CC BY
0Занкиевские чтения
нем не теряют своего значения, а, наоборот, их ценность только возрастает. Когда народ знает и чтит наши национальные праздники, обычаи, традиции, это значит, что нация живет.
Сохранить родной язык, историю, духовные ценности, традиции, создать прочную связь между поколениями.
Жить в родном краю и не знать его историю нельзя. Знание истории родного края, его прошлого помогает лучше оценить настоящее, воспитывает любовь и уважение к людям труда. Без памяти мы утратим свои корни, забудем родной язык, родную культуру.
Наш долг - бережно сохранить и передать потомкам всё, что нам досталось от предков.
Список источников и литературы
1. Халиков Н. А. Обычаи и обряды татар - Казань, 1998 г.
Б01: 10.24412/с1-37095-2024-1-251-258
Эркан Алкая
доктор, профессор, Турецкая Республика
О МЕСТЕ СИБИРСКО-ТАТАРСКИХ ДИАЛЕКТОВ В ТАТАРСКОЙ ДИАЛЕКТОЛОГИИ И НЕКОТОРЫХ ОТЛИЧИТЕЛЬНЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ
Ключевые слова: татарский язык, сибирско-татарские диалекты, фонетика, морфология
Аннотация. Диалекты сибирских татар составляют одну из трех больших групп диалектов татарского языка. Татарский язык делится на казанский (средний), ми-шарский (западный) и сибирский (восточный) диалекты. В данном докладе на основе работы «Сибирско-татарский диалект», опубликованный нами в 2021 году, рассматриваются характерные фонетические и морфологические особенности диалектов сибирских татар.
Prof. Dr. Ercan ALKAYA
ON THE PLACE OF SIBERIAN TATAR DIALECTS IN TATAR DIALECTOLOGY AND SOME DISTINCTIVE LANGUAGE FEATURES
Key Words: Tatar Turkic, Siberian Tatar dialects, phonetics, morpholgy. Abstract. Siberian Tatar dialects are one of the three large dialect groups of Tatar Turkic. Tatar Turkic dialects are divided into Kazan (Middle), Mishar (West) and Siberian (East). In this study based on our work titled «Siberian Tatar Turkic» published in 2021, phonetic and morphologic features of Siberian Tatar dialects are discussed.
Siberian Tatar dialects are one of the three major dialect groups that make up the Tatar Turkic dialects. The dialects of Tatar Turkic are divided into three: Kazan (Central), Mishar (Western), and Siber (Eastern). Siberian Tatar dialects are further divided into three dialect groups: Tobol-Irtysh (Tumen-Omsk), Baraba (Novosibir), and Tom (Tomsk). Among these, the Tobol-Irtysh region dialects form the largest group in terms of geographical distribution and number of speakers, and are further divided into five major subgroups: Tumen, Tobol, Tara, Tevriz, and Saz regions. Baraba Tatar dialects form a cohesive group by themselves. The Tom region dialects are divided into three subgroups: Eviste Tatars, Chat Tatars, and Kalmak Tatars [8, p. 29-42].
Siberian Tatars live in the Western Siberia region, which is one of the three regions of Siberia, divided into Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, and Far Eastern Siberia [7, p. 7]. The area of Western Siberia, which includes Altai Krai, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, and Tyumen Oblasts, is 2,428,000 km2. Excluding Altai Krai, the area inhabited by Siberian Tatars corresponds to a 2,166,000 km2 area. Classified into three main groups as Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, and Tomsk Tatars, the Siberian Tatars live scattered across this vast territory. The total population of Siberian Tatars living in the Tyumen, Novosibirsk, and Tomsk regions today is shown as 277,600 according to 2002 data (Tyumen/Tobol-Irtysh 227,400, Novosibirsk/Baraba 29,400, Tomsk/Tom 20,800).
Занкиевские чтения
There are Idel-Ural Turks (Tatars, Bashkirs), Kazakh Turks to the west, south, and southwest, and South Siberian Turks (Altai, Khakas, Tuva Turks) to the south and southeast. Russians inhabit the northern part of this region to the west of the geographic area where Siberian Tatars reside.
Siberian Tatars are the indigenous people of Western Siberia, which is considered the homeland of Turkic people. Since the 3rd century BC, the forest-steppe region of Western Siberia has been under the rule of the Huns, starting from the 6th century by the Gokturks, in the 8th century by the Uygurs, and in the 9th century by the Kyrgyz khaganates. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the southern part of this geographical area came under the rule of the Kimek khaganate, which was composed of Kimek and Kip-chak tribes. Some Kipchak and Kimek tribes were present in Western Siberia from the 11th to the 13th centuries. The only significant political entity historically established by the Siberian Tatar Turks under the name of Sibir or Sibiria was the Sibir Khanate, which existed from 1556 to 1600. The ethnic basis of Siberian Tatar Turks consists of the Kimek-Kipchak tribes [6, p. 1613]. The Kipchaks played a major role in the formation of present-day Siberian Tatars. Additionally, Tatar Turks from the Idel-Ural region, including Nogais, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Bashkirs, Uzbeks, and partially Oghuz tribes, have contributed to the formation of Siberian Tatar Turks [8, p. 29-42]. Moreover, Mongol influence and non-Turkic indigenous people such as the Khanty, Mansi, Ugric, Samoyedic, and Ket tribes are also believed to have contributed to the formation of Siberian Tatar Turks over the course of history.
Siberian Tatar Turkish, while being considered one of the dialects of Tatar Turkish, shares phonetics, morphology, and vocabulary with Kipchak dialects like Bashkir, Nogai, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Karakalpak, and southern Siberian dialects such as Tuvan, Khakas, and Altai due to its geographical location.
The dialects of Siberian Tatars show a significant degree of commonality with each other. Over a period of more than five centuries, as a result of the influence of Kazan Tatars, each dialect has approached the literary language, particularly the Middle dialect, of Tatar Turkish. The vowel systems of the dialects are also closely related
to the system of the Tatar literary language. Furthermore, unlike ancient and contemporary Turkic dialects, the historical development of vowels is similar to that of Tatar and Bashkir Turkish. It is observed that this appearance is still not fully completed in many archaic features. Despite similarities with the literary language of Tatar and many of its dialects, Siberian Tatar dialects hold a special place in terms of sound and morphological features within the dialect system of Tatar Turkish. It is possible to briefly outline some of the most characteristic sound and morphological features of Siberian Tatar dialects as revealed in our study «Ercan Alkaya, Siberian Tatar Turkish, Kesit Publishers, Istanbul 2021.»
I. Phonetic Features
1. There are 12 vowels in the Siberian Tatar language: a, e, a, e, i, i, o, ¥, о, a, u, u. Nine of these vowels, a, e, a, i, i, o, о, u, u, are the same as in the Tatar literary language and are found in the Tobol-Irtysh dialect. All 12 vowels are found in the Baraba dialect. The Tom dialect has 10 vowels: a, e, a, e, i, i, o, о, u, u [3, p. 51-52].
2. The vowels and vowel system in the Siberian Tatar language (especially the Tobol-Irtysh dialects) do not differ much from the Tatar literary language. The vowel-related sound phenomena in the Tatar literary language are largely valid for the Tobol-Irtysh dialects as well. The Baraba dialect is important in terms of preserving the sound system of Old Turkic. In STT, rounding occurs partially outside the first syllable. In this respect, the Siberian Tatar dialects approach Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, and Altai Turkic: yoltos (SDM, 8) «star», qoydorob (SDM, 106) «having put», qoyorogon (SDM, 64) «its tail», ostondo (SDM, 110) «on top» etc.
3. In the Tatar spoken language, the /a/ vowel, pronounced rounded after consonants (g, q, m, q, x, b, p, n in the first syllable), such as qal- «kal-», mal «mal», bal «bal», is pronounced flat without rounding in Siberian Tatar Turkish, unlike in literary language. In this aspect, STT shows similarities with Mishar Tatar dialects and various dialects of Bashkir Turkish [5, p. 123]: at (ETD, 186), atsiq (YBT, 70) «open», alma (CTD, 96) «apple», and so on.
4. In STT, as in Tatar literary language, due to the transformation of /e/s in Old Turkic to /i/ in the first syllable, the original /e/ sound is rarely seen. However, in the
Занкиевские чтения
Baraba dialect and partially in other dialects, the /e/ sound is commonly observed as original in various words in the first syllable: temir (YBT, 66) «iron», teri (YBT-27) «skin», kerek (YBT, 120) «necessary», er (SDM, 128) «man, male, husband», and so on.
5. In STT, there is a strong palatal harmony in Turkish words: ayiw (ETD, 202) «bear», urmanlix (ZGTiY, 157) «forest-like», ogis (YBT, 27) «ox», kilantsek (SDM, 50) «new bride, corn poppy». Due to the influence of consonants such as ? (<y), §, y, ts (<?) in STT, sometimes the palatal harmony in Turkish words can be disrupted as a result of the fronting of vowels: ?iyil- (<yigil-) (SDM, 103) «collect-, gather-», siyir (SDM, 101) «cow», yiyil- (<yigil-) (SDM, 117) «gather-, collect-», qayin (<qaOig. DLT I, 32) (SDM, 101) «beech tree», etc.
6. In STT, lip harmony is weak, similar to in Tatar literary language. /o/, /0/ vowels are only found in the first syllable, and /u/, /и/ vowels are seen outside of the first syllable as /i/ and /a/, making lip harmony weak: onit- (ZGTiY, 157) «forget-», koma§ (SDM, 80) «silver», muyin (ETD, 186) «neck», kumar (SDM, 72) «charcoal», etc. In Baraba dialects, there is partial adherence to lip harmony due to the presence of rounded /u/, /и/ vowels in the second syllable: qomuz (SDM, 113) «kopuz», polup (YBT, 70) «becoming», sugku (YBT, 70) «lance», ksflu (YBT, 119) «strong» etc. In addition, as mentioned in point 2, there is a strong tendency for rounding outside the first syllable.
7. There are 28 consonants in Siberian Tatar Turkic: /b/, /c/, /?/, /d/, /f/, /g/, /g/, /h/, /x/, /j/, /k/, /q/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /д/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /§/, /t/, /v/, /w/, /В/, /y/, /z/, /ts/, /§?/ [3, p. 70-71].
8. The most important sound event related to consonants in STT is devoicing. At the beginning and end of a word or syllable, the voiced consonants /b/, /c/, /d/, /g/, /g/, /z/ in general Turkic and the literary language are replaced by their voiceless counterparts: bir>par (ETD, 186), bol->pol- (YBT, 60), cefa>?efa (SDM, 54) «suffering», hucum>h05um (SDM, 53), durust>toros (SDM, 14), bugday>potay (SDM, 119), yigirmi>yekarme (ETD, 147) «twenty», gevher>kewxer (ETD, 132) «jewel», qisga>qisqa (SDM, 24) «short», sigta>siqta- (YBT, 71) «cry», kizil>qisil (SDM, 88), toquz>tugis (ETD, 187) «nine».
Занкиевские чтения
9. In STT, the voiceless consonants /q/, /k/ become voiced when they occur between two vowels or adjacent to voiced consonants: oqi-> ogo- (SDM, 118) «read», saqal>sagal (SDM, 27) «beard», iki>iga, (SDM, 74), bukul->bogol- (SDM, 44).
10. In Siberian Tatar Turkic, the /c-/ (<y-) sound found at the beginning of some words in the literary language is not found, and these words are seen with /y-/ at the beginning of the word. Therefore, Siberian Tatar dialects are called /y/-producing dialects [1, p. 18]: cil>yal-, cilek>yalek-, cida>yata-, citma§>yatma§, ciber>yaber-, etc. Even the /c-/ sounds found in loanwords in STT are converted to /y-/ : cum'a>yoma (SDM, 123) «week», can>yan (SDM, 99).
11. In Siberian Tatar Turkic, the /?/ sound in general Turkic always turns into the /ts/ sound. For this reason, Siberian Tatar dialects are also called /ts/-producing dialects [4, p. 80]. In this respect, Siberian Tatar dialects show similarity with some Mishar dialects [2, p. 61]: fiq->tsiq- (ETD, 187) «exit», ?op>tsup (ETD, 186) «grass, fodder», bi?aq>pitsaq (YBT, 28) «knife», u?>ots (SDM, 32) «three», qih?>qihts (SDM, 85) «sword».
12. In STT, the consonant /x/ is replaced by the consonant /q/: xalq>qaliq (SDM, 70) «people», xayr>qeyar (SDM, 118) «charity, donation», taxte>taqta (SDM, 15) «board», zavxoz>sapqus (TiD, 30) «head of fixed assets», me§ayix>me§eyaq (SDM, 80) «sheikhs».
13. In addition to consonant pairs such as /rt/, /lt/, /nt/ as in Old Turkic, there are also consonant pairs such as /mt/, /qt/, /wt/, /yt/ in Siberian Tatar Turkic. Therefore, there is a consonant harmony specific to STT after the consonants /l/, /m/, /n/, /q/, /r/, /w/, /y/: ol-tur- (63-10/YBT, 70) «kill-», yul-ta (54-7/ETD, 198) «on the road», uram-ta (SDM, 58) «on the street», kam-tar (SDM, 102) «who is it», qarm-ta§ (SDM, 68) «close relative», an-ta (ZGTiY, 157) «there», usaq-te (SDM, 39) «in oneself», us araq-ta (SDM, 14) «among themselves», ultar-ta, m (ZGTiY, 155) «I killed», yar-ten (SDM, 31) «from the ground», kiyew-ten (SDM, 48) «from the groom», Tamtaw-ta (YBT, 120) «in Tamtaw», oy-te (ETD, 199) «at home», quy-ti-q (SDM, 15) «we put».
2. Morphological Features
Although the Siberian Tatar Turkic language exhibits great similarities with the Tatar literary language in terms of morphology, it also has some characteristic features of its own.
Занкиевские чтения
1. In the Siberian Tatar Turkic language, the present tense is formed by adding the 3rd person suffixes -ti/-ta: ala>alati «takes», kile>kileta «comes», uyniy>uynayti «plays». For example: Ela kus altimta torati. (SDM, 15) «It is still standing before my eyes», Ye§ler anig menasan palmeyta. (SDM, 12) «Young people do not know its meaning».
2. In Siberian Tatar Turkish, a separate present tense form is used to indicate habitual, continuous, and always occurring actions and movements, derived from the adjective-verb «torgan»: min aru uqiy almaytigin. (dst, 92) «I cannot read well», sis te anta paratiganma? (dst, 92) «Are you also going there?», siyirni kahrane yets ret savatin. (dst, 92) «The cow is milked three times a day.»
3. In the imperative mood, i. in the first person singular, the form «-ayin/-eyan» is more commonly used as in Old Turkish, ii. in the first person singular, in addition to the use of the form without postfix, suffixes such as «-gin,-gan/-qin/-qan; -gil,-gal/-qil/-qal; -(i)?/-(a))5» are used: sin yirlagin, min tiglayin. (etd, 153) «Sing a song, and I will listen», alay qiylanip yormegan! (kst, 35) «Don't go breaking things like that!», qiylmanisa, kilif monta. (dst, 212) «If you don't want to, then leave.»
4. In the Tatar literary language, the imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix -asi/-esa to the verb, while in conversational language, the main imperative mood is formed with the suffix -gi/-ga; -qi/-ka (verb + -gi/-ga; -qi/-ka + possessive suffix + kil-): oylendargam kileda. (sdm, 28) «I want to get married», ul irna sinap baqqisi kilgen. (sdm, 31) «He wanted to try that man», saylegabas kilmi. (dst, 232) «We don't want to talk».
5. In the Tatar literary language, the main verbal noun suffix -irga/-arge is replaced with -gali/-gela; -qali/-kela /-xali/-xela as the main verbal noun suffix in Siberian Tatar Turkish [3, p. 375]: al-gali «to take», agti-gali «to hunt», ultar-gela «to kill», sat-qali «to sell», yagart-xali «to renew». ka§a artinnan kol sipkela yaramayti. (sdm, 65) «It is not good to sprinkle ashes behind someone.», pay kurgela taleta. (etd, 200) «The lord wanted to see».
Resources
1. Alishina X. Ch. Tobol-Irtysh dialect of the Siberian Tatars.- Kazan, 1994. -119 p.
2. Alkaya Ercan. Mishar Tatars // Turks, Vol. 20, Ankara: Yeni Turkiye Yay., 2002, pp. 58-63.
3. Alkaya Ercan. Siberian Tatar Turkish.- Ankara: Turkish Studies Pub., 2008.-592 p.
4. Jalay L. Tatar Dialectology, Kazan, 1947. - 136 p.
5. Ahatov G. Kh. Tatar Dialectology, Kazan, 1984. - 80 p.
6. Tumasheva D. G. Language of the Siberian Tatars and Old Turkic Inscriptions // 3rd International Turkish Language Congress 1996. - Ankara: TDK Pub., 1999.-p. 1161-1613.
7. Tumasheva D. G. Konbatish Siber Tatarlari Tele.- Kazan, 1961. - 240 p.
8. Yusupov F. Yu. Siber Tatars // Miras.- 2003.-No. 12.- 29-42 p.
9. CTD: L. Jalay, Tatar Dialectology, Kazan, 1947.
10. DLT: Kashgarli Mahmud, Divanu Lugat-it-Turk Translation (Trans. Besim Atalay), Vol. I-III, TDK Pub., Ankara 1992.
11. DST: D.G. Tumashova, Dialects of Siberian Tatars, Kazan 1977.
12. ETD: G.H. Akhatov, Tatar Dialectology, Kazan, 1984.
13. KST: D.G. Tumashova, Materials of the Western Siberian Tatars dialects, Kazan, 1961.
14. SDM: D. B. Ramazanova, Materials of the Siberian dialects, Kazan 2001.
15. STT: Ercan Alkaya, Siberian Tatar Turkish, Turkish Studies Pub., Ankara 2008
16. TiD: X. Ch. Alishina, Tobol-Irtysh dialect of Siberian Tatars language, Kazan 1994.
17. YBT: L. V. Dmitryeva, Language of the Baraba Tatars, Leningrad 1981.
18. ZGTtY: R. S. Barsukova, Swamp dialect of the Tobol-Irtysh language in comparative perspective, Kazan 2004.
