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HEALTH DOI 10/14526/04_2017_266
-IMPROVING ORIENTATION OF SPORTS AEROBICS LESSONS
Ludmila D. Nazarenko - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor Irina V. Astrakhantseva - Candidate of Pedagogics L.I. Sharafutdinova - Student Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail: ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
Annotation. Sports aerobics has great opportunities for many-sided, harmonious development of junior schoolchildren. One of the requirements for the training and competitive activity organization in this kind of sport is its health-improving orientation. Material. This article considers the methodology of technical and physical readiness improvement among 8-10 year-old children, who go in for sports aerobics. Revealing the content of the lessons, the authors consider schoolchildren's psychophysiological peculiarities of this age. The methodology with health-improving orientation of the lessons is created, taking into account age-related characteristics. Research methods: scientific and methodical literature analysis and systematization, summarizing progressive pedagogical experience of the specialists- practitioners in the sphere of sports aerobics; pedagogical experiment, testing, statistical handling of the material. Results. The content of the created methodology provided mastering different motional actions of the running and dancing orientation with a gradual increase of load intensity; cross training outdoors, outdoor games with the elements of dancing tracks. Children were offered motional and musical tasks, aimed at the skills formation of the technical motional actions mastering, taking into account their age-related peculiarities and the abilities to fulfill integral perception of difficult motor acts. Different motional tasks, aimed at creative potential activation, improve junior schoolchildren's interest in the chosen kind of sport. Conclusion. Special motional and musical tasks provided the skills formation of the simplest compositions creation; plasticity and expressiveness of movements increase. Various visual references, markings, schemes and pictures use provides better mastering of spatio-temporal and spatio-power parameters of physical exercises, the skills of different directions of movements along the ground formation. Such kind of an approach to the training and competitive process organization provided health-improving orientation of sports aerobics lessons increase, its importance realization as an effective means of physical and technical readiness and health indices improvement among children. Keywords: sports aerobics, junior age schoolchildren, health-improving orientation, physical and technical readiness.
Urgency. Motional actions in sports aerobics are characterized by plasticity, logical transfer from one motor act to another, beauty of the lines of the upper and lower extremities, body and head positions. The combination of the running and jumping exercises, turns and spinnings, gymnastic and acrobatic elements, dancing steps, their proportionality, deep aesthetic essence provide inner and outer harmony, the feeling of personal space for
creative phantasy in the world of beauty. Fulfillment of movements to music provides the laws understanding of musical and motional forms creation; artistic-aesthetic images formation, presenting variety of tones of psycho-emotional state: joy, enthusiasm, spirituality, which increase visual appeal, expressiveness and artistry of the composition fulfillment during the competitive activity [1, 2, 7].
The diversity of the sports aerobics content is provided by mastering the technique of the base steps, balances, stands, turns, graceful poses, difficult gymnastic and acrobatic elements, which demand nice static and dynamic bearing, freedom and easiness of movements, skills of spatio-temporal and spatio-power orientation. Systematic repeated fulfillment of the studied motional actions during the games and competitions to music, in different conditions of the training and competitive activity, provides muscular strength, quickness, endurance, spring ability, body steadiness, flexibility development, culture of movements, persistence, diligence, discipline formation. It creates necessary preconditions for cardio-vascular and respiratory system improvement, locomotor apparatus strengthening, motivational and volitional spheres formation, the level of spiritual-moral development increase [ 5, 6].
The aim of this work is theoretical importance substantiation of sports aerobics lessons for health improvement among junior age schoolchildren.
Objectives: 1. To reveal physiological and psychological peculiarities of elementary school children.
2. To show positive influence of sports aerobics on functional state of children.
3. To create the methodology, which provides health-improving orientation of sports aerobics lessons for 7-10 year-old children, and check its effectiveness during the pedagogical experiment.
Materials. Among different directions of scientific research works in the sphere of physical culture and sport one of the leading is new methodologies creation and substantiation, which are based on non-traditional forms of physical and sports training use, which provide many-sided harmonious development of junior age schoolchildren. This difficult problem solution is connected with the problem of sports training and upbringing activity unity provision, as spiritual and material values of sport are powerful means of impact on a personality [3, 4 ].
Sports aerobics creates the conditions for aesthetic artistic-musical taste, motional and musical rhythm, the sense of movements' proportionality formation, their inner world revelation. During the training process organization it is necessary to take into consideration physiological and psychological peculiarities of 8-10 year-old children. Their intellectual sphere is prepared for further development by means of different knowledge mastering; concern to self-affirmation, own social status increase. Elementary school children are characterized by keen perception of moral norms of interactions between people, the ability to learn. Their readiness to master the technique of difficult motional actions, which form the content of sports aerobics, conditioned by keen perception of motional image, helps to master their basis during shorter time period.
High sensory systems sensitivity provides rhythmic and power character of motor acts mastering without separate details of the technique realization and the ability to fulfill the element of high difficulty without preliminary training. According to V.K. Balsevich, 2002, these phenomenal peculiarities of children are conditioned by their ability to master motional actions in general. It conditions the necessity to use vivid artistic images, which help children to percept structural content of the unknown physical exercise, taking into account their own experience. Age period of 8-10 years-old is sensitive to physical and technical training; child's kinesiological potential realization in accordance with objective laws of organism development, taking into account of which provides his sports activity effectiveness increase [6 ].
Purposeful upbringing influence by means of sports aerobics leads not only to the level of a child's physical readiness increase, providing muscular power indices, quickness, endurance increase, closely connected with working capacity, but also social-psychological adaptation to environment improvement. Junior school age is
characterized by an active growth of the organism, functional peculiarities formation. In this connection it is important to provide motional activity, which optimizes the work of physiological systems and functions of the organism, nervous-psychic and emotional spheres activity.
Sports aerobics, having a great arsenal of different running and dancing steps, jumps, hops, turns and spins and also gymnastics and acrobatic elements, helps to develop gradually motional- coordinating qualities, which are necessary for health indices preservation and improvement [7, 8]. Children, who go in for sports aerobics, fulfill great amount of exercises, directed at static and dynamic balances mastering together with swinging, wavy and round movements of the upper and lower extremities, body and a head. It provides nice bearing formation, which is an important condition for internals development and functioning. Dancing and choreographic movements demand accurate characteristics of motor acts mastering, good orientation in spatio-temporal and spatio-power parameters of motional actions, expressiveness, psycho-emotional state control [1, 8, 9]. Repeated fulfillment of these exercises provides locomotor apparatus, big muscles strengthening; special endurance formation; flexibility, activity, rhythmicity formation -qualities necessary for nervous- muscular energy expenditure regulation; culture of movements formation. Different jumps, hops, acrobatic elements of power character create the conditions for deep functional shifts in an organism, which are necessary for internals strengthening, blood circulation increase, providing cardio-respiratory and other physiological systems activity improvement. As a result increase the effectiveness of activity, working capacity, general and special endurance, explosive power and other qualitative sides of motional activity.
During intellectual, physical and other kinds of activity there appears the necessity to overcome difficulties of different character, which provide specific personal qualities revelation: resourcefulness, resolution, self-
possession. During competitive activity there appear the situations, which demand formed skills of difficulties overcoming, psycho-emotional tension decrease, self-confidence increase, the ability to focus nervous-muscular efforts on the future performance; give moral support to team members, who are not able to cope with tension. During the training lessons a gradual psycho-emotional training for competitions is realized, which is directed at the skills formation of organism reactions control to inner and exogenous irritants; self-control preservation and desire to win. It underlines the importance of sports aerobics not only for physical readiness increase, but also for physiological functions improvement, which conditions the ability to control psycho-emotional state.
In order to realize health-improving orientation of sports aerobics we created the methodology of the training lessons organization for junior age schoolchildren, which provides harmonious, many-sided development and health improvement. The methodology is based on problem-oriented approach, which stimulates a child to search for an effective way of the set problem solution. In order to form static and dynamic bearing it is necessary to increase body steadiness; children should master the conditions for its preservation: rational distribution of the body parts in space; redistribution of muscular efforts; visual control provision. In this case it is necessary to demonstrate children different ways of physical exercises fulfillment in order to preserve an ideal static and dynamic bearing, mention and show the main mistakes and the ways of their prevention. Explaining the technique of a motional action, it is important to take into account motional experience of a child, use familiar to him visual images. Elementary school children know the difference between a gentle pace and a clear sports step; between a smooth dancing movement and a sharp and energetic action. During the training lessons it is necessary to form the skills of psycho-emotional state transfer through familiar motional image, to
offer a child show the sense of joy, pensiveness, tranquility using swings and "waves", jumps, hops, gestures, mimicry and etc.
Junior school age is the most favorable time for personal attitude formation to the training process: responsibility, consciousness and activity; understanding the importance of sports activity for health improvement and further life. One of the leading upbringing means of these qualities are the following: family trips, skiing trips, swimming in summer. If parents demonstrate sports technique of different motional actions fulfillment it is an important stimulus for a child in order to achieve sports results. At the age of 8-10 years-old one of the main methods of training is an ideal demonstration of the studied element technique by a trainer with its further fulfillment by children in different variants. It creates the conditions for a child's creative imagination development, for the opportunity of own skills, self- affirmation demonstration. Games use gives an opportunity for the accurate reproduction of spatio-temporal and spatio-power parameters of the element, its aesthetic content understanding, artistic image transfer. Involvement of children into creative motional activity stimulates imagination, fantasy, develops motivational sphere, provides personal motional experience analysis, creates the conditions for different motional skills formation.
If there are no skills of self-control over the quality of motional tasks fulfillment at a junior school age, it is reasonable to use different visual and auditory reference points, which help to master the exercises in accordance with the aims. The direction and the length of the dancing step, the volume of the turn, duration of the rotation, the height of the jump, the amplitude of the wave with the upper and the lower extremities should the strictly regulated by special visual marks, pictures, schemes. Children can independently define a rational sequence of movements; alternation of the jumps, running, dancing steps; form the simplest compositions, which
should start from the definite initial pose; include gymnastics, choreographic, acrobatic elements, which end in an expressive pose. During the training lessons it is reasonable to pay attention to the skills formation of the character of exercises choice in accordance with the peculiarities of the melody. After the demonstration of the several examples of fulfillment by a trainer to music children get the opportunity to transfer the content of music with the help of movements. It broadens their cognitive and intellectual opportunities, forms musical taste, motional rhythm, plasticity of movements, provides deep steady interest in sports aerobics.
Competitive moments organization for the melody reproduction with the help of motional actions, precise transfer of the musical rhythm with the help of claps stimulate motional activity, bring up musical culture, provide personal perception of musical composition. The content of the methodology provides regular cross training along green squares with further fulfillment of respiratory and other rehabilitation exercises and also outdoor games once or twice a week with the elements of dancing tracks. Gradual complication of motional tasks with the increase of qualitative sides of motional activity, a rational alternation of the static and dynamic, slow, smooth and quick movements, jumps, turns with acrobatic elements and dancing tracks provide a proportional physical load on different physiological systems, timely alternation of the load and rest.
Results and their discussion. In order to check the effectiveness of this methodology the pedagogical experiment was held. 24 children (8-10 years-old), who had the IIIrd and the IInd categories took part in the experiment. The control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG) were organized, each group included 12 children. Before the pedagogical experiment the test was held in order to reveal the level of their physical and technical readiness. In order to reveal physical readiness the following tests were used: 30 meters running (seconds) from the high start; shuttle running 5x6 meters (seconds); standing
long-jump (centimeters), standing high-jump (centimeters), dip up in prone position (quantity); touching of hands on floor, standing on the gymnastics bench (centimeters); touching of legs on floor behind the head from prone position (quantity).
The level of technical readiness was determined according to the following indices: unity of the dancing track fulfillment from 5-6 different steps; rotating through a full 360° fulfillment with the balance standing on one leg; a jump, with one leg bending back "kozak", landing in crouch with the forward roll (points). The mark was given by the group of experts (5 qualified sports aerobics trainers). During technical readiness estimation the following parameters were taken into consideration: static and dynamic bearing formation level, spatio-temporal and spatiopower accuracy of movements; unity of motional actions fulfillment, expressiveness of movements.
Estimation criteria:
5 points - ideal static and dynamic bearing, high level of orientation in spatiotemporal and spatio-power parameters of motor acts, high amplitude and unity of movements; plasticity and expressiveness of motional actions;
4 points - formation level of the static and dynamic bearing; precise location of the parts of the body while motor acts fulfillment, sufficient amplitude of movements, no pauses, plasticity and expressiveness of motional actions;
3 points - insignificant deviation from an ideal static and dynamic bearing, slight mistakes in accurate characteristics of movements;
2 points - insufficient formation level of the static and dynamic bearing, not clear reproduction of spatio-temporal and spatiopower parameters of movements, insufficient amplitude and constrained movements;
1 point - not formed static and dynamic bearing; irrational location of the body parts in space; pauses during motor acts fulfillment, no freedom and easiness of movements.
The research results analysis didn't reveal considerable differences according to the level of physical and technical readiness of children from the CG and the EG. In the CG training lessons were held according to the traditional methodology in accordance with sports aerobics program, where the main attention was paid to the level of physical and technical readiness increase. In the EG, together with these problems solution, health-improving orientation of sports aerobics lessons was realized.
After the end of the pedagogical experiment one more test was held in order to reveal the dynamics of physical and technical readiness. The received results analysis showed that the results of physical readiness improved in both groups, the CG and the EG, with more considerable indices increase in the EG. The initial indices in 30 meters running from the high start were 9,0 seconds, after the pedagogical experiment the results improved till 8,71±0,45 seconds; in the EG with the initial indices 8,75±0,52 seconds to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 8,26±0,25 seconds (p>0,05). In the CG with the initial indices in standing long-jump 140,6±3,67 centimeters after the end of the pedagogical experiment the results improved till 147,0±5,13 centimeters, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 141,4±7,24 centimeters, after the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices were 152,6±7,03 centimeters, (p<0,05). The same tendency of more considerable indices improvement in the EG after the pedagogical experiment was revealed in other control exercises: shuttle running 5 meters, high running jump; pushups; touching of hands on floor, standing on the gymnastics bench; touching of legs on floor behind the head.
The initial indices of technical readiness, which take into account the amplitude, unity, expressiveness of motional actions; formation level of the static and dynamic bearing, the accuracy of spatiotemporal and spatio-power parameters of movements, in the CG were 3,37±0,25 points, after the pedagogical experiment the results
improved till3,89±0,22 points; in the EG with the initial results 3,33,28 points after the pedagogical experiment the indices were 4,19±0,32 points (p<0,05).
Conclusion. Thus, the results of the pedagogical experiment showed that health-improving orientation of sports aerobics lessons provided many-sided harmonious development of children, functional indices improvement, static and dynamic bearing formation as the base the base for motional culture and a normal functioning of physiological systems and organs, steady interest increase in sports aerobics lessons. It conditioned high level of attendance, motional and creative activity; the level of technical readiness increase: plasticity and expressiveness of movements. Sportsmen from the EG fulfilled motional and musical tasks with enthusiasm and it shows not used reserves of creative activity and fantasy of junior age schoolchildren, their yearning for self-realization by means of sports aerobics. The methodology of physical and technical readiness improvement with sports and health-improving orientation should provide compulsory cross training, outdoor games and also creative and musical tasks fulfillment, which cause great interest among children.
References
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Submitted: 30.10.2017 Received: 03.11.2017
Authors information:
Ludmila D. Nazarenko - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail: ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
Irina V. Astrakhantseva - Candidate of Pedagogics Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
L.I. Sharafutdinova - Student Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
For citations: Nazarenko L.D., Astrakhanseva I.V., Sharafutdinova L.I. Health-improving orientation of sports aerobics lessons, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-pshycological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 57-63. DOI 10/14526/04_2017_265.
DOI 10/14526/04_2017_266
KNOWLEDGE OF THEORY AND ART HISTORY USE IN PRACTICAL ACTIVITY AT
PHYSICAL CULTURE LESSONS
Anatoliy A. Opletin - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29, Komsomol Avenue, Perm, 614990, Russia Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy, 101, Ekaterininskaya str., Perm, 614990, Russia
E-mail: opletin.a@yandex.ru
Annotation: The article is about the question of art and physical culture interaction and also it concerns the question of "Theory and art history" student specialty can use gained by him knowledge at physical culture lessons. Material. The article presents the material, which concerns the usefulness of knowledge gained by a student while studying at the specialty "Theory and art history" during physical culture lessons. Research material: Historic, scientific literature analysis. Results. Historic and scientific literature analysis was held, during which positive influence of theory and art Annotation: The article is about the question of art and physical culture interaction and also it concerns the question of "Theory and art history" student specialty can use gained by him knowledge at physical culture lessons. Material. The article presents the material, which concerns the usefulness of knowledge gained by a student while studying at the specialty "Theory and art history" during physical culture lessons. Research material: Historic, scientific literature analysis. Results. Historic and scientific literature analysis was held, during which positive influence of theory and art history study on a student and the received knowledge use at physical culture lessons was revealed. Conclusion. The held research works prove the fact, that a student during his study at "Theory and
