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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-2-31-37
Studying the hierarchy of sports training components among cadets, who
are involved into polyathlon
Aleksandr A. Loginov'*, Yuriy M. Lagusev2
1A.V. Suvorov Guards Military School, Ulyanovsk
Ulyanovsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-9931-7742, La-1809@bk.ru* 2Russian State University of Tourism and Service Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-2339-8950, lagusev@yandex.ru
Abstract: The article considers the hierarchy of different components of sports training among cadets. They are involved into polyathlon, where physical training is the condition for organism adaptive processes control from the point of view of biology. During systematic polyathlon training lessons we see changes in neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory systems of the organism. They influence the changes in sports training components hierarchy of cadets. Physical qualities and motor actions improvement, which are demonstrated in sports disciplines of polyathlon, influences all sides of physical readiness. Materials. Experimental work was held since 2017 till 2020 at the Tyumen Presidential Cadet School of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. 12-13, 14-15 and 16-18 year-old cadets took part in the research work. Research methods. Information sources analysis and summarizing, questionnaire survey, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Organized questionnaire survey among cadets, concerning the issues of different kinds of sport importance in the system of physical training, helped to reveal different items. It was underlined that among cadets of the 1st course prevailed the students, who prefer speed-power oriented kinds of sport. It was mentioned the absence of kinds of sport with endurance demonstration. Taking mentioned above into consideration we come to the conclusion that low functional abilities of the 1st-year cadets are caused by lack of physical loads in aerobic regimen. Physical readiness testing among cadets of the 1st course helped to reveal the results. They characterize the average level of their demonstration. We revealed the hierarchy of sports training components of cadets. They are involved into polyathlon and sports games. We underline the significance of physical training in the group of cadets. They are involved into polyathlon. Conclusion. Studying physical readiness of cadets, who are involved into different kinds of sport, helped to reveal that polyathlon lessons are the base for an effective physical training of cadets. Cadets' physical training organization during systematic polyathlon lessons presents the key element in technical and sports mastery improvement and in complex physical qualities development, which is the base for cadets' functional state improvement. Keywords: cadets, polyathlon, hierarchy, sports training, physical training
For citation: : Aleksandr A. Loginov*, Yuriy M. Lagusev. Studying the hierarchy of sports training components among cadets, who are involved into polyathlon. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(2): 25-29. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-2-31-37 .
Introduction
Polyathlon is the base for a high motor activity and cadets' successful physical training formation at Tyumen Presidential Cadet School of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Tyumen, Russia. The diversity of physical training content demands complex development of the main physical qualities and a functional developmen Information sources analysis showed that applicants nowadays don't have sufficient level of physical qualities development. They can separately show good results in test exercises, but
during their fulfillment in complex demonstrate low and insufficient level of physical and functional readiness of cadets. They started to study at military educational establishments [1,2,3,4,5.6,7]. The cadets' need formation for motor activity increase through physical readiness improvement can provide successful mastery of professional military education stages and successful future military profession mastering. It is conditioned by the fact that the future professional activity demands high level of physical, functional and psychological training and military-applied abilities
Information sources analysis showed that applicants nowadays don't have sufficient level of physical qualities development. They can separately show good results in test exercises, but during their fulfillment in complex demonstrate low and insufficient level of physical and functional readiness of cadets. They started to study at military educational establishments [1,2,3,4,5.6,7].
The cadets' need formation for motor activity increase through physical readiness improvement can provide successful mastery of professional military education stages and successful future military profession mastering. It is conditioned by the fact that the future professional activity demands high level of physical, functional and psychological training and military-applied abilities and skills formation. They are directed toward adaptive abilities of an organism demonstration during physical loads fulfillment in different stress situations and life conditions [1,2]. In the opinion of the specialists, only competitive activity can provide cadets' adaptive abilities improvement [4,5]. The specialists also underline that physical training of military men forms a system component of the Russian Federation national safety [3,4,5].
Physical training of cadets in terms of educational establishments of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has its characteristics. They can be reflected in the program of training. First of all it is necessary to consider and take into account the age of cadets. It covers the important period of organism development. Secondly, we should take into account anatomical-physiological and psychological peculiarities of the age period of cadets' study beginning. It is characterized by uneven organism development and significant inner and outer transformations. They should be directed toward cadets' personality formation in the future professional self-determination. Thirdly, it is necessary to diagnose adaptive abilities of an organism to realize muscle activity taking into account physical adaptation criteria and organize monitoring. Fourthly, considerable volume of physical loads should be directed toward harmonious physical development, physical readiness and physical working capacity increase, forming the base for professional-applied physical training.
An important factor of a correct and substantiated use of different kinds of sport means is cadets' organism adaptation to the conditions of sports activity organization and combination. An effective means can be polyathlon. It forms the base of cadets' physical, functional and psychological abilities improvement.
Modern polyathlon includes kinds of complex sports all-round competitions. They differ from each other in different physical qualities
demonstration, such as power oriented and speed oriented qualities, endurance and dexterity. In this connection polyathlon has the applied character. It demands all sides of sports training development. Competitive training in polyathlon is characterized by different orientation training lessons planning. Competitive activity of polyathlon athletes is characterized by significant physical loads and psychic tension and also different technical, physical and functional training use [6,7,8]. In the works of the specialists it is almost proved that complex kinds of sport create great preconditions for functional state abilities and reserve capacities of an organism improvement among cadets during physical training normatives fulfillment [1,2,3,4,5]. Thus, polyathlon means inclusion into physical training of cadets increases the level of their physical, functional and psychological readiness, physical working capacity and the importance of each cadet in the team as a personality [3,4,5].
Materials and methods
Experimental work was held since 2017 till 2020 at Federal State Public Educational Establishment "Tyumen Presidential Cadet School of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation". 12-13, 14-15 and 16-18 year-old cadets took part in the research work. We organized a questionnaire survey among cadets taking into account the necessity to reveal the importance of polyathlon in the system of different components of sports training of senior cadets, who are involved into polyathlon.
Results and Discussion
The questionnaire survey among cadets helped to reveal the attitude to different kinds of physical culture and sports activity importance in the system of physical training.
Answering the question "Which kinds of sport are necessary for physical training effectiveness improvement?" cadets of the 1st course preferred sport games (75%). 27% of the 2nd course cadets and 13% of the 3rd course cadets mentioned these kinds of sport.
Cadets of the 2nd course preferred the following kinds of sport: track and field, skiing, football, swimming, kettlebell lifting, combat sports. Cadets of the 3rd course preferred sport games. They mentioned lack of time for polyathlon lessons, track and field, skiing, combat sports.
Answering the question "What kinds of sport were you involved in before entering the educational establishment?" the 1st course cadets said the following: 23% of cadets were involved into track and field; 12% of cadets were involved into hockey; 45% of cadets were involved into army hand-to-hand combat and combat sports; 10% of
cadets mentioned that they had independent physical training lessons in order to enter educational establishment; 10% of cadets were involved into basketball. It was mentioned that among cadets of the 1st course there prevailed students, who preferred speed-power oriented kinds of sport. The answers also mention the absence of the kinds of sport directed toward endurance demonstration (track
and field, cross-country skiing and others). In this connection we see low functional abilities among cadets of the 2nd-3rd courses owing to lack of physical loads in aerobic, mixed regimen. Fig. 1 presents the attitude of the 1st-3rd course cadets to the questions. They are connected with the importance determination of sports training components for a high level of physical readiness formation.
Fig 1. Studying the hierarchy of sports training components of cadets, who are involved into polyathlon
Fig. 2. .Studying the hierarchy of sports training components of cadets, who are involved into sports
games
Fig. 1 shows that polyathlon classes among cadets were connected with high level of physical and functional readiness formation. In the opinion of cadets of the ist-3rd course, physical training in this hierarchy should take a central place. In their opinion it is important for testing tasks and normative demands of general physical training fulfillment and for entering a higher educational establishment. In spite of this, the importance of physical training among cadets doesn't decrease during further courses both among polyathlon athletes and cadets, who are involved into sport
games.
Fig. 2 shows the hierarchy of the training kinds among cadets, who are involved into sport games. They think that all kinds of training are significant for physical training, but technical training, in their opinion, takes the central place. Studying the hierarchy of different sports training components among senior cadets, who are involved into polyathlon, helped to define their contribution to general training.
The first place was given to physical training then went technical training. The argument for this was high results of physical training among 53% of cadets. Technical training is the base for a successful technical mastery demonstration in technical kinds of sport disciplines. Then the hierarchy of sports training components among polyathlon athletes was the following: psychological, tactical and theoretical training.
Comparative analysis of physical training indices among the cadets, who are involved into polyathlon and the cadets, who are involved into other kinds of sport, helped to define the effectiveness of polyathlon lessons.
Testing physical readiness of the 1st course
cadets helped to reveal the results. They characterize the average level. For example, in chin-up at a high bar the indices varied in the individual values from 9 to 30 times. In the testing exercise "Dip up from prone position" the results in the individual values were from 25 to 58 times.
In 3000 meters accelerated march the cadets showed the worst results within 3,25 - 4, 15 min. In this situation cadets characterized their state by the lack of long-term physical loads in a form of a cross, connected with great mental load.
Fig. 3 presents the results of indices increase among the 1st, 2nd and 3rd course cadets during the research.
0.00
1 i r m I
1 course 02 course
Fig. 3. The indices increase among the 1st and 2nd course cadets, who are involved into polyathlon, during
the research
6.00
4=|0 a
w
2&0
0.00
1 course 02 course
Fig. 4. The indices of physical training increase among the 1st and 2nd course cadets, who are involved
into sport games
Notes: Indices: 1 - chin-up at a bar; 2 - dip up from prone position; 3 -60 meters running; 4 -1 km running; 5 - 3000 meters accelerated march; 6 - standing long-jump; 7 - 2000 meters cross-country skiing
In the comparative plan it is mentioned that polyathlon has a positive influence on cadets' physical readiness indices. More significant indices improvement in the group of cadets of the 1st and the 2nd course in terms of the results of cadets, who are involved into sport games, ^.<0,05) was in the following indices: chin-up at a bar, dip up from prone position, 2000 meters cross-country skiing.
The main aspect of physical training of cadets, who are involved into polyathlon, is the significance increase of physical training owing to specialized precompetitive training means and methods predominance. There specific gravity of general physical training and special physical training is 50/50 in the micro cycles.
We suggest organizing a specialized selection among cadets in order to reveal the ability to go in for polyathlon, taking into consideration the factors, which provide high sports results achievement. For this purpose it is important to use the tests and control exercises according to each kind of sport training. They characterize high level of physical and functional readiness and potentialities of the organism. It is important to control the tempo of physical qualities increase in testing exercises and in the control normatives.
Conclusion
Thus, the organized analysis of physical training among cadets, who are involved into different kinds of sport, helped to reveal that polyathlon classes are significant enough. Organized questionnaire survey among cadets taking into account the necessity to reveal polyathlon significance in the system of different sports training components hierarchy among senior cadets, showed that physical training takes the main role. That is why cadets' physical training organization during systematic polyathlon classes is the key moment not only in technical and sports mastery improvement, but also in a complex physical qualities development. It is the base for the cadets' functional state increase. Correctly organized process of physical training is the base for the sports performances effectiveness and normative demands realization.
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Submitted: 10.04.2022 Author's information:
Aleksandr A. Loginov - Senior Lecturer, A.V. Suvorov Guards Military School, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russia, Ulyanovsk, Karla Marksa, House 39a, e-mail: La-1809@bk.ru
Yuriy M. Lagusev - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Russian State University of Tourism and Service, 141221, Russia, Moscow area, Cherkizovo, Glavnaya str, House 99, e-mail: lagusev@yandex.ru
