, 67(3), 288-296.
10. Crust, L. (2008) Perceived importance of components of asynchronous music during circuit training. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 1547-1555.. Doi: 10.1080/02640410802315427.
11. Crust L., Clough P.J. (2006) The influence of rhythm and personality in the endurance response to motivation alasynchronous music .Journal of Sports Sciences.24:187-195. (PubMed).
12. Karageorghis, C. I., & Terry, P.C. (2009) / The psychological, psychophysical and ergogenic effects of music in sport: A review and synthesis (pp/ 13-36). In A.J. Bateman & J/R Bales (Eds.), Sporting sounds / London: Routledge.
Submitted: 25.02.2017 Received: 28.02.2017
13. Clayton M., Sager R., Will U. (2005). In time with the music: the concept of entrainment and its significance for ethnomusicology. Eur. Meet. Ethnomusicol. 11 11-82.
14. Karageorghis C. I., Mouzourides D. A., Priest D. L., Sasso T. A., Morrish D. J., Walley C. L. (2009). Psychophysical and ergogenic effects of synchronous music during treadmill walking. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 31, 18-36. [PubMed]
15. Simpson SD, Karageorghis CI. (2006)The effects of synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance. J Sports Sci.;24:1095-1102. [PubMed]
16. Karageorghis, C. I., & Terry, P.C. (2009) / The psychological, psychophysical and ergogenic effects of music in sport: A review and synthesis (pp/ 13-36). In A.J. Bateman & J/R Bales (Eds.), Sporting sounds / London: Routledge.
17. Sejdic E., Jeffery R., Vanden Kroonenberg A., Chau T. (2012). An investigation of stride interval stationarity while listening to music or viewing television. Hum. Mov. Sci. 31, 695-706. 10.1016/j.humov.2011.05.007 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref].
18. Kolomiets, O. I. Control methods improvement over the training process on the basis of modern information technologies (Firstbeat) / O. I. Kolomiets, E. V. Bykov // Theory and practice of physical culture. - 2016. - № 5. - P. 59-61.
Olga I. Kolomiets — candidate of biological sciences, associate professor, Professor of the Department of Sports Medicine and Physical Rehabilitation Ural State University of Physical Culture, Ordzhonikidze, 1, Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia, E-mail: Kolomiec_o@,mail.ru Eugene V. Bykov — doctor of medical sciences, professor, head of the department of sports medicine and physical rehabilitation Ural State University of Physical Culture, Ordzhonikidze, 1, Chelyabinsk, 454091
Nadezhda P. Petrushkina — doctor of medical sciences, senior researcher, head of the department of physiology Ural State University of Physical Culture, Ordzhonikidze, 1, Chelyabinsk, 454091
For citations: Kolomiets O.L., Bykov E.V., Petrusshkina N.P. Synchronized musical impact as recovery aid for sportsmen (marital arts), The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogical-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 122-127. DOI 10.14526/01_2017_175
