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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-2-16-26
Studying contractility of cadets' skeletal muscles during polyathlon lessons
Aleksandr A. Loginov'*, Roman E. Petrov2, Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva2, ZinaidaM. Kuznetsova3
1 Tyumen Presidential Cadet College of the Russian Federation Ministry of Defense
Tyumen, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-9931-7742, La-1809@bk.ru* 2 Yelabuga Institute (branch) of Kazan (Volga region) Federal University
Yelabuga, Russia, ORCID: 0000-0002-9387-7033, mutaeva-i@mail.ru ORCID: 0000-0002-9387-7033, romanpetrovrdr@mail.ru Naberezhnye Chelny branch of the University of Management 'TISBI" Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-5558-474X, kzm diss@mail.ru
Abstract: The article presents the indices of cadets' skeletal muscles contractility after moderate and big loads. It is a well-known fact that physical working capacity of skeletal muscles conditions the level of physical readiness. It is necessary for organism adaptive processes control among cadets, who do polyathlon. New technologies of physical training demand training means planning, taking into account changes in morphostructure of skeletal muscles. They provide the level of their functional abilities demonstration. It is myofibrils ratio change in muscled fibers, ATP-phase activity of myosin, power of muscled fibers owing to aerobic mechanism of energy supply improvement and metabolic power and process power-intensity in skeletal muscles. Materials and research methods. We analyzed scientific-methodical sources concerning the questions of studying skeletal muscles contractility under the influence of different in degree physical loads. We studied speed of hip muscles contractility among cadets after a moderate and big load. Physical load of iW and 2W for kg of body weight was given at bicycle ergometer according to PWС methodology. Studying the speed of hip muscles contractility in cadets, who do polyathlon, was organized with the help of myogram registration using neuromyograph. Results. We realized three different physical loads at bicycle ergometer. We defined the indices of physical working capacity and aerobic productivity of polyathlon athletes in absolute and relative values. The analysis of the studied indices was realized and it revealed the influence of the specialized physical exercises on physical working capacity and speed of hip muscles contractility. The authors underline considerable increase of the studied indices in the experimental group of cadets, who do polyathlon. It was revealed that during polyathlon lessons cadets' morphostructure of skeletal muscles wasn't taken into consideration. As a result, the carried out research can become the condition for a qualitative content change of physical training planning technology as the condition for effectiveness increase of adaptive processes in muscles. Scientific novelty of the research work is formed by the indices of contractility speed of skeletal muscles in cadets, who do polyathlon, during specialized exercises realization. These exercises are directed toward contraction power and speed of slow and quick muscle fibers development. Conclusion. Structural components of skeletal muscles development using a specialized complex of aerobic and stato-dynamic training helps to increase functional abilities of neuromuscular system. They characterize the effectiveness of competitive activity of cadets, who do polyathlon. We underline the effectiveness of sports training in terms of taking into account the ratio of the training means volume and intensity and in terms of taking into account negative factors influencing the organism of those, who train; the power of slow and quick muscle fibers change as a result of myofibrills ratio increase according to speed of muscles contraction indices. It is effective in case of adequate training effects; muscle composition of maximal speed. It is characterized both by power and speed of muscles relaxation in case of exercises repetition after rehabilitation; the quality of endurance improvement in the exercises of maximal and big power and aerobic abilities of muscles, myofibrils amount during control increase. Keywords: cadets, polyathlon, skeletal muscles, myogram of muscles, aerobic and stato-dynamic means, working capacity, maximum oxygen consumption.
For citation: Aleksandr A. Loginov*, Roman E. Petrov, Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva, Zinaida M. Kuznetsova.
Studying contractility of cadets' skeletal muscles during polyathlon lessons. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021; 16(2): 17-25. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-2-16-26
INTRODUCTION
Considering training of polyathlon athletes from a physical point of view we can characterize it as different motor actions fulfillment with physical loads of moderate and maximal intensity alternation. Constant combination of different motor qualities, such as speed, speed-power oriented abilities and special endurance, is typical for polyathlon. The main effectiveness criterion of sports training is considered the success of competitive activity in each kind of polyathlon. It is a well-known fact that sports result depends on many factors:
- the initial level of general physical fitness;
- the initial level of special physical, technical, tactical and psychological readiness;
- the initial level of functional readiness.
Sports result is the index, which
characterizes functional state and functional abilities of all systems of an organism and also the systems of muscle activity energy supply [1,2,3,4]
Yu.V. Vysochin (2007) underlined, that depending on tension of athletes' competitive activity it is necessary to introduce effective means into the training process, taking into account modern mechanisms of muscles contraction and relaxation [2,3].
The base of a successful competitive activity is different motor objectives solution. It should be solved quickly and correctly. First of all it is the ability to estimate own strength, abilities and use the level of own physical and technical readiness as the condition for motor actions effectiveness at each stage of polyathlon.
The present level of training in polyathlon athletes is connected, on the one hand, with the necessity to increase the effectiveness of competitive activity, on the other hand with the effectiveness of functional training increase. These problems solution is possible not only on the basis of physical fitness indices, but also a functional state of neuromuscular apparatus, as a motor system of a person actively interacts with environment. All motor actions of a person are realized owing to skeletal muscles contraction and relaxation. The speed of working
muscles contraction and relaxation depends on the intensity of the fulfilled physical load.
In terms of scientific concept a long-term training in kinds of sport, as an integral process, has the definite regularities, such as a specific system of training from a beginner till a master [9,1011,12,13].
Modern polyathlon is characterized by a constant tension increase both in physical and psychological aspects and training and competitive activity. Bad results of polyathlon athletes at the competitions demand physical training quality improvement. It means the necessity to search for more effective means and methods of sports training and their introduction into sports practice.
A.A. Loginov proved the necessity to reveal the degree of the polyathlon means problem consideration use in physical training of cadets taking into account the specificity of an educational establishment. The author reveals the factors and conditions of polyathlon means realization in physical training of cadets. He underlines the necessity to direct the training effects taking into account age, physical and functional readiness. Created by the author and experimentally proved methodology of physical training in cadets by means of polyathlon, taking into account the specificity of the educational establishment of the Russian Federation Ministry of Defense proved the necessity to control the compatibility and a rational combination of the used means considering age-related and adaptive abilities of athletes, who do polyathlon [5,6].
Present research methods help to use scientific search for the effectiveness of sports training increase in polyathlon athletes. It can be led in the most important directions.
Contractile abilities of skeletal muscles study during different intensity loads fulfillment helps to control adaptive and compensatory changes during muscle activity [8, p. 49-55].
Most specialists came to the conclusion that the level of physical readiness of athletes depends on the effectiveness of an integral training. Such kind of concept provides scientific substantiation of
the main parts of sports training level [9,10,11].
It should be noted that a rational technique of the motor actions mastering is impossible without physical qualities development. It is characterized by the level of movements coordination, adequate degree of the made efforts and steadiness of adaptation to the changing conditions of training lessons and competitions. On the other hand, high level of physical qualities and technical mastery demonstration is possible only in case of high level of an organism functional abilities [12,13,14,15,16].
It should be noted that taking into account the ratio of pedagogical and physiological indices of physical training in polyathlon athletes conditions the level and degree of their development. At the same time it is important to control and estimate the state of systems. They provide skeletal muscles functioning in terms of the different intensity loads. First, the hypertrophic degree of cardiac muscle is defined according to HR (heart rate) indices during the load fulfillment of standard, smaller or equal to anaerobic threshold power indices. Power and retractive abilities of diaphragm characterize power abilities of external respiration through vital capacity indices. Retractive abilities of muscles can be defined according to adequacy of reaction to physical work of different power with the help of modern instruments.
Adaptive processes, realized during the training lessons of cadets, who do polyathlon, can be controlled and estimated according to such indices, as muscles contraction intensity, the amplitude of contraction, the area of contraction, time and amount of muscles contractions during the fulfilled physical load of different intensity in automatic indices registration mode.
Scientific novelty of the research is formed by the indices of contractile speed of polyathlon athletes' skeletal muscles during the process of physical and functional training new technologies realization.
The aim of the work is contractile ability of skeletal muscles study in polyathlon athletes during the loads of different power under the influence of the specialized exercises.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The main experimental base of the research
formed the conditions of Tyumen Presidential Cadet College, Tyumen, Russia. The research was carried out since September, 2020 till February, 2021 using the equipment of the exit laboratory of Yelabuga Institute (branch) of Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Yelabuga, under the direction of associate professor Petrov R.E.
30 cadets at the age of 16-17 took part in the research. We studied physical working capacity, maximal oxygen consumption and speed of skeletal muscles contraction in polyathlon athletes during moderate, great and maximal load.
We studied the intensity of muscles contraction taking into account such indices, as the amplitude of contraction, area of contraction, time and amount of muscles contractions during the fulfilled physical load of different intensity in automatic indices registration mode. For hip muscles myogram registration and recording we used computer myographic system.
Picture 1 presents the panel of hip muscles myogram registration among polyathlon athletes, where the average amplitude of muscles contraction within one minute was recorded. Blue and white record of myogram defines the color of the sensor, which records muscles myograms.
For myogram registration and recording we used the sensors, attached to the examined muscles according to the instruction, presented by the producer. We measured contractile characteristics of muscles among polyathlon athletes and analyzed their function state.
The participants of the experiment experienced moderate load 1W to 1 kg of weight (within the range 60-75W) and great load - 2W to 1 kg of weight (120-130 W). Maximal load achievement was registered within the range 220235 W in terms of steeply increasing load.
We studied the dynamics of HR with the help of Polar RC3 GPS watch (Finland production). HR indices registration in cadets was organized during automatic recording of a program, together with the physical load fulfillment at bicycle ergometer «Kettler E3» (Germany production). HR indices and contractile abilities of skeletal muscles were recorded automatically taking into account the facilities of a computer program. Each participant
of the experiment went through preliminary examinations in order to reveal his level of physical fitness.
For polyathlon athletes' working capacity determination we used the methodology of physical working capacity determination according to the following formula:
170/
N2 and N1 - power of the first and the
second load in kgm/min;
f2 and f1 - heart rate at the end of the first and the second load.
Maximal oxygen consumption was defined indirectly using the following formulae:
MOC = PWC 170 x 2,6 + 1070, where MOC - maximal oxygen consumption (aerobic working capacity);
PWC 170 - physical working capacity. For the results handling we used the methods of mathematical statistics with SPSS-22 package and Microsoft Excel program application.
Picture 1 - Panel of hip muscle heads myogram recording
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Taking into account the competitive activity analysis and characteristic among polyathlon athletes we came to the conclusion that high level of physical readiness factors can become the training programs directed toward power of slow and quick muscle fibers of hip, shin and foot extensors and flexors increase. The main index of physical readiness is the power of muscles. It is characterized
by the amount of myofibrils. The power of muscle fibers increase, in the opinion of the specialists, is achieved during the exercises fulfillment without muscles relaxation [10]. This physiological concept of V.N. Siluyanov's training is used in many kinds of sport. As morphostrucure of skeletal muscles development in cadets during polyathlon lessons is not taken into consideration, the carried out research work would provide a qualitative content change of the physical training planning technology
as the condition for adaptive processes effectiveness increase in muscles.
Physical working capacity and maximal oxygen consumption study in cadets helps to estimate indirectly maximal metabolic power of mitochondria of slow muscle fibers functioning. The duration of physical load with the power of anaerobic threshold helps to increase the stock of glycogen in slow and quick muscle fibers. It is known that the power of slow muscle fibers develops during physical exercises use with outer resistance increase
in terms of aerobic threshold achievement. In the opinion of R.E. Petrov the increasing loads help to define the power, capacity and efficiency of athletes energy supply system during anaerobic threshold achievement and its long-term support [7].
At the first stage of the research we revealed the indices of physical working capacity and maximal oxygen consumption in cadets.
Table 1 presents absolute and relative mean values of physical working capacity in cadets, who do polyathlon.
Table 1 - Absolute and relative mean values of cadets' physical working capacity and aerobic productivity during the period of experiment
Group of cadets Average age, years Stages Studied in dices
PWC 170, kgm/min PWC 170 rel., kgm/ min/kg MOC, ml/min MOC rel., ml/min/kg
Control group 17,8±1,23 1 1228,13 +35,41 19,56" +0,73 3771,89 ±77,90 60,09 +1,83
2 1323,40 ±41,93 20,50 ±0,94 3981,48 ±92,25 61,68 +2,41
Difference within the research perio d 95,27 0,94 209,59 1,60
Experimental group 17,9±1,23 1 1228,80 +30,08 19,72 +0,62 3773,36 + 66,17 60,55 +1,58
2 1460,27 +41,61 25,27 ±0,94 4062,59 ±91,53 63,52 +2,38
Difference within the research period 141,47 1,55 289,23 2,97
Notes: PWC 170 - physical working capacity; PWC 170 rel. oxygen consumption; MOC rel. - relative maximal oxygen
During the period of experiment the increase in the indices, which reflect functional readiness, in the experimental group of 16-17 year-old cadets was the following: PWC 170 - 18,80%; PWC 170 rel. - 28,14%; MOC - 7,66%; MOC rel. -4,90%. It proves the effectiveness of the specialized training complexes.
In order to prove the effectiveness of cadets' functional training methodology in terms of specialized complexes of physical exercises realization we studied the changes of skeletal muscles contraction speed.
Table 2 presents indices analysis. These indices characterize contractile abilities of skeletal muscles (by the example of the mean value of muscles contraction within a minute) of cadets during physical bicycle ergometer load of moderate and maximal power.
After the experimental methodology
- relative physical working capacity; MOC - maximal consumption
realization during the first quarter of the academic year (December, 2020) we studied contractile abilities of skeletal muscles by the example of hip quadriceps.
Table 2 shows that for physical load of different power hip muscles are involved with different speed of contraction within one minute. The difference of hip heads involvement into the work, in the opinion of the specialists, can be explained by the fact that motor units activity is achieved in terms of adequate training objectives owing to the program of motor units recruitment control, by means of impulse mode, the volume of interimpulse interval and the moment of motor unit involvement and cut off and the effectiveness of motor connection between them [2,3,7,8].
It is known that the ratio of each head of hip muscles contribution depends on functional state of polyathlon athletes' neuromuscular and
speed of contraction within a minute of medial and literal heads is higher, than of the straight head.
central nervous systems. During moderate, great and maximal intensity loads hip heads involvement goes according to different dynamics of contraction. All cadets' hip heads are involved into work, but the
Table 2 - The indices of hip muscles contractile abilities in polyathlon athletes during bicycle ergometer load of different power
Load, W Hip quadriceps
Straight head Medial head Literal head
Average amplitude of muscles contraction, microvolt
Indices of control group
1 W to kg of weight (60-75 W) 43 266 256
2 W to kg of weight (120-130 W) 72 402 395
Maximal load (220-235 W) 180 700 675
Indices of experimental group
1 W to kg of weight (60-75 W) 53 302 356
2 W to kg of weight (120-130 W) 82 532 415
Maximal load (220-235 W) 270 834 711
In the control group of cadets the indices turned out to be lower, than in the cadets of the experimental group. It means that physical training planning taking into account functional state of cardiovascular system and skeletal muscles improves the effectiveness of adaptive processes control in neuromuscular system of an organism.
Stato-dynamic exercises realization for the definite groups of muscles, for example, for hip quadriceps, provides the power of quick and slow muscle fibers increase. Long-term aerobic loads increase aerobic power of muscle activity energy supply. It has positive influence on contractile abilities of polyathlon athletes' skeletal muscles.
For this purpose it is important to include running at the level of anaerobic threshold or 1015% lower into the training tasks of polyathlon
athletes, where muscles acidulation can be at the level till 6 mM/l. The duration of such training lessons is 5-20 minutes within one training lesson. Active rest is included between the series till HR 100-120 beats/min. It prevents muscles acidulation. General time for this kind of training task is 1 hour. Such kind of training lessons can be repeated for 1618 year-old polyathlon athletes each 2-3 days during 3-4 months. Maximal effect from such training tasks fulfillment in the experimental group was proved by physical working capacity and contractile abilities of muscles increase during muscle activity.
The example of a weekly plan of the training tasks realization taking into account contractile function of cadets' skeletal muscles is presented in table 3.
Table 3 - Model weekly plan of specialized training tasks realization taking into account contractile function of polyathlon athletes' muscles
Training days Content of the training tasks
Monday Restoring aerobic running
Tuesday Technical work. Speed-power oriented work in a form of jumping exercises by means of circular training method Power oriented work for .slow muscle fibers (stato-dvnamic. exercises).
Wednesday Technical-tactical training Aerobic abilities of quick muscle fibers training (running together with a partner till 30-60 min).
Thursday Technical-tactical training. Training competitions of polyathlon sports disciplines. Aerobic abilities of quick muscle fibers increase using stairs running.
Friday Aerobic work of motor actions fulfillment according to polyathlon sports disciplines in a form of competitions brief program using full rest between kinds of program.
Saturday Control starts organization according to a brief program of kinds of polyathlon overcoming.
Sunday Rehabilitation measures or a game.
During a model weekly work realization we
provide power oriented abilities of slow and quick
muscle fibers development, glycogen accumulation in muscles. Such method of work during the year would help to support high level of skeletal muscles contractile abilities during muscle activity. Active rest inclusion would help to decrease muscles acidulation level and get cumulative effect of the training sessions. It is proved by the results of our research works. Such an approach from practical point of view helps to plan an approximate loads distribution taking into account contractile abilities
of athletes' skeletal muscles.
Practical importance of this research work is evident. The received results help to take into account physiological part of the training means and methods planning together with contractile and relaxation characteristics of skeletal muscles. We create specialized complexes, directed toward power of slow and quick muscle fibers increase, broadened use of different variants of aerobic trainings.
CONCLUSION Structural components of skeletal muscles development using aerobic and stato-dynamic
training, offered by the specialists, helps to increase polyathlon athletes' nervomuscular system functional abilities. They are characterized by the results of competitive activity.
During physical training means planning and realization in polyathlon athletes it is necessary to take into account the following:
- the ratio of the training means volume and intensity taking into account the initial level of physical and functional readiness;
- negative factors and their influence on polyathlon athletes' organisms;
- the level of power change both of slow and quick muscle fibers as the result of myofibrills increase according to the indices of muscles contraction speed within a minute. It is effective in case of adequate training effects;
- muscle composition owing to the control over the maximal speed of muscles contraction. It is characterized both by the power and speed of muscles relaxation during exercises repetition after complete rehabilitation;
- endurance improvement in the exercises of submaximal, maximal and great power. They influence aerobic abilities and the amount of myofibrills increase during work of muscles control.
New approaches realization in the training process of polyathlon athletes demands research instruments use for functional abilities of skeletal muscles study. Skeletal muscles form a complex structure of muscle fibers. We can influence them getting negative or positive effect. It is proved by the results of competitive activity. In the held series of research works we revealed high valid dependence of working capacity on speed of muscles contraction. The importance of contractile abilities of muscles in the progress of competitive results was considerably higher in the group of 16-18 year old boys. It means that in the mechanism of working capacity demonstration great role play contractile and relaxation characteristics of muscles during muscle activity as the condition for an effective adaptation to physical loads.
During the received results and the opinions of the research workers summarizing we revealed the main strategic direction in the problem solution connected with sports training effectiveness
increase in polyathlon athletes. It is contractile and relaxation abilities of skeletal muscles development owing to relaxation type of a long-term adaptation formation. It is proved by Yu.V. Vysochin, Yu.P.
Denisenko muscle concept.
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Submitted: 13.05.2021
Aleksandr A. Loginov - Senior Lecturer, Tyumen Presidential Cadet College of Russian Federation the Defense Ministry, 625001, Russia, Tyumen, Lev Tolstoy str., House 1, e-mail: La-180g@bk.ru Roman E. Petrov - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor; Yelabuga Institute (branch) of Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 423600, Russia, Yelabuga, Kazanskaya str., House 8g, e-mail: romanpetrovrdr@mail.ru
Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Professor; Yelabuga Institute (branch) of Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 423600, Russia, Yelabuga, Kazanskaya str., House 8g, e-mail: mutaeva-i@mail.ru
Zinaida M. Kuznetsova — Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, UNESCO Expert; Naberezhnye Chelny branch of the University of Management "TISBI", 423806, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Komsomolskaya naberezhnaya str., House 6, e-mail: kzm diss@mail.ru
