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SOME RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT ON SCARIFICATION OF SEEDS OF FORAGE LEGUME ( THE SAMPLE OF ALFALFA SEEDS)
Amartuvshin Oidov, Battugs Sukhee, Tsetsegmaa Agvaantseren.
Amartuvshin Oidov, Battugs Sukhee, Tsetsegmaa Agvaantseren. (2023) Some Results of the Experiment on Scarification of Seeds of Forage Legume (the Sample of Alfalfa Seeds). World Science. 2(80). doi: 10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062023/7981
https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062023/7981 25 April 2023 25 May 2023 27 May 2023
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© The author(s) 2023. This publication is an open access article.
SOME RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT ON SCARIFICATION OF SEEDS OF FORAGE LEGUME (THE SAMPLE OF ALFALFA SEEDS)
Amartuvshin Oidov
Doctorant, School of Engineering and Technology, Mongolian University ofLife Sciences,
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
ORCID ID: 0009-0007-3696-6228
Battugs Sukhee
Ph.D., Professor, School of Engineering and Technology, Mongolian University of Life Sciences,
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
ORCID ID: 0009-0005-6479-0018
Tsetsegmaa Agvaantseren
Ph.D., School of Mechanical Engineering and Transportation, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6902-8739
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062023/7981
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Received: 25 April 2023 Accepted: 25 May 2023 Published: 27 May 2023
KEYWORDS
Scarification, Scarifier, Impact Speed, Impact Angle, Abrasive Surface Grit, Alfalfa Seeds.
If the hard seed (seed that is viable but has an impervious seed coat) content of legumes is greater than 20%, scarification should be considered. Scarification is the nicking of the seed coat to allow moisture to penetrate [1]. This type of seed treatment before sowing is of great importance, as it increases the yield of fodder plants by reducing the sowing rate of rare and expensive fodder seeds, reducing the cost of sowing, accelerating germination, and increasing the percentage of germination. This article reflects the results of a planned experiment to determine the effectiveness of scarification of a device for impacting alfalfa seeds, depending on factors such as seed impact speed, impact angle, and impact surface grit, presented a mathematical model of the relationship between these factors and determined their optimal values.
Citation: Amartuvshin Oidov, Battugs Sukhee, Tsetsegmaa Agvaantseren. (2023) Some Results of the Experiment on Scarification of Seeds of Forage Legume (the Sample of Alfalfa Seeds). World Science. 2(80). doi: 10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062023/7981
Copyright: © 2023 Amartuvshin Oidov, Battugs Sukhee, Tsetsegmaa Agvaantseren. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Introduction.
Determination of the percentage of hard seeds in the seeds of leguminous fodder plants is essential for seed preparation for sowing. This is due to the fact that the hard shell of legume grass seeds does not allow air and moisture to pass through, because of this, these seeds do not swell and do not produce a crop. Therefore, it is necessary to create conditions for the penetration of air and moisture by scarifying the hard shell of hard seeds. According to research conducted in Russia, depending on the climatic conditions of the year of seed collection, the chemical composition of the soil, and the type of plant, about 30-70% of the seeds of legume fodder plants have a hard shell. Based on this, if the percentage of seeds with a hard shell in the seeds of fodder legumes can be reduced, then the cost of cultivation will be reduced and the efficiency of fodder plant cultivation will be improved.
Scarification is an operation in which the hard waterproof shell of the seed is slightly peeled off in order to speed up and facilitate the swelling and germination of the seed.
Seed scarification involves weakening the coating of the seed to encourage sprouting. This can be done in a number of ways, but the most common is mechanically breaking a seed's shell. There are several ways to scarify seeds before sowing (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Classification of the main methods of scarification of seeds for sowing.
The simplest and most widely used method in industrial conditions is the method of mechanical action on the hard seed shell. Mechanical scarifiers according to technological characteristics are divided into friction, impact, and needles. There are disks, drums, needles, and pneumatic scarifiers.
Experimental design.
It was assumed that alfalfa seeds thrown and accelerated by a strong air flow with a light touch on the abrasive surface lose the tightness of the hard shell and a three-factor randomized experiment was carried out to determine the rate of scarification. The rate of scarification (C) was determined depending on three factors, such as the speed of movement of the seed (v), the angle of the velocity vector to the working surface along the normal to the impact (P), and the abrasive surface grit (z). The test black box is shown below (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Black box for planned testing.
Of this:
Controlled factors:
x1 - speed of alfalfa seeds - v, [m/s]; x2 - collision angle - ft, [deg] ; x3 - the abrasive surface grit - z, [^m]; Controllable but unmanaged factors: wi - crop seed moisture;
W2 - the movement of crop seed around its own axis; W3 - temperature of crop seeds; Unmanaged factors:
zx - ambient air temperature, z2 - ambient air humidity.
The experimental plan consists of a three-factored (n = 3) factorial design with five levels. Levels of variation and codes of the independent variables of xi, X2, and X3 for the rate of scarification are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Levels and codes of the independent variables of v, ft and z.
-1.68 -1 0 + 1 + 1.68 A
Speed of seed, [m/s] Xi 8.2 15 25 35 41.2 10
Impact angle, [degree] X2 34.8 45 60 75 85.4 15
Grit of abrasive surface, [^m] 23.2 30 40 50 46.8 10
Table 2. Real and coded values for independent variables Speed of alfalfa seeds (xi), Collision angle (X2), and Grit of abrasive surface (X3) for the rate of scarification (y).
№ v, [m/c] ß, [deg] z, [^m] v, [m/c] ß, [deg] z, [^m] C, [%]
Xi Xi y
1 1 1 1 35 75 50 62
2 1 1 -1 35 75 30 60
3 1 -1 1 35 45 50 66
4 1 -1 -1 35 45 30 75
5 -1 1 1 15 75 50 70
6 -1 1 -1 15 75 30 60
7 -1 -1 1 15 45 50 60
8 -1 -1 -1 15 45 30 53
9 1.68 0 0 41.8 60 40 55
10 -1.68 0 0 8.2 60 40 55
11 0 1.68 0 25 85.4 40 50
12 0 -1.68 0 25 34.8 40 63
13 0 0 1.68 25 60 46.8 63
14 0 0 -1.68 25 60 23.2 80
15 0 0 0 25 60 40 90
16 0 0 0 25 60 40 80
17 0 0 0 25 60 40 70
18 0 0 0 25 60 40 70
19 0 0 0 25 60 40 70
20 0 0 0 25 60 40 90
Optimization parameters:
y - Rate of Scarification, C, (C^100%); The Rate of Scarification:
C=-
krk2
Of this:
kt — number of seeds with a hard shell before processing, pieces;
k2 — number of seeds with a hard shell after processing, pieces. Grain materials and equipment used for the experiment: • Alfalfa seeds sort: Burgaltai. Testing instruments.
The seed throwing test equipment has a gas injection compressor, a gas collection pipe, a pressure gauge and a working surface capable of changing the impact angle (Fig. 3).
Figure 3. The seed throwing test equipment.
The air flow velocity was measured with the anemometers shown in Figure 4, and seed germination was determined using a digital microscope.
Figure 4. The anemometers and digital microscope used in experiments.
k
i
Results.
Before the experiment, when determining the number of seeds with a hard shell according to the GOST 12039-82 method [2], it was 45%.
Non-germinated seeds were considered hard-shelled seeds. Figure 5 shows the difference between germinated seeds and hard-shelled seeds.
Figure 5. The germinated and non-germinated hard-shell seeds.
Table 3. ANOVA showing the variables as linear, quadratic, and interaction terms on the rate of scarification.
ANOVA;Var.: y; R-sqr= .7082; Adj: .44558 (2**(3) central
composite nc=8, 3 factors, 1Blocls, 20 Runs; MS
Factor Residual= DV: y 72.18502
SS df MS F P
(1)x1 (L) 49.498 1 49.4977 0.63405 0.444366
x1 (Q) 791.629 1 791.6285 10.14052 0.009746
(2)x2 (L) 51.955 1 51.9546 0.66552 0.433619
x2 (Q) 681.882 1 681.8815 8.73469 0.0144
(3)x3 (L) 1.814 1 1.8135 0.02323 0.88189
x3 (Q) 4.494 1 4.4945 0.05757 0.815221
1L by 2L 162 1 162 2.07517 0.18028
1L by 3L 72 1 72 0.9223 0.359517
2L by 3L 24.5 1 24.5 0.31384 0.587664
Error 780.659 10 78.0659
Total SS 2473.8 19
Table 4. Results of analysis of curvi
inear regression equation between the rate of scarification
(y) and speed of seed (xi), impact angle (X2), and grit of abrasive surface (X3).
Factor Regr.Coefficients;Var.: y; R-sqr= .7082; Adj: .44558 (2**(3) central composite nc=8, 3 factors,1 blocls, 20 Runs; MS Residual=72.18502 DV: y
Regression Coeff Std. Err. t(10) P -95.% Cnf.Limt +95.% Cnf.Limt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mean/Interc. -110.697 88.765 -1.2470 0.24078 -308.478 87.08425
(1)x1 (L) 6.852 2.12932 3.2180 0.00920 2.108 11.59668
x1 (Q) -0.074 0.02327 -3.1844 0.00974 -0.126 -0.02226
(2)x2 (L) 3.813 1.58538 2.4052 0.03698 0.281 7.34576
x2 (Q) -0.03 0.01027 -2.9554 0.0144 -0.053 -0.00747
(3)x3 (L) -0.551 2.76663 -0.1990 0.84622 -6.715 5.61376
Table 4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x3 (Q) 0.007 0.03041 0.2399 0.81522 -0.06 0.07505
1L by 2L -0.03 0.02083 -1.4405 0.18028 -0.076 0.0164
1L by 3L -0.03 0.03124 -0.9603 0.35951 -0.1 0.0396
2L by 3L 0.012 0.02083 0.56021 0.587664 -0.035 0.05807
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) after deleting the non-significant terms is given in Table 3. The determination coefficient (R2 = 0.71) indicates that a variance of only 29% is not explained by the model.
The probability value F (shown in Table 4) is less than 0.05 which indicates that the model is significant.
y=6.852x1-0.074x1+3.813x2 -0.03x2 (1),
Rate of scarification=6.852(v)-0.074(v )2+3.813(ß)-0.03(ß)2 (2),
Fitted Surface; Variable: Rate of Scarification, [%] 3 factors, 1 Blocks, 20 Runs; MS Residual=78.06588 DV: Rate of Scarification, [%]
< 24
< 4
Figure 6. 3-D plots for the rate of scarification as a speed of seed and impact angle, [degree].
Fitted Surface; Variable: Rate of Scarification, [%] 3 factors, 1 Blocks, 20 Runs; MS Residual=78.06588 DV: Rate of Scarification, [%]
□ < 56 I I < 46 I I < 36
Figure 7. 3-D plots for the rate of scarification as a speed of seed and grit of abrasive surface.
Fitted Surface; Variable: Rate of Scarification, [%] 3 factors, 1 Blocks, 20 Runs; MS Residual=78.06588 DV: Rate of Scarification, [%]
y=-110.696+3.813*x2-.0303*x2A2
-.550*x3+.007*x3A2-.03*25.*x2
-.03*25.*x3+.0116*x2*x3+124.985
I I > 70
□ < 64
□ < 54 I I < 44
Figure 8. 3-D plots for the rate of scarification as an impact angle, [degree], and grit of abrasive
surface.
Conclusion.
1. Has have been created a mathematical model (2) of the process of wiping and scarifying alfalfa seeds by impact.
2. In this experiment, the optimal values of the scarification rate of alfalfa seeds is 81.65%.
In the experimental process of scarification of alfalfa seeds by impact-collision, the optimal values of
the input factors are the impact speed x1=28.8 m/s, the impact angle x2=54.6 degrees and the grit of
the abrasive surface for impact x3=23 ^m.
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