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DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-25-31
Special physical readiness estimation during pre-competitive period in
sports aerobics
Elvira I. Mikhaylova*, Nikolay G. Mikhaylov, Elena B. Derevleva, Denis O.
Solovev
Institute of Natural Science and Sports Technologies, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University Moscow, Russia 0000-0003-4052-3810, elvira.i.mikhailova@gmail.com* 0000-0003-4101-0910, ivda@mail.ru 0000-0002-4263-0882, ederevleva@yandex.ru 0000-0002-7096-867X,dsoloviov94@mail.ru
Abstract: The period of studying at a higher educational establishment is presented as a favorable period for going in for different kinds of sports. Most number of girls prefer going in for aerobics. Young generation is attracted by the complexity and beauty of movements fulfilled by qualified athletes. They demonstrate difficult acrobatic elements to highly intensive music during the performances. Competitive programs fulfillment demands a complex of physical qualities: power, quickness, endurance and flexibility. It imposes demands on physical readiness of modern athletes, especially on special physical readiness. Materials. We considered the content of special physical readiness and offered the battery of tests for this kind of readiness estimation among aerobic athletes at the stage of pre-competitive training. Research methods. Pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. We substantiated the program of trainings for special physical readiness improvement of aerobic athletes and proved its high informativeness at the stage of pre-competitive training. Conclusion.The offered approach can be used for training high class athletes. They go in for sports aerobics. Keywords: sports aerobics, special physical readiness, battery of tests.
For citation: Elvira I. Mikhaylova*, Nikolay G. Mikhaylov, Elena B. Derevleva, Denis O. Solovev. Special physical readiness estimation during pre-competitive period in sports aerobics. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2019; 14(1): 23-28. DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-25-31
Nowadays great attention is paid to university sport development [1,5,15,16]. The period of studying at a higher educational establishment is presented as a favorable period for going in for different kinds of sports. Most number of girls prefer going in for aerobics [2,6,7,8]. At the same time, young generation is attracted by the complexity and beauty of movements fulfilled by qualified athletes. They demonstrate difficult acrobatic elements to highly intensive music during the performances [3,4,9,10]. Competitive programs fulfillment demands a complex of physical qualities: power, quickness, endurance and flexibility. However, the success of the performance mainly depends not only on the level of these qualities development, but also on their definite combination. During competitive
composition fulfillment athletes demonstrate high level of speed-power qualities, power endurance and coordinating reliability of movements. It provides the definite succession of aerobic exercises fulfillment, combination of movements, space and time orientation.
Competitive programs fulfillment imposes demands on physical readiness of modern athletes, especially on special physical readiness. It helps to fulfill intensive and full of difficult coordinating exercises competitive programs. They demand physical readiness improvement, especially at the stage before the main competitions of the season [11,12,13,14].
The aim of the research is special physical readiness improvement among highly-qualified
athletes in sports aerobics.
Materials and Methods
For this question study we used pedagogical testing. It includes the battery of 6 tests. They help to estimate the level of special physical qualities development. They are necessary for high sports result achievement.
The battery of test exercises included the following control exercises:
1) explosive frame;
2) L-balance support turn;
3) horizontal support;
4) "Tucking" jump;
5) a fullturn;
6) a cross split from 20 cm eminence.
The offered battery of tests helps to estimate
physical readiness level during aerobic exercises fulfillment.
Exercise 1, "explosive frame", belongs to simple "A" group exercises and helps to estimate the dynamic power level. The exercise demands the athlete's definite pose after pushing off from prone position. The exercise is fulfilled successively without pauses till the athlete takes the definite position after pushing off from the support with hands and legs. The number of correctly fulfilled exercises is calculated without taking into account time.
Exercise 2, "L-balance support turn", belongs to "B" group exercises and helps to estimate the level of static power development. An athlete in the position of L-balance support at the command of the trainer fulfills possible number of turns round the vertical axis till the balance is lost. The whole number of turns through a full 360° is calculated.
Exercise 3, "horizontal support", also characterizes the ability of an athlete to hold the body in horizontal position, when only hands are in contact with the floor. This element belongs to "B" group exercises and the time of body holding in horizontal position is recorded.
Exercise 4, Tucking" jump, belongs to "C" group exercises. During pushing off fulfillment an athlete should rise the knees till chest level. During the test the number of jumps within 30 seconds is recorded and spring ability is estimated (explosive
power).
Exercise 5, "a full turn", belongs to "D" group exercises and is used for coordinating abilities estimation, the ability to fulfill difficult rotating movements. During the test the number of turnarounds is calculated. An athlete fulfills after the rotary motion beginning.
Exercise 6, a cross split from 20 cm eminence, belongs to "D" group and estimates the level of flexibility development. During the test the distance from the lowest point of an athlete's hip till the floor is measured.
The test was held at the beginning of October, 2016 and at the end of May, 2017.
The training process during the mentioned period was organized with the help of a strict regulated exercise method. It provided the technique of aerobic exercises development and the method of circular training. It was directed at necessary for athletes' physical qualities upbringing. At the same time, the average cycle of training provided the duration of 4 weeks and the micro cycles organization according to involving, basic 1, basic 2 and control-preparatory type. Training lessons were held 6 times a week, 4 hours each.
During a weekly cycle the orientation of training changed. During the first day the following is mastered: the technique of increased complexity exercises, group "C", such as jumps: with 360,540,720, 900, 1080 degrees turn, bending, split jump, scissors jump; bounce to prone drop and "D" group exercises: vertical splits, "camel spin", turns in a vertical split. Circuit training included 10 stations with power and speed-power exercises.
During the second day connectives of "B" and "A" groups elements were fulfilled, which were amplified by circuit training at 10 stations, directed toward speed-power qualities development with attention paid to spring ability.
The third day was devoted to choreographic training. Hands movements in the separate parts of competitive composition and separately legs movements in competitive composition parts, including "C" and "D" groups elements, were mastered.
On Thursday training was directed toward athletes' functional training. During that training
athletes fulfilled competitive composition several times, alternating with the complex of exercises for flexibility development.
On Friday athletes had technical training. It provided the parts of competitive program fulfillment and special physical training exercises. It included vigorous load exercises.
Training in this cycle was planned in a way to organize a complex of 10 exercises of different orientation during the second part of trainings on Mondays, Tuesdays and Fridays.
At the end of a weekly cycle there was a light training of choreographic orientation. Athletes fulfilled the parts of competitive program with ""B and A groups elements.
The peculiarity of this training was in elements development in a standing position and in the pit separately. On Sunday athletes had rest.
Different training means ratio changed in a way that during the first two months technical training provided aerobic elements connectives mastering of different complexity groups. The next two months provided these elements fulfillment development with the intensity close to competitive composition fulfillment. During the 5th and the 6th month connectives were combined into a competitive combination and during the last two months the competitive combination was improved. At the same time, special physical training was
planned. It provided qualities development. They were necessary for the corresponding complexity level elements fulfillment. At the same time, the mesocycle at the end of the second and the 6th month was finished with the rehabilitation microcycle.
Pedagogical observations were during the qualified athletes' trainings on the basis of State Budgetary Educational Establishment "Moscow Specialized Secondary School of the Olympic Reserve № 1", Moscow during the competitions. 8 athletes took part in the experimental part of the research. Their age range was 18-24 years-old and qualification: candidate master- 4, master of sport-3, World-class athlete-1.
Results and Discussion
In table 1 we present the results of the initial test of athletes' special physical readiness at the beginning of the season among the group of highly-qualified athletes. They go in for aerobics. "Explosive frame" exercise was fulfilled 23±1 time, in "L-balance support turn" test athletes showed 12±1 turns. They could hold "horizontal support" position during 6,7±1,4 seconds. The athletes fulfilled "Tucking jump" within 30 seconds 26±1 time and 3±0,3 pirouettes. These indices prove that the level of dynamic and static components of strength abilities development was at high level, the same as strength indices of body muscles.
Table - The level of athletes' special physical readiness at the beginning and at the end of the pedagogical
experiment
Date of testing Tests (M±o)
Explosive frame, quantity L-balance support turn, quantity Horizontal support, sec "Tucking jump" within 30 sec, quantity Pirouette, quantity Cross split, cm
10.2016 23±1 12±1 6,7±1,4 26±1 3±0,3 61±1,5
05.2017 26±1 16±1 7,6±1,5 28±1 4±0,7 54,0±1,8
Student t-test 6,02 8,02 1,24 6,58 3,71 8,45
Speed-strength indices, which are characterized with the help of "Tucking jump", give athletes of these groups an opportunity to fulfill sufficient number of jumps during competitive composition realization. The level of flexibility development according to the 6th tests is at a high level. However, for more difficult programs
organization, it is necessary to fulfill greater number of obligatory aerobic elements, especially "C" and "D" groups elements. There appears the necessity of further special physical qualities development. They are necessary for a successful competitive program realization in a higher tempo.
After the initial test the first two months
special physical training exercises were fulfilled three full circles including 10 connectives of aerobic and gymnastic exercises.
During next two months the number of circles decreased (two circles). The intervals of rest between the circles decreased for special endurance improvement.
The content of complexes was changed 4 months later. The successions of aerobic exercises connectives (included into competitive composition) were included into the complexes. Such kind of complexes content alternation helped to strengthen the groups of muscles, which had the main load during competitive composition fulfillment. During training after the end of the pedagogical experiment the results of tests set battery fulfillment were received. Mean values of dynamic power indices in "explosive frame" exercise increased from 23±1 till 26±1 times. The value of this quality increase turned out to be validly higher than the initial values (p<0,0i). It means that an athlete can fulfill more repetitions of difficult in coordination movements and the reliability of competitive composition fulfillment increases owing to athletes' strength abilities improvement. Such results were achieved owing to competitive compositions and power-oriented exercises inclusion into the training process during circular training.
The increase of static power indices turned out to be valid in "L-balance support turn" test. During the repeated test athletes increased the number of repetitions in L-balance support turn from 12±1 to 16±1 time (P<0,01). This result was achieved owing to abdomen and back muscles strengthening exercises inclusion into the athletes training process. These exercises include L-balance support (feet apart and together), "wenson", "horizon" and competitive composition "C" and "D" elements mastering.
Circular training complexes saturation with simple jumps in combination with acrobatic exercises, helped to increase considerably the volume of jumps. They were fulfilled with different support: double take-off or using the left or the right leg. When competition day became closer special physical training included the following "C" group elements, such as jumps with a turn: angle
jump, split jump, scissors jump, a jump with one or two legs, with split jump in lying position. The result of this group of exercises use became a valid improvement of ""Tucking" jump" test indices. The athletes instead of 26±1 jump started to fulfill 28±1 jump within 30 seconds (P<0,01). Valid increase of this index proved the opportunity to fulfill additional elements of this group owing to athletes' speedpower qualities improvement.
Coordinating abilities indices were estimated with the help of "full turn" test. It turned out that during the trainings test results values increased from 3±0,3 to 4±0,7 turns. This increase turned out to be valid (P<0,01).
During the mentioned period of trainings flexibility indices of "cross split" test also increased validly - from 61±1,5 to 54±1,8 cm (P<0,01). That is why special exercises from "D" group, which provide legs high cast, vertical splits, "airplane spins", turns in vertical splits, were included into the training of athletes. The base of such kind of exercises is more difficult exercises constant fulfillment in a form of a body bent, body turns in different directions, straight and side swings, circular hands movements.
During the trainings it was impossible to achieve valid indices increase in "horizontal support" test. It demanded static power of hands and body muscles increase. Though this test indices improved - from 6,7±0,5 seconds to 7,6±1,5 seconds, the increase turned out to be invalid (P>0,05). Static power indices improvement helped to focus attention on the means of program organization in a form of more accurate hands, heads and body position stabilization during competitive program fulfillment. Obviously, invalid static power indices improvement is closely connected with the technique of this exercise fulfillment and demands the complex of special power-oriented exercises. They were not used because of the trainings organization peculiarities during this period. The main attention was paid to dynamic power-oriented abilities development.
The level of special physical readiness development during educational-training lessons with highly-qualified athletes in aerobics during the pedagogical experiment increased validly in dynamic power indices and speed-power oriented
qualities together with flexibility indices. It helped to include more varied connections of traditional aerobic movements into competitive program and satiate the program with unusual transitions and connections of the most difficult elements.
Observations, held during the competitions, proved that the athletes fulfilled difficult "C" and "D" elements with the least number of deductions for technical mistakes and the number of jumps and transitions in a competitive composition increased. The offered program of training athletes in this kind of sport should be based on a parallel development of special physical qualities during the technique improvement of aerobic exercises fulfillment. They form a competitive composition.
Conclusion
The created system of pre-competitive training among athletes during aerobics lessons, including a typical meso-cycle with retractive, two basic and control-preparatory (rehabilitation) micro cycles inclusion is developed. Training planning provides simultaneous aerobic exercises technique improvement and special physical qualities development. They are necessary for these qualities fulfillment.
The content of technical training provided gradual transfer from connectives of aerobics exercises fulfillment to a complete competitive composition.
We offered the battery of tests. It includes such exercises as "explosive frame", "L-balance support turn", "horizontal support", ""Tucking" jump", "pirouette" and "cross split". These exercises help to estimate the whole spectrum of an athlete's special physical qualities, necessary for competitive composition fulfillment. We proved the informativeness of the offered special physical qualities testing methodology among athletes-aerobists. This methodology helps to register static and dynamic indices changes in power, power endurance, coordinating abilities and flexibility.
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Author's information:
Elvira I. Mikhaylova* - Candidate of Pedagogics, Professor, Institute of Natural Science and Sports Technologies, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University, 129226, Russia, Moscow, the 2ndSelskokhozyaystvennyilane, House 4, corpus 1, e-mail: elvira.i.mikhailova@gmail.com*
Nikolay G. Mikhaylov - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Institute of Natural Science and Sports Technologies, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University, 129226, Russia, Moscow, the 2ndSelskokhozyaystvennyi lane, House 4, corpus 1, e-mail: ivda@mail.ru
Elena B. Derevleva - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Institute of Natural Science and Sports Technologies, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University, 129226, Russia, Moscow, the 2ndSelskokhozyaystvennyi lane, House 4, corpus 1, e-mail: ederevleva@yandex.ru
Denis O. Solovev - Undergraduate, Institute of Natural Science and Sports Technologies, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University, 129226, Russia, Moscow, the 2ndSelskokhozyaystvennyi lane, House 4, corpus 1, e-mail: dsoloviov94@mail.ru
