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Khidirov M.Sh. teacher
Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizomi
REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION EMPLOYMENT IN SERVICE NETWORKS OF KASHKADARYA REGION
Annotation. This article describes service networks of Kashkadarya region, opportunities of service networks, population employment in service networks, regional characteristics of service facilities and problems of increasing population employment by increasing them.
Key words: service networks, service facility, guest houses, tourist and recreational potential, tourist organization, population, infrastructure, social service, communication, transport, medical service.
In our republic, an active socio-economic policy is being carried out to ensure the employment of the able-bodied population in the conditions of the market economy, to eliminate the problem of unemployment, and to regulate the labor market. The reason is that increasing the efficiency of the use of labor potential, developing the national economy, raising the standard of living of the population, and joining the ranks of highly developed countries is one of the most important tasks facing every country. From this point of view, studying the demographic situation in the country and its various regions is an urgent issue. In Kashkadarya region, one of such regions, a number of works are being carried out to increase the employment of the population in the service sectors, and to make effective use of labor resources. But despite the reforms being carried out in this regard, it is noticeable that there are some problems. In our opinion, based on the experience of the developed countries of the world, in order to gradually eliminate the existing problems, it is necessary to study in-depth such issues as the analysis of demographic factors, the territorial characteristics of the population, its demographic development at the scale of districts, and the rational use of natural resources.
It is known that settlements are the main training ground for population activities. Industrial development in the country and its regions is determined by the structure and amount of the population living in it. For example, in industrially underdeveloped countries, the majority of the population is rural, on the contrary, in industrially developed countries, the number of urban residents is large. Due to the low level of industrial development in the Kashkadarya region until the 70s of the last century, the majority of its population were rural people. After the 1970s, industries developed due to the exploitation of the Karshi desert and the use of underground reserves. This seriously affected the living conditions and structure of the population [1].
The formation and development of villages depends on the natural and economic conditions of the region, the location of agriculture, transport and national economic sectors. Therefore, in Kashkadarya region, there are sufficient natural, economic and geographical opportunities for the solution of the rural problem. In particular, the climatic conditions of the region are favorable for the development of irrigated and dry farming, vegetable farming. This influenced the fact that the majority of the population was engaged in agriculture in historical times [2].
Villages are, first of all, the place where people live, that is, the social environment. Therefore, it is important to provide services to the population and improve the service sector. In turn, the development of these areas, the opening of wide opportunities for small entrepreneurship and business will help to further increase the employment of the population by creating new jobs [3].
26.3% of the region's population lived in cities in 1990, 25.4% in 2000, and by 2022, this figure was 42.8%.
It should be noted that the population's natural mobility indicators are different in urban and rural areas, the birth rate in rural areas is somewhat higher than in urban areas. There are several objective and subjective reasons for this. In particular, the low level of employment of women in social life in rural areas, the existence of the need for labor force in agriculture, where manual labor is highly demanded, and national traditions have led to a high birth rate over time. Among the urban population, the activity of women in social life, housing problems depending on economic and social factors and other reasons lead to a slightly lower birth rate.
Features such as high population growth rate and large number of children are characteristic features of our research region. According to the data of 2022, the annual growth rate of the population of the republic is 1.9%, including the urban population by 1.8%, while the rural population grew by an average of 2.2% per year. In Kashkadarya region, this indicator is equal to 1.7%. About 50% of the population of the republic lives in villages. In Kashkadarya region, this indicator was 57% in 2022. If we consider the composition of families in the region, the average number of people in the republic is 5.4 people, in the Kashkadarya region it is 5.8 people. In villages, this figure is 7 or more people. The high rate of natural growth of the rural population and the low level of migration create a difficult socio-economic situation in the village.
Due to the improvement of people's material and household life and health care, the death rate has decreased sharply, and the rate of natural population growth has accelerated. The low rate of annual population growth in Kashkadarya compared to the republic is due to the low development of production forces in the region and the low population movement from abroad.
According to the data of 2022, 92.9% of the population of the region are Uzbeks; Tajiks 4.05%, Turkmen 1.09%, Russians 0.61%, Tatars 0.24%,
Ukrainians 0.07%, representatives of other nationalities live mainly in cities and towns.
The correct and rational use of labor resources allows to increase the efficiency of social production. Correct and rational use of labor resources is the most important component of social production. Therefore, the number, level of growth, qualification of labor resources has a great influence on the specialization and territorial organization of production on the scale of the whole republic and especially within the regions.
Labor resources include working-age men aged 16 to 59, women aged 16 to 54, pensioners employed in socially useful work, and teenagers aged 14 to 16 working under privileged conditions.
With the growth of the population in the region, its working age is also increasing. In 1970-1990, the number of working-age population increased 2.4 times. In 1991, there were 825,200 people of this age. In 2022, 26,400 people will be part of labor resources in the province, and the total number of labor resources will be 1808,700 people. [80].
Another peculiarity of the distribution of the population employed in social production in the region in economic sectors is the high weight of the population employed in agriculture. In 1991, the population employed in agriculture made up 28.2% of the economically active population [79].
The employment of a large part of the economically active population in agriculture shows that until now labor productivity in agriculture is not very high and manual labor is used a lot. The role of science and technology development is increasing in agriculture, as in other sectors of the economy. As a result, it was possible to attract part of the population employed in agriculture to other sectors of the economy. Due to this, it will be necessary to increase vocational-technical and secondary specialized educational institutions and universities, which will prepare qualified workers from rural youth to industrial and service sectors: engineers and technicians.
Between 1989 and 2022, the population of the region increased rapidly: the average annual increase in Mubarak district was 5.7%, in Koson 4.75%, and in Kitab and Nishon districts 4.1%.
Relatively lower demographic growth was observed in Dehkanabad (2.40%), Karshi (2.50%) and Kasbi (2.50%) districts. At this point, it should be recognized that according to these indicators, Mubarak District occupies the first place in our republic. Such a rapid growth of the district's population is not only due to natural reproduction, but also to population migration (as a result of the development of natural resources, many people moved here). Taking into account that industrial enterprises will be built mainly in rural areas in our country in the future, the development of the urbanization process will be observed in the next ten years. The increase in the population of this village will also lead to positive changes in the composition of the general population. As a result, villages with a population of more than 3,000 people can become towns and cities [4].
In terms of population, Chirakchi District is leading in the region (432,000 people in 2022). 12.67% of the population of the region live in this district. In 2022, the population of Kasbi District was 309,600. About 1/4 of the population of the region lives in Chirakchi and Kasbi districts. Among rural districts, Koson district (297,500 people in 2022) ranks third after the districts mentioned above. The average population density in the district is 158.2 people per 1 km2, and in the region according to this indicator, Kasbi (309.6 people), Karshi (281.4 people), Shahrisabz (221.5 people) and It ranks fifth after Yakkabog Districts. According to the population, the second place after Koson district is occupied by Kitab district with a population of 297,500 people (2022). About 20% of the district's population lives in the administrative center of the district - Kitab city.. 289,500 and 283,700 people live in Qamashi and Yakkabogh districts, respectively. However, the average population density (256.6 people per 1 km2) in Yakkabog district (1.43 thousand km2), which is twice smaller than Qamashi district (2.9 thousand km2) in terms of area, is twice as high. According to the data of2022, Kashkadarya region ranks 10th in the republic in terms of population density.
Despite the increase of labor resources in districts with high natural reproduction, the indicator of their use is relatively low. In 2010, labor resources amounted to 1493.4 thousand, in 2016 to 1758.1 thousand, in 2020 to 1809.6 thousand, and by 2022 to 1808.7 thousand.
The high employment rate of the population also depends on the location of the districts. According to the location of the population of the studied area, it can be divided into mountain and plain regions. The main part of the population is located in districts specializing in agriculture, around the city of Karshi, around the Kashkadarya river and its tributaries. 43.8% of the rural population and 66.7% of the total population live in Dehkanabad, Kitab, Shahrisabz, Chirakchi, Yakkabog, Qamashi, Guzor, Nishan and Mirishkor districts in the mountain and sub-mountain regions.
Paying attention to the increase in the number of labor resources in the region, in 2010 it was 1,493,400 people, and by 2022, this indicator will reach 1,808,700 people. In other words, it can be seen that the number of labor resources increased by 21.1% during 2010-2022 (Table 1).
Table 1
Labor resources in Kashkadarya region (per thousand people).
Indicators Years
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Growth in 2010-2022,%
Permanent population 2616,1 2777,8 2895,3 3025,6 3148,4 3280,4 3335,4 27,4
The number of labor resources 1493,4 1612,7 1692,5 1758,1 1806,8 1809,6 1808,7 21,1
Number of working age population 1030,9 1094,9 1172,5 1247,0 1353,3 1317,9 1339,5 29,9
Source; It was compilec by the author based on the data of t ie Kashkadarya
Regional Statistics Department.
When we analyze the status of economically active and inactive labor resources in the Kashkadarya region, we can see that the working-age population in the region is increasing year by year, and most of them live in villages. We can see that the economically active population will increase from 1,039,000 in 2010 to 1,339,500 by 2022. Most of them are located in rural areas, and a large part of the economically inactive population lives in these settlements. In this place, the economically inactive population is 471,400 people as of 2022, which has decreased by 20,500 people compared to last year (491,900 people in 2020), the number of unemployed people in urban areas is 177,900 people, and in rural areas it is 293,500 people.. We can see that the number of unemployed people will decrease compared to last year due to the reforms being carried out in the province, the jobs being created, and the activity of the centers helping to find a job (table 2).
Table 2
Distribution of labor resources in Kashkadarya region according to
№ Indicators 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022
1. Economically active population 1030,9 1094,9 1172,5 1247,0 1353,3 1317,9 1339,5
2.1 City 533,4 528,7 568,1 596,9 603,6 660,6 614,5
2.1 Village 497,5 566,2 604,4 650,1 749,7 657,3 725,0
2. Economically inactive population 462,5 517,8 520,0 511,1 453,5 491,9 471,4
3.1 City 166,5 214,0 201,8 196,9 210,5 171,3 177,9
3.2 Village 296,0 303,8 318,2 314,2 243,0 320,6 293,5
Source: Compiled by the author basec Regional Statistics Department.
on the data of the Kashkadarya
As of January 1, 2022, 36.0% (1,227,000) of the permanent population of Kashkadarya region are below the working age, 52.2% (1,779,000) are of working age, and 11.8% ( 402,000) corresponds to the share of people older than working age.
One of the most important indicators of the level of socio-economic development of any country is the education system. This field is especially important in the current conditions, when intellectual factors are strong. The conduct of the educational process in preschools and schools, their territorial organization is formed taking into account the national composition of the local population. At the same time, the educational process in schools is moving to a more one-shift system. Much attention is paid to the education system in Kashkadarya region, as in all regions of our republic. Today, as of the 2022-2023 academic year, there are 557 preschool educational organizations, 1220 general education schools, 1 Presidential creative school, 35 vocational schools, 16 vocational colleges, 12 there are technical schools, 7 academic lyceums and 9 higher education institutions, where thousands of students are educated [9].
More than 841,000 students study in these educational institutions. They are taught by more than 71,000 teachers in the main state. In the academic year 2022-2023, the total number of educational organizations of Kashkadarya region is 1857, and there are 841702 pupils and students studying in them, and 71068 professors and teachers are working in educational institutions.. We can see that 3.9% of the population of working age is employed in educational organizations.
In particular, the largest concentration of educational institutions is in large cities and district centers of the region. Higher education institutions are located in the cities of Karshi and Shahrisabz, the largest cities of the region, where 57,400 students will study in the 2022/2023 academic year.
Catering is the basis of gastrotourism and is a popular type among tourists. Tourists are usually interested in getting to know the national cuisine of the country they are in. Uzbek cuisine is famous for the most diverse and colorful dishes in the world, including pilaf, shashlik, tandoori kebab, spicy lagman, somsa and other dishes. Gastronomic tourism, famous for more meat dishes, has always attracted tourists with its unique national dishes, mainly in Chirakchi, Dehkhanabad, Guzor and Koson districts of the region with well-developed animal husbandry [7].
It is safe to say that the Kashkadarya region is known throughout the country and the world for its national dishes. We all know that the people of the region eat a lot of meat. We can see that there are enough conditions for the development of food and gastro-tourism, as the majority of visitors from all regions of our republic come to the region to taste Guzor tandir-kebab, Chirakchi yakhni and jiz.
Today, more than 400 catering establishments are operating in Kashkadarya region, and they are unevenly distributed across regions.
Chirakchi district, Karshi city and Koson district are the leaders in terms of the number of catering establishments, on the contrary, Karshi, Mirishkor and Mubarak districts have a much lower indicator. Also, they have a very low level of service. These, in turn, have a negative impact on the flow of tourists.
Education system and health care are the two main pillars of any society. It is these areas, together with the indicators of the gross domestic product, that are the main indicators of the level of socio-economic development of countries. In fact, the state of society is characterized by the level of education of the population, employment, its general mortality rates, child and maternal mortality, and life expectancy.
The role of small business and private entrepreneurship in the development of this system is significant. In particular, dentistry, pharmacies, and private clinics are gaining importance in this regard. Also, the healthcare system requires the development of the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, it will be necessary to prepare high-quality medicines and use the available opportunities. For example, there are many medicinal plants in Surkhandarya, Namangan, Tashkent and Samarkand regions. About 36-38% of such plants are located in Surkhandarya region alone. The use of local medicinal plants, at the same time, the development of traditional folk medicine is also important in health care.
The analysis of the above data shows that the total number of medical workers operating in the region is 45,000, of which 38,400 are secondary medical workers and 6.6,000 medical workers, 75.3 people compared to the total population. there is one medical worker per population. In 2010, the total number of medical workers was 32,900, and one medical worker was 79 people, including: 27,800 medical workers (94 ), the number of medical staff was 5.1 thousand people (513 people), this indicator increased to a total of 35.4 thousand people (83.6 people) in the region in 2015, secondary medical staff number of 30.2 people (98 people), the number of medical staff is 5.2 thousand people (569 people). If we look at the section of cities and districts, at the beginning of 2022, the lowest number of medical workers per capita was contributed by Mirishkor, Mubarak, Dehkhanabad and Nishon districts (the number of medical workers in Mirishkor district is 1, There are 1,000 people, the number of medical workers is 1,000, and there is 1 medical worker for every 121.5 inhabitants.The number of medical workers is 100 for every 1,215 inhabitants. 1 doctor of the highest category was correct), the highest rate was recorded in the city of Karshi, Kitab, Chirakchi and Karshi districts, the number of secondary medical personnel is 8000, of which 1 secondary medical personnel per 35 inhabitants and It was determined that there is 1 medical worker per 132 inhabitants (2.1 thousand). Providing medical services in mountainous and sub-mountainous districts of the province becomes a problem especially in the winter season, which in turn has a negative impact on the development of medical services for the population. We can see that the medical service networks are very poorly developed in districts
located in the mountainous region far from the district center (Chirakchi, Dehkhanabad, Qamashi and Yakkabog districts).
Analyzing the above information, we can say that it is appropriate to pay special attention to the training process of medical workers. Because in order to establish medical control in places, doctors must work tirelessly on their knowledge and skills. In Kashkadarya region, there are regional differences in the activity of medical service networks. Taking into account such regional differences has gained great scientific and practical importance in the reform of the health care system in the republic, social protection of the population, creation of socio-economic development programs of various regions, and implementation of the regional policy of our state [4].
The impact of tourism on the economy of the region is also increasing in Kashkadarya region. Of course, the role of tourism companies, organizations, and travel agents is invaluable. It should be noted that in Kashkadarya region special attention is paid to the field of tourism, the quality of services provided to local and foreign tourists visiting the region, and small shortcomings in the organization of hotel services are visible.
The number of hotels and similar accommodations in the region was 23 in 2010, 44 in 2016, and 43 by 2022. Compared to 2020, the number of hotels and similar places decreased by 2 in 2022 [5].
In 2010, 5 in 2016, and 7 in 2022, the region is in the last place in the republic. If we analyze the numbers, compared to 2010, in 2022, the number of organizations engaged in tourism activities has not changed for almost 10 years [Appendix 5]. The above information is certainly not a good indicator for the Kashkadarya region, which has a high demographic potential, the results of the analysis show that it is necessary to create sufficient conditions for the development of tourist marketing and the improvement of the activities of tourist organizations in each district, and through this, it is possible to increase the employment of the population. we came to the conclusion that
In 2011, the number of theaters in the region was 4, and in 2021, the total number of theaters was 5. We can see that the number of theaters in the region has increased by 1 in 10 years. It is interesting that in the region there are 4 theaters in the city of Karshi and 1 in the city of Shahrisabz, and there are no theaters in the rest of the districts. From the figures given above, we can conclude that it is not difficult to estimate the level of population coverage of the regional theater. It is certain that similar numbers will appear in the province's theaters as well. These sad indicators indicate that many young people of the region are growing up completely deprived of this type of art.
Information-resource and information-library centers are one of the branches of the spiritual and educational sphere operating in the province. In 2021, the total number of information-resource and information-library centers in the region was 23. This indicator is not a good indicator for the region, although the head of our country is conducting a lot of practical work to increase the
number of information-resource and information-library centers in every region of the republic, and to increase the interest of young people in books.
Museums are one of the service industries that provide spiritual nourishment to the population: according to the statistics department of Kashkadarya region, in 2011, 2 museums were operating in the region, and in 2019, the number of museums reached 3, but in 2022 The number of museums increased by 10. 1 of the 10 museums operating in the region is located in Karshi, and 9 are located in Shahrisabz.
In the process of analyzing the territorial characteristics of the service networks of Kashkadarya region, territorial problems were highlighted due to insufficient development of service facilities in some districts. As you move away from the district centers, the type and quality of services decreases. To provide the population with high-quality services through the organization of first-class service facilities for the population, tram transport, medical, educational, trade, household, communication and other types of services in the regions located far from the district centers, but also to provide the population with quality services in the service networks it will be possible to increase employment.
Through the development of small business and private entrepreneurship, each person will engage in business activities that he is interested in, first of all, he will ensure his own employment, and it will also create new jobs and reduce the level of unemployment in the region.
In conclusion, we can say that in order to show the role of service networks in meeting the needs of the population, it is necessary to analyze them quantitatively and qualitatively.
In the process of analyzing the employment of the population in the service industries of the Kashkadarya region, the following was found: if the population in the developed countries of the world chooses a job based on their interests, there is an abundance of labor resources, the number of large enterprises and organizations, and the lack of jobs in the studied area. because of this, we have seen that the population is self-employed and the majority of the employed population is in the service sector, and the highest salary (monthly) is also in the service sector was determined.
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