CC BY
9
DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_302 UDK: 331.5:631 (575.1)
Amanov O.A., PhD docent Department of Innovative economy of Karshi Engineering and Economic Institute
Uzbekistan
THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ENSURING
EMPLOYMENT
Annotation. In this article, an analysis of the employment of the population on the rural labor market is carried out, current problems and tasks of employment of the population are considered and highlighted. Also, suggestions and recommendations were made to address the problem in the labor market.
Keywords: labor market, digital economy, labor resources, innovation, innovative employment, human capital, labor reserve, unemployment, employment, employment problem.
Introduction
Innovative processes taking place around the world require the adaptation of each country's economic development strategy in this direction. The concept of human capital for sustainable socio-economic development of the national economy and the effective functioning of human resources are clearly defined role. At the same time, to ensure the sustainable development of the economy of the country depends on the reforms taking place in the labor market at the international level makes.
As noted in the Address of the President to the Parliament of our country, "Today we are moving on the path of innovative development aimed at radical renewal of all spheres of life of the state and society. This is not in vain, of course. Because who will win in today's fast-paced world? A state based on a new idea, a new idea, innovation achievments.
Innovation is the future. If we start building our great future today, we must start it on the basis of innovative ideas, innovative approaches." [1]
Indeed, today we are embarking on a path of innovative development proposed at radically renewing all spheres of life of the state and society. Based on the changes in this area, the tasks set by the President, on January 12 this year, the Cabinet of Ministers adopted a resolution "On measures to create effective mechanisms for the introduction of scientific and innovative developments and technologies in production." The purpose of this decision is to improve the mechanisms of state regulation of innovation, improve the innovation environment, increase the efficiency and quality of research, create the necessary conditions for competitive scientific and practical results in domestic and foreign markets.
In the context of economic liberalization, the state pursues an active socioeconomic policy to ensure employment of the able-bodied population, reduce unemployment, and regulate the labor market. Indeed, the use of labor potential, increasing its economic efficiency is an important source of joining the ranks of developed countries for the development of the national economy, improving living standards, and improving social life.
Referring to the structural analysis of innovative employment, which is a new type of employment, allows us to gain a deeper understanding of its overall formation, to determine the interdependence of its various levels of complexity, reversibility, flexibility, to study and evaluate structural changes, to identify objective causes gives
One of the main tasks in economic activity is to build a competitive economy in the Action Strategy for the five priority areas of development of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021, including the State Program "Year of Active Entrepreneurship, Support of Innovative Ideas and Technologies." Therefore, the training of competitive personnel in the labor market plays a very important role.
As the President of the country Sh.M. Mirziyoev noted, "Despite the need to employ 1.5 million people a year in our country, last year the Employment Assistance Centers employed only 248 thousand people or 16.5%. The main reasons for this are the outdated forms and methods of work, as well as the formality in solving employment problems "[1].
Today, more than 16,000 crimes, or one in four, are committed by unemployed citizens. Without addressing this problem, the intended results in crime prevention will not be achieved. To overcome this problem, every official must fully support businesses in the regions, help create new jobs, and take concrete measures to ensure self-employment of citizens. Therefore, one of the main tasks in our country is to "create new jobs and ensure the employment of the population, especially graduates of secondary special and higher education institutions, ensure the balance of the labor market and infrastructure development, reduce unemployment."
Literature review
Foreign and national economic theories have extensive experience in the analysis of the labor market at the present time, despite the scientific concept of "labor market" continues to be a heated debate. For many years the leading scientific schools, representatives of the labor market, labor or labor, the domestic market, the company sold the presence or absence of the essence: the price of labor (wages) or value (the value of the work force), and a clear idea of the purpose, etc. they cannot come. [3]
In particular, the number of supporters of the broad interpretation of the "labor market" as "a system of social relations, social norms and institutions that ensure the creation, exchange and use of labor" is growing. Among them are A.A Nikiforova and some other economists. show that it is necessary [4].
Economic scientists Kh.X.Abdurahmonov confirmation of this idea: "Labor market re-occurrence of the labor force: all stages of its production (socio-demographic perspective, the emergence of new labor force), circulation (purchase and sale activities) The distribution of the workforce (social, occupational and regional distribution) and used in the field of labor migration stages of the relationship between the employee and employer social system must be understood "[5].
The textbook "Labor Market Infrastructure" by Sh.R. Kholmuminov and N.U. Arabov provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the interdependence of the labor market infrastructure and its components, a methodology for comprehensive assessment and forecasting of the effectiveness of its development, as well as governmental and non-governmental work. the main directions of formation and development of employment services have been identified. Also, a strategic concept has been developed to improve the organizational and economic mechanism of labor market regulation and increase the efficiency of labor market infrastructure development [6].
In the economic literature, along with the term "labor market" there is also the concept of "labor market". Often they are used in a sense. But it is necessary to find a reasonable answer to the question of whether these terms really mean the same thing or whether each of them has its own characteristics. In this regard, it should be noted that the former US Secretary of Labor tried to prohibit the use of the term "labor market" in official documents of the Ministry. According to him, the term "labor market" means that labor is sold and bought in the same way as grain, oil or metal. . On any given day, thousands of companies and thousands of employees will come to the market and try to implement this agreement. " [7]
This approach was supported by the Russian economist, scientist A.O.Kotlyar. He denied the existence of the domestic labor market and employees to hire contract labor market conditions of documents, recruitment probe later date because they do not have to make any changes to the property market, sold, and used the power of the business concerned. [8]
Proponents of the concept of a broad interpretation of the concept of "labor market" believe that such a restriction narrows the scope of labor relations and leads to the restriction of the whole process to job search. According to them, there is every reason to consider the "labor market" in a broader sense, because the set of "employee-employer" social relations are social partners at all stages in which they work together, all the situations that may arise in the economic system, including production. rate of decline, unemployment, closure of the enterprise, reduction of wages, and so on.
The above description of the first part of the market economy, the labor market, and secondly, the ability to work in the labor market (labor), and thirdly, buying and selling system, labor market, social and economic relations in the country.
Methods of equalization and comparison, grouping and observation, statistical analysis, data collection, economic-mathematical, expert assessment, sociological research, drawing conclusions are widely used in the regulation of the rural labor market, data collection and analysis. It should be noted that research in the field of employment, labor market, mobilization of labor resources provides the necessary and reliable information to develop scientifically based programs of socio-economic development, to address social problems and conflicts that constantly accompany the work of employees.
Agricultural research, scientific analysis of the labor market on the one hand, and a real help to expand the existing knowledge about the reality, on the other hand, the employment of labor resources and related processes contribute to our society
Analysis and results
The results of reforms in the development of small business and private entrepreneurship in our country are also reflected in the indicators of employment.
The number of labor resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019 amounted to 18,672.5 thousand people, an increase over 2018 by 183.6 thousand people, or 1.0%.
In 2019, the share of employment in small business and private entrepreneurship in total employment was 78.3%. The share of employment in the public sector in the total employed population in the country was 17.3%, and in the private sector - 82.7%.
The number of economically active population in the structure of labor resources was 14357.3 thousand people (76.9% of the total labor resources), and the number of economically inactive population was 4315.2 thousand people (23.1%). The number of employed people in the country amounted to 13,520.3 thousand people, an increase of 1.7% compared to the same period in 2018 (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. Distribution of the number of labor resources by regions (January-December 2019, thousand people)
Source: Data of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
The forecast parameters of the State Program "Job Creation and Employment" in the country are the areas of employment by sectors and the need for employment in the regions, especially young people entering the labor market for the first time, structural changes in the economy and modernization of laborintensive industries. the resulting vacancies, as well as the demand for labor as a result of the development of industry, agriculture and other sectors of the economy, the service sector, private business and entrepreneurship.
The number of employed people in the country increased by 1.7% compared to the same period in 2018. The share of employment in small business and private entrepreneurship was 78.3%.
In 2019, the number of employed population in 2018, compared to the high growth rates in transportation and storage by 2,6%, financial and insurance activities, 2.4%, 2.1% in construction and 1.9% in trade. The share of employees in the context of economic activities in agriculture, forestry and fishing (27.3%), industry (13.5%), trade (11.0%), construction (9.5%) and education (8, 2%) (Figure 2).
the number of population employment
■ health and social security
■ education
■ transportation and storage
■ trade
■ construction _ industry
■ Agriculture, forestry and fisherie
■ others
Figure 2. The number of employed kinds of economic activity. (January-December 2019, the percentage share of the total)
Source: State Statistics Committee.
At the end of December 2019, the number of unemployed registered as job seekers in the Republic of Uzbekistan amounted to 14.4 thousand people, an increase of 2.9 times compared to the corresponding period of 2018 (5.0 thousand people).
According to the methodology of registration of the unemployed in need of employment, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on May 24, 2007 No 106, the number of unemployed in January-December 2019
amounted to 837.0 thousand people and the unemployment rate relative to the economically active population Was 5.8%.
According to the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the number of people employed in the economy in January-December 2019 amounted to 13,520.3 thousand people, an increase over 2018 by 1.7%. Analyzing the number of employed in terms of economic activity, a significant increase in the number of employed compared to 2018 was observed in transportation and storage (2.6%), financial and insurance activities (2.4%), construction (2.1%), trade. (1.9%), in accommodation and catering services (1.7%). The main share of the employed population is in agriculture, forestry and fisheries (27.3%), industry (13.5%), trade (11.0%), construction (9.5%) and education (8.2%). ) sectors (Table 1).
Table 1
Distribution of the employed population by regions and types of economic activity
(January-Decem jer 2019, share in total items, in ercent)
Regions Agriculture, forestry and fisherie industry construction services
Republic of Karakalpagistan 29,9 9,4 9,3 51,4
Andijan 26,8 13,9 7,3 52
Bukhara 30,2 13,3 15,2 41,3
Jizzakh 41,8 9,8 6,7 41,7
Kashkadarya 28,1 8,4 13,9 49,6
Navoi 22,3 26,9 12,3 38,5
Namangan 25,2 12,3 8,9 53,6
Samarkand 28,4 12,2 7,2 52,2
Surxondaryo 36,9 6,4 8,8 47,9
Sirdaryo 48 9,2 6,7 36,1
Tashkent 26,2 19,9 9,5 44,4
Fergana 27,6 16,9 7,9 47,6
Khorezm 35,6 8 9,5 46,9
Tashkent 0,9 19,1 11,2 68,8
Across the country 27,3 13,5 9,5 49,7
Source: Compiled by the author on the basis of data of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
80 70 60 50
■ Agriculture, forestry and fisherie
■ industry
■ construction
■ services
The graph 1 shows that when analyzing the number of employed people in the Republic of Uzbekistan by region and type of economic activity, in Jizzakh (41.8% of the total number of employed in the region) and Syrdarya (48.0%) regions, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, Navoi (26.9%), Tashkent (19.9%) regions and Tashkent city (19.1%) industry, Bukhara (15.2%) and Kashkadarya (13.9%) regions construction and in Tashkent city (68.8%), Namangan (53.6%), Samarkand (52.2%) and Andijan (52.0%) regions.
Despite the role and importance of the agricultural sector in the economy of our country, the problems of the rural labor market have not yet been studied extensively and in depth. This is also understood from the fact that no clear scientific conclusions have been drawn on the nature of the rural labor market, its functioning features, functions, mechanisms and other aspects.
In our opinion, the rural labor market is an integral part of the national labor market, characterized by the fact that it is located in the countryside in the region, where agrarian relations predominate.
The main features of the rural labor market, in our opinion, are as follows:
• monopsony of labor prices. It is known that a monopsony labor market means that one buyer (employer) has a large number of sellers (employees). Because, just as in some cities there is a single enterprise, in most rural areas the main economic entities - farms or agricultural enterprises - are the sole employers;
• In contrast to urban labor markets, rural labor markets are characterized by low labor and mobility per unit area, low labor mobility due to underdevelopment of the housing market and social infrastructure;
• Significantly longer duration of unemployment in rural areas than in urban areas. This is explained by the relatively slow pace of job creation in these areas. In particular, a significant increase in labor productivity as a result of institutional reforms in rural areas has led to the dismissal of excess labor [9].
Rural labor market
Figure 3. Features of the rural labor market Source: Developed by the author
"Innovative employment" is an improved form and form of labor activity based on the use of their intellectual abilities by the subjects of the rural labor market and ensuring the achievement of optimal employment.
As a manifestation of new types of employment in the rural labor market, new technologies of job or personnel search, creation of private business, labor mobility, innovative labor contracts, new forms of employment (leasing, employment in social funds, employment in virtual organizations, etc.) .k.); distance learning, direct innovative labor in enterprises, and so on.
World practice shows that there are two ways to build a national innovative economy:
1) "mastery" strategy or "chase" model. In this type of strategy, the investment policy will be mainly focused on the acquisition of new machinery and equipment, technical and technological re-equipment of production, the technological base of the national economy. As a result, the product will be
competitive in world markets by increasing production rates and reducing costs. Most developing countries in the world have chosen this method;
2) "Multiplication" strategy or model of increasing existing scientific potential using its own scientific and technical potential. This model uses investment policy aimed at supporting and developing its scientific base. The country's economic policy, research, and the creation of new goods and services, production and financing of priority.
Uzbekistan has chosen the same second path, transforming the national economy into an innovative model of development, with a high share of innovation and intellectual contribution in production, competitiveness in modern and global markets, rapid development of industry, "smart agriculture", services, as well as a favorable investment and business environment. defined a strategic task of finding a solution. On the basis of the Action Strategy for the five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019-2021 to create an effective system of incentives for innovative research, ideas, developments and technologies, development of IT infrastructure, digital technologies, in particular, "Smart Agriculture", "Smart City", "Smart Medicine" "Are being introduced. To this end, a completely new Ministry of Innovative Development was established [10].
In rural areas for the establishment of modern enterprise for the production of competitive products and above all, well-educated, experienced professionals to prepare.
In this regard, the President Sh.Mirziyoev also affirmed, "Today we have one of the most important issues of the agricultural science and practice away from each other, and in many cases corrupt.
One fact is well known to all: where there is no science and research, there will be no development, no rise, and, in general, the future of any industry.
"Unfortunately, over the last 20 years, we have not paid enough attention to the development of the agricultural sector on the basis of scientific achievements. Due to our negligence, the existing research institutes have fallen into a whirlpool of financial problems." [11]
Turning to the statistics, 8% of all students studying at the bachelor's degree in higher education in the country study in agriculture and water management, 4% in services (Figure 4).
total amoun of students
■ humanitarian sphere
social sphere, economy and law
■ production and technical area. ■ Agriculture and Water Resources
■ health and social security ■ services sector
Graph. The total number of students studying at the bachelor's level in the field of study
As can be seen from the above diagrams, in 2019, 5594 graduates of higher education institutions, 1803 in the humanities, 1263 in the social sphere, economics and law, 1431 in production and technology, 668 in health and social care, 312 agriculture and water management, 117 of whom specialize in services. Therefore, in his speech on the newly established Day of Agricultural Workers, Mirziyoyev drew attention to the problem of shortage of staff in the agricultural sector and proposed to transfer from the 2018-2019 academic year to full-time budget grants for master's degree programs in narrow agricultural specialties.
Advances in science and technology are a key process in the production process that increases labor efficiency and leads to staff reductions. In recent years through the production process to increase the level of technical production process to increase the efficiency of labor. First of all, the energy of the production process, technical re-equipment of the enterprise modernization and maintenance activities.
In summary, the rural population, despite the measures taken to increase the level of employment in this sector there are still serious problems. The agricultural sector has a significant impact on the use of labor resources due to its characteristics - seasonality, diversity of agricultural production, the impact of natural factors, the high share of manual labor, etc. At the same time, agriculture is a major consumer of labor due to low labor productivity in the sector, the irrationality of the natural structure of capital.
The population of the rural employment rate is higher than in urban, non-agricultural jobs midst of spring planting, harvest labor shortages, particularly in
Conclusions and Recommendations
FIG. This, in turn, the resuscitation of the supply and demand for manpower in the labor market, as well as the development of regional programs for employment on the basis of the need for effective measures to regulate.
Innovation to improve the level of employment in rural areas is desirable, in our view, the following measures:
• the context of the actual situation in the labor market regions and districts to carry out the analysis, based on the employment of the regions to develop and coordinate the implementation of their programs. At each of the district's internal capacity, taking into account national traditions, natural and geographical location. This is faster and provides the flexibility to the labor market, and does not require spending unnecessary time and costs;
• rural areas is self-employed, flexible forms of employment (part time, weekly, home-based work, home and crafts to expand the family business). This form ofjobs to low-cost high results achieved;
• creation of new jobs at the expense of rural areas (financial, tax cuts, interest-free loans, lease additional land, unused capacities and to support other methods). In this case, Uz.R. the legal benefits as part of a wider propaganda and recommended the organization of work;
• to provide employment opportunities for the development of tourism in rural areas is also needed. Today in Kashkadarya region 1 thousand 311 objects of cultural heritage are registered, of which 1 thousand 41 are archeological, 200 are architectural, 43 are sculptures and 27 are monuments. Especially in Kitab, Shakhrisabz, Yakkabag, Guzar and Karshi districts there are many examples of our national heritage. Other districts of the province to increase the tourist areas of tourism, agro tourism, ethnographic tourism, hotel and service opportunities, tourist routes and protected areas in the region to improve the level of international standards, effective use of available opportunities, the development of eco-tourism, Mubarak, Mirishkor district steppes time, such as the organization of a number of projects should be implemented;
• Establishment of permanent cooperation between scientists, specialists of higher education institutions and research centers in this field, the use of their experience. As a result of the development of innovations, it is necessary to train new engineers-chemists entering the rural labor market, production technology, specialists working with equipment for biofuel production, installation of solar panels and batteries, botany, landscape design, installation of wind generators. The demand for these specialists is high in rural areas;
• Funding from the state budget or the provision of soft loans to enterprises and organizations that increase scientific development and train highly qualified personnel;
• Issuance of state orders to agricultural enterprises on a contractual basis for the implementation of research and development;
• Formation of special innovation centers in rural areas - techno parks, technopolises , business incubators, regional innovation funds.
We can see from the experience of the world, the creation of an innovative economy in the world in a single model. States have chosen their own development model of transition to the economy based on their capabilities. Even in developed countries, the transition to an innovative economy has not taken place in a short period of time. Therefore, there is no doubt that the innovative way of developing the economy of Uzbekistan will be a driving force of the country's competitiveness, a factor in improving the welfare of the population, employment.
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