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2market of dairy products will continue to strengthen its position, displacing the domestic producers. Undoubtedly, in such conditions of severe competition without government support will lead to the fact that many Russian milk-processing enterprises go bankrupt and leave the market, and achievement of the indicators of food security Doctrine in the dairy products will be impossible. In order to solve the problems of dairy industry, selfsufficiency in the region of goods of the local production, as well as in the conditions of Russia's entry into the world trade organization requires comprehensive system solutions, which must have long-term character. State complex program of development of agriculture 2013-2020 provides for the continuation of the financial support of the most significant branches of agroindustrial complex, one of which, undoubtedly, is the dairy industry. In addition, the program aims to provide targeted assistance to the regions in the most promising directions of the agrarian sector-to-determine - the task of the regions themselves.
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8. Russian President decree of January 30, 2010 N 120 «On approval of the Doctrine of food security of the Russian Federation» [Electronic resource]. URL: http:// www.mcx.ru [25.09.2013].
ROLE OF PHYSICAL TRAINING AND SPORTS UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE YOUTH'S HEALTH PRESERVATION AND PROMOTION, THEIR SOCIAL ADAPTATION, PERSONAL
AND PROFESSIONAL BECOMING
ABSTRACT. ONE OF THE ACTUAL SOCIAL PROBLEMS IS PROFESSIONAL BECOMING OF FUTURE EXPERTS WHO ARE READY TO RESEARCH, CREATIVE WORK AND REALIZATION OF OWN PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL POTENTIAL, AND ALSO ARE HEALTHY AND PHYSICALLY STRONG. THE AUTHOR CARRIES OUT THE RESEARCH AND ALLOCATES A NUMBER OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF PREPARING LESSONS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING, THE REALIZATION OF WHICH POSITIVELY INFLUENCES ON FURTHER PERSONAL, SOCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL BECOMING OF STUDENTS.
KEYWORDS: THE PROCESS OF TRAINING, ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF LESSONS, PHYSICAL FITNESS, SOCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL ADAPTATION, PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL BECOMING.
MICHAEL GNEZDILOV
CANDIDATE OF PEDAGOGIC SCIENCES, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT THE CHAIR OF PHYSICAL TRAINING, KUZBASS STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER T.F. GORBACHEV
At the present stage of the society development one of the most actual problems of education is personal and professional becoming of future experts. It is necessary to notice that employers' requirements grow. So, future experts have to orientate simultaneously in information streams, to solve business questions, to come into interpersonal contacts, etc. A modern enterprise needs, on the one hand, an expert with encyclopedic knowledge who can also think creatively and critically, ready to research, creative work and realization of his or her own professional and personal potential, socially and professionally adapted, on the other hand, hardworking, healthy and physically strong.
Social and professional adaptation is an integrative parameter of a person's conditions reflecting his or her abilities to carry out certain social and professional functions; adequate perception of social realm; adequate system of relations and communication with other people; ability to work, selfservice and interactive service at home and work, variability (adaptability) of behavior according to other people's role expectations [1].
A social symbol of adulthood and manhood is teenagers' physical ageing. At this stage the change of social roles and ambitions frequently leads to a so-called syndrome of physical defect fear. In
some authors' opinion, it can lead to over uneasiness, decreasing of the level of ambitions, difficulties in communication, shyness and other psychological problems. As a rule, these problems result in decreasing of general self-estimation and self-esteem [2, 3]. Intensive functional development of the central nervous system proceeds: in conditional processes the role of the second alarm system grows, thus, ability to abstract thinking develops intensively. Cortical excitability, lack of balance of nervous processes, fast fatigability of glial cells of the brain is observed and therefore rapid change of mood and behavior which often seems to be unmotivated [4].
Growing age is characterized by development of some mental conditions which can be adversely shown in behavior, as well as in activity. One of the conditions which are typical for teenagers is the condition of uneasiness or as it is sometimes called situational uneasiness. When it is frequently repeated, it is fixed and becomes a steady personal characteristic; it becomes personal uneasiness [5].
The most interesting researches about growing age are those where peculiarities of teenagers' consciousness and self-estimation are shown. The physical component of self-estimation and a physical image have an important value as one of the factors of education and further personal, social and professional becoming. In this case interesting results are received by N.I. Alexandrova and T.F. Dubova [6] who appreciated teenagers' differences of self-estimation of physical images. It is revealed in their research work that at primary school age self-estimation is still being formed and depends completely on adults, parents, and teachers' inspired estimation. Primary school students' self-estimation is low. According to some parameters of physical qualities (the scale of beauty, weight, and dexterity) girls have higher self-estimation than boys. According to some other parameters (the attitude to sports, etc.) boys' self-estimation is higher. Concerning all variables of a physical image the highest self-estimation of physical qualities is observed at senior teenage age both for girls and boys.
Later in their work the authors formulated the concept. In the structure of their concept the following components are allocated: "actual ego" (how I identify myself), "social ego" (how I think other people identify me), "ideal ego" (what person I would like to be). It is necessary to notice that the listed terms are working ones so as "actual ego" is not the same as "objective ego". The authors discover psychological mechanisms causing the difference of estimations of "actual ego", and "social ego" with an individual's estimation. These points show antagonist functions of growing age. On one hand, it is so called difficult age when we can see the largest differences between teenagers' behavior and his or her self-estimation; on the other hand, this age is especially flexible and consequently it is favorable for various psychological and pedagogical correcting.
One of some other basic mental new growths of this age is also teenagers' aspiration to take a certain place in a group of people. In many respects teenagers start to listen to contemporaries' opinion, therefore their high tension and anxiety in relations with other people is frequently noticed. Teenagers' mutual relations are important; firstly, because constant infringement of such mutual relations is an exact parameter of some deviations in the process of mental development, secondly, because getting older the group of contemporaries influences more on each other's behavior and aims [7].
The major psychological changes can be occurrence of consciousness as some new opportunity of self-understanding connected with discovering of the world of own experiences. Systematizing, perception and regulation of these experiences become possible only with occurring of thinking and concepts [8]. Dissatisfaction of the need in a certain self-estimation often leads to occurrence of "conceptual barrier" between people and teenagers, and under certain conditions it leads to "effect of inadequacy" elimination of which demands specially organized correctional work [9]. Low self-esteem and communicative difficulties reduce social activity. Such teenagers, as a rule, occupy elective posts much more seldom, and they less participate in public life [10].
It is determined that general working capacity depends on some biological, psychological and social factors. According to N.M. Rudny, working capacity is considered as a person quality reflecting his or her ability to do a certain work, and as something identical to a functional condition, and as an ability to provide a certain set level of activity, an overall performance, and as limiting opportunities of a person [11]. Thus, it is possible to confirm that the level of physical development and physical readiness of the youth in many respects predetermine further development of personal and professional qualities, forming of positive attitude to future labor activity, and comprehension of own welfare. Lessons of Physical Training let teenagers strengthen their health, physical fitness, and to discover body competence, but also help them to form such
positive personal characteristics as willful firmness, moderation, and self-control, resolution, courage, etc. Physical Training also corrects such psychological and physical personal characteristics as increased level of uneasiness, aggression, decreased self-estimation which are frequently peculiar to the youth.
For many centuries scientists (J.J. Rousseau, P.F. Lesgaft, etc.) paid much attention to a question of interrelation of physical training with such processes as moral education, social adaptation, processes of personal and professional becoming.
So J.J. Rousseau [12] considered that "a weak body weakens a soul" and consequently it is necessary for a body to be strong enough for a soul. All sensual passions, in J.J. Rousseau's opinion, can be found in a weak body. He considered that by their nature it is necessary for young people to jump, to run, to swim, and to bring all actions under the aspiration to physical strengthening. J.J. Rousseau noticed that physical training creates and develops the character.
P.F. Lesgaft [13] studied a problem of moral education in the process of physical training, and came to the conclusion that they were interconnected, and moral, strong-willed and ethic qualities can be formed with the help of physical exercises.
To R. Berne's mind, the important content of the youth's self-consciousness is a "physical ego" image which means the representation of a physical image, comparison and estimation from the point of view of "courage" and "feminity". Features of physical development can cause decreasing of self-estimation and self-esteem, and also be a reason of fear of other people's bad estimation. Defects of appearance (objective or nonobjective) can be experienced very painfully, to full self-negativism, a steady feeling of inferiority and lead to full disadaptation [14].
V.E. Krylov, V.E. Shovsky, etc. [15, 16] also studied the features of educational and correcting influence of Physical Training lessons on the youth. Their researches confirm that a special value of the didactic aspect of these lessons can be found in the pedagogical approach known as "closed" education when a student does not even guess that he or she is an object of the directed correctional work. Impellent tasks of various degrees of difficulty allow developing strong-willed personal qualities, and regular physical exercises form experience of positive activity.
Thus, physical training becomes an integral mechanism of personal correction, forming of personal and professional qualities, and positive attitude to future labor activity. In this connection it is necessary to allocate a number of organizational and pedagogical conditions of educational and training process realization of which will positively influence on further personal, social and professional becoming:
1. Taking students' interests into account in the process of physical training.
The important factor is involving students in social kinds of activity the integral part of which is sports activity; in this case it is necessary to consider motives of playing sports, positive and negative personal qualities, etc.
So, in Yu.I. Zotov's work [17] which is devoted to the motivation of sports activity, it is noticed that motives of activity are mental mechanisms. Forming and changing these mechanisms it is possible to control development, actions, acts, behavior of individuals and whole groups in any spheres and conditions of life.
The basic methods of involving are individual, group, and competitive methods. The means of involving students into sports activity can be acquaintance with new kinds of physical exercises, preparation to competitions, participation in refereeing of competitions, carrying out of lessons, etc.
2. Creating of positive emotional atmosphere at the lessons.
Positive emotional atmosphere is extremely important at the lessons of physical training. The lessons influence positively on development of impellent skills, and forming of interest to physical training and sports activity. They also influence on mental and emotional sphere, forming of adequate personal self-estimation, positive motivational sets, correction of negative mental processes. Creating of positive atmosphere inside the group can be carried out due to introduction of psychophysical training exercises into educational and training process. These exercises are directed on creating of preconditions for students' personal growth, establishments of interpersonal relations, and showing of positive personal qualities.
It is necessary to notice that training exercises stimulate inclusions of students' mental reserves which were not used before. They give some additional impulse to personal development, allow looking newly at many questions, and help to see self-activity in wider, more cultural context. In the educational and training process some training exercises directed on the development of attention and self-checking can be used such as "Fingers", "A Fly", "Focusing", etc.; training exercises directed
on the development of imagination and self-control such as "A Labyrinth", "An Acrobat", "A Magic Pencil", etc.; training exercises directed on the development of communication abilities such as "A Coin", "A Homeostat", "A Rank", etc.; training exercises directed on relaxation, etc.
3. Selecting of adequate pedagogical techniques, methods and forms of lessons organization.
One of the major conditions of environment forming which is directed on the youth's health preservation and promotion is selecting of pedagogical techniques, methods and forms of lessons organization. They are directed not only on the youth's physical development but also they will have a positive influence on a personal psychological and emotional sphere and create preconditions for positive socialization. It has been already mentioned that during the process of development of impellent qualities, and general physical condition there is also simultaneous forming of personal adequate self-estimation, creating of positive motivational orientations, correcting of negative mental processes, etc.
Educational and training process should be systematic (3-4 times a week) and continuous (all-the-year-round). At the initial stage as the basic form of lessons organization it is reasonable to use a circular method in combination with repeated and serial one. Physiological stress should be within the limits of 130-160 beats/min. At the forming stage a circular, and repeated and serial method can be used. In the process of interest increasing to lessons of physical training and sports a competitive method is used. At the specialized stage such methods as repeated and serial, competitive, individual lessons with physiological stress up to 170 beats/min are usually used.
So, if to speak about the organization of educational and training process, the year cycle can be divided into three basic stages: health-improving and stimulus, health-improving and supporting, and specialized. At each stage the objectives are defined and selecting of certain methods and techniques is carried out.
Objectives of the health-improving and stimulus stage:
1. Forming of the youth's interest to regular physical training lessons.
2. Studying of the youth's personal and psychological qualities with the purpose of revealing of possible negative parameters influencing on their further personal, social and professional becoming.
3. Realization of selecting of means and methods of physical training directed on possible correction of physical, psychological and emotional condition.
So, at the given stage much attention should be paid to increasing of students' general physical preparation, strengthening of musculoskeletal apparatus, muscular system, and also development of the basic impellent qualities, general endurance, speed, strength, dexterity. Forming of general endurance is provided by long training performance which corresponds to moderate and large capacity. General endurance develops by means of various physical exercises involving more than 2/3 muscles of a body. Besides at the given stage forming of interest to sports, and also correcting of negative personal qualities with further education of diligence, honesty, persistence and initiative is carried out. So, much attention is paid to the decision of problems of discipline. Alignment, reporting, precise performance of various commands, attentive attitude to a teacher's explanation is good disciplining means.
Objectives of the health-improving and supporting stage:
1. Forming and strengthening of a skill of individual physical exercises.
2. Developing of moral and strong-willed qualities, motivational orientations, and an ability to carry out a trainer's requirement.
3. Developing of positive personal qualities, forming of adequate self-estimation, and decreasing of the level of uneasiness and aggression.
The given stage is also directed on development of impellent qualities, dexterity, flexibility, will power and endurance. At the given stage students' enthusiasm becomes their prevailing stimulus to physical training and sports. Means of physical training are directed not only on perfection of general and special physical readiness, but also on such moral and strong-willed qualities as self-control, endurance, boldness and skill to supervise acts. At the given stage the pedagogical techniques which normalize the increased level of aggression, and uneasiness are used. Correcting of students' personal qualities and activity is achieved by introduction of training exercises into educational and training process. Their purpose is psychological warm-up, development of skills of rallied actions, trust to a partner, organization of positive psychological climate, increasing of communication skills, self-estimation, concentration of attention, etc.
Objections of the specialized stage:
1. Fixing of a settled habit to be engaged into physical training and sports.
2. Correcting of physical qualities, psychological and emotional conditions.
3. Strengthening of moral and strong-willed personal qualities.
At the given stage the perfection of students' impellent qualities, work at psychological and emotional condition and social adaptation continues. The exercises directed on development of the basic physical qualities are used in the following sequence: high-speed exercises, vigorous exercises and exercises demanding general endurance. For the given stage the specific development and demonstration of special physical qualities are typical: e.g., strength, speed, dexterity in playing basketball. Accordingly, exercises for the development of speed and spring ability, exercises for the development of dexterity are offered. Students' technical and tactical training is carried out: e.g., the technique of moving, the technique of a game, attacks and protection is fulfilled. The development and perfection of self-educational skills in the basic kinds of activity (educational, sport, and social) are carried out. The perfection of impellent qualities and improvement of psychological and emotional condition, social adaptation, the ability to control behavior and emotions are also carried out.
It is necessary to notice that the basic form of physical training lessons is a lesson consisting of three interconnected parts - preparatory, basic and final. The obligatory condition of lessons is active use of the means providing the youth's all-round physical development. 40-50% of the time of a lesson is given to general physical training. Gymnastic exercises, exercises taken from sports and outdoor games are also used at the lessons. 50-60% of the time of a lesson is given to special physical and technical and tactical training. Such lessons help to develop and improve the qualities which are necessary for successful specialization in a certain kind of sports, e.g., basketball. Correcting of physical and mental condition is carried out during the whole academic year by the use of a complex of pedagogical techniques, means of physical training and methods of psychological correction.
The central place in the preparatory part of a lesson is taken by functional preparation of a body to the forthcoming basic part. It can be achieved due to the use of the exercises which are easily dosed out and do not demand long time for learning them. Also a teacher pays attention to solving problems connected with discipline. Alignment, reporting, precise performance of various commands, attentive attitude to a teacher's explanations is good disciplining means. Activity and psychological freedom can be achieved due to the introduction of training exercises such as "Burst way through the crowd" and "Molecules" the purpose of which is to warm-up, to develop skills of rallied actions, trust to a partner, and to organize positive psychological climate.
In the basic part of a lesson some tasks of general and special physical training are solved. As a rule, the most difficult tasks connected with mastering some new material are offered at the beginning of the basic part. The exercises directed on the development of the basic physical qualities are given in the following sequence: high-speed exercises, vigorous exercises and exercises demanding general endurance. In the basic part of a lesson some special training exercises can be used. They usually focus on concentration of attention, solidarity of a group, increasing of self-estimation ("A Ferry", "Persecutors", and "Protection of defense"). The basic method is a method of strictly regulated exercise providing precise definition of an exercise, intensity of performance, intervals of rest between attempts, number of recurrences, number of series and intervals of rest between them. To increase students' emotional condition game and competitive methods are used.
In the final part of a lesson some exercises for gradual decreasing of functional activity of a body are selected: jogging, walking, relaxing, autogenous exercises. The important thing of this part of a lesson is summarizing and giving homework.
So, it is noticed that successful and effective carrying out of physical training lessons under conditions of the youth's health preservation and promotion, social adaptation, personal and professional becoming is impossible without taking some organizational and pedagogical conditions into account. Adequate pedagogical management of sports activity promotes better educational and training process. At such lessons not only some physical qualities are formed, developed and improved but also some moral and strong-willed personal qualities, motivational needs, some certain social qualities which will promote better students' adaptation to the future successful professional work.
FIG. 1 ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING LESSONS
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