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0MORPHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES AND LEVEL OF USAGE OF SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE IN THE TAJIK LITERARY LANGUAGE REFERRING TO 11th CENTURY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF TARJUMAI TARIKHI YAMINI" BY
JURFODIQONI) Kurbonova Sarvinoz Zoidjonovna Senior Lecturer of the Department of Arabic Grammar, SEI "Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov" https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11085717
Abstract. The given article dwells on the issues beset with morphological peculiarities and level of usage of superlative degree of adjective in the Tajik literary language referring to 11th century on the example of the historical production entitled as Tarjumai Ta'rikhi Yamini" by Jurfodiqoni. It is noted that in modern Tajik literary language comparative and superlative degrees are expressed in two ways: synthetic and analytical ones and the theme explored is of a long history and passed various periods and evolution throughout its development.
Adducing the results of the analysis concerned with the theme explored one can come to the conclusion that in "Tarjumai Ta'rikhi Yamini" by Jurfodiqoni, the superlative degree of adjective is evinced analytically. The relevant degree of adjective possesses certain common and distinctive peculiarities, on the whole.
Keywords: adjective, superlative degree of adjective, morphological peculiarities, level of usage, Tajik language, expression of degrees of adjectives, suffix -тарин, Tarjumai Ta 'rikhi Yamini" by Jurfodiqoni.
Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada XI asrga oid tojik adabiy tilida sifatdoshning morfologik o'ziga xosligi va qo'llanish darajasi bilan bog'liq masalalar Jurfodiqoni "Tarjumai ta'rixi yamini" nomli tarixiy asari misolida to'xtalib o'tadi. Qaydetilishicha, hozirgi tojik adabiy tilida qiyosiy va ustun darajalar ikki xil: sintetik va analitik darajalar va o'rganilayotgan mavzu uzoq tarixga ega bo'lib, o'z taraqqiyoti davomida turli davr va evolyutsiyalarni bosib o'tgan.
O'rganilayotgan mavzuga doir tahlil natijalarini jamlab, Jurfodiqoniyning "Tarjumai ta'rixi yomini" asarida sifatdoshning ustunlik darajasi analitik tarzda namoyon bo'ladi, degan xulosaga kelish mumkin. Sifatning tegishli darajasi, umuman olganda, muayyan umumiy va o'ziga xos xususiyatlarga ega.
Kalit so'zlar: sifatdosh, sifatning ustunlik darajasi, morfologik o'ziga xosliklari, qo'llanish darajasi, tojik tili, sifatlarning daraja ifodasi, -тарин qo'shimchasi, Tarjumai ta'rixi yamini" Jurfodiqoni.
Аннотация. В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы морфологических особенностей и уровня употребления превосходной степени прилагательного в таджикском литературном языке XI века на примере исторического произведения «Тарджумаи Та 'рихи Ямини» Джурфодикони. Отмечается, что в современном таджикском литературном языке сравнительная и превосходная степени выражаются двумя способами: синтетическим и аналитическим, а исследуемая тема имеет давнюю историю и на протяжении своего развития прошла различные периоды и эволюцию.
Подводя итоги анализа по исследуемой теме, можно прийти к выводу, что в «Тарджумаи Та 'рихи Ямини» Джурфодикони превосходная степень прилагательного выражена аналитически. Соответствующая степень прилагательного в целом обладает некоторыми общими и отличительными особенностями.
Ключевые слова: прилагательное, превосходная степень прилагательного, морфологические особенности, уровень употребления, таджикский язык, выражение степеней прилагательного, суффикс -тарин, «Тарджумаи Та'рихиЯмини» Джурфодикони.
Introduction
It is common-knowledge that determination of various periods of the history of the language and its high points of development based on both scientific-historic traces and artistic ones we proceed from the assumption of the actual issues in the field of Tajik linguistics. Into the bargain, it is impossible to create commonly accepted standard grammar without dwelling on comprehensive analysis of artistic and scientific-historical legacy [1; 2; 3].
Language is a complex, multifaceted and developing system, which reflects all changes occurring in the society. At the modern stage of the development of linguistic studies, language is to be considered as an anthropocentric system, therefore, in the second half of the 20th century, the emergence of cognitive linguistics promoted the arrival of categories in science, which is an opportunity to study the relations between language and people's culture. Every language has its own particular characteristics that make up various aspects, such as grammatical structure, wordstock composition and phonetic system. Each of the relevant aspects of language needs independent theoretical research. The grammatical aspect of the language was mostly paid attention to, but over time, other aspects including lexical, phonetic and other aspects of the language are also studied.
Book review
While conducting analysis, we have resorted to "Tarjumai Tarikhi Yamini" by Jurfodiqoni and we adduced the appropriate examples out of the above-mentioned source in order to bring certain thoughts and proofs. The chosen source depicts different historic events of Ghaznavids dynasty. This historical work is considered to be one of the priceless and fundamental historical sources contained a numerous historical facts and evidences belonging to the period in question.
The objective of the corpus of our study are:
- to dwell on morphological peculiarities and determine the level of usage of the suffix -тарин in terms of its function;
- to compare the relevance of the theme explored with modern Tajik literary language;
- to carry out certain distinctive features of superlative degree of adjective in the Tajik literary language referring to 11th century on the example of the historical production entitled as Tarjumai Tarikhi Yamini" by Jurfodiqoni
Scientific novelty
The article under consideration dwells on morphological peculiarities and the level of usage of the superlative degree of adjective in the Tajik literary language referring to 11th century on the example of the historical writings [7] in Tajik linguistic studies, for the first time. It is worth stressing that the relevant grammatical degree of adjective in our factological materials is not an identical in terms of its usage and is of great importance in the exploration of this category of adjective.
Methodology
While canvassing the distinctive peculiarities and the frequency of uses of the suffix -тарин, we have resorted to the following visual methods, such as: comparative and historical, synchronic and diachronic ones.
Main results and dissuasion
As a rule, "the category of degrees of adjective is expressed by the suffixes -тар (comparative) and -тарин (superlative) in MTLL. However, they differ from the current state with a number of peculiarities at various stages of the historical development of Tajik literary language, at the initial stage of the evolution of Dari-Tajik language, in particular" [1, p.58-64].
At the same time, in the Tajik literary language comparative and superlative degrees are expressed in two ways: synthetic and analytical ones.
Expression of Superlative Degree of Adjective
Basically, the frequency of the superlative degree of adjective by means of the suffix -тарин is the language of the historical writing belonging to the period under study. As a result of consideration, research and exploration of scientifico-historical traces of various periods, it became clear that the usage of the suffix -тарин is more limited than -тар historically. Into the bargain, this grammatical category of Tajik adjective is underscored a number of researchers. V.S. Rastorguyeva laid an emphasis upon the idea that "the grammatical category of Tajik adjective is characteristic of Tajik Literary Language and does not occur in dialects" [5, p.59].
While conducting an analysis concerned with the theme explored, we encountered that the suffix -тарин is used to perform this grammatical function in the following set of phrases: сазовортарин чизе [7, p.13], шарифтарин нафоис... азизтарин рагоиб [7, p.47], ме^тарин амир... ке^тарин амир [7, p.180], судмандтарин сармоя [7, p.302], охиртарин авлод [7, p.317], бе^тарини он [7, p.337], бе^тарини хама [7, p.337], бе^тарин бахшоянда [7, p.340], саргардонтарин мардумакхои чашм [7, p.340], бехтарин мавкеъ [7, p.341], бехтарин ашхос [7, p.345], бехтарин ахвол [7, p.354], бехтарин гиёхон [7, p.370], сутудатарин чонишинон [7, p.352], комилтарин хушбахтй [7, p.354], сахттарин бало [7, p.357], бехтарин чиз [7, p.358, 358], сутудатарин шахс [7, p.362], бузургвортарини эшон [7, p.365], сахитарини онон [7, p.365], шоистатарин касон [7, p.365], бехтарин чомахо [7, p.369], наздиктарин хешу пайванд [7, p.374]: Зишттарин чизе, ки дар он руз ба чашм намоён мешавад, равшании риш аст, ки ба чомахои хизоб пушонида шавад (сафедии риш олуда ба хизоб аст) [7, p.375].
a) Designing on the premise of our detailed observations, one important point can be underscored that in "Tarjumai Tarikhi Yamini" by Jurfodiqoni, traditionally, the superlative degree of adjective is formed by means of -тарин from the original Tajik ones: сазовортарин чизе [7, p.13], ме^тарин амир... ке^тарин амир [7, p.180], сахттарин бало [7, p.357], шоистатарин касон [7, p.365], наздиктарин хешу пайванд [7, p.374]: Ва миёни мо наздиктарин хешу пайванд аст, агарчи насабе, ки моро ба якдигар бипайвандад, дур аст [7, p.374], Ман уро шоистатарин касоне медонам, ки руи рег (хок) кадам гузоштаанд, барои виросату чойнишинии ашхоси бузургвор ва боманоату гушодару ва сарварони некукору маъруф [7, p.365]
In reference to it, the word бехтарин- the best is used more frequently in the corpus of our study: бе^тарини он [7, p.337], бе^тарини хама [7, p.337], бехтарин бахшоянда [7, p.340], бехтарин мавкеъ [7, p.341], бехтарин ашхос [7, p.345], бехтарин ахвол [7, p.354], бехтарин гиёхон [7, p.370], бехтарин чиз [7, p.358, 358], бехтарин чомахо [7, p.369]: Х,амагй бехтарин чомахоятон (либоси сиёх)-ро ба худ баргардонед, хамоно пушидани либоси сиёх дар азои шахси факид лозим аст [7, p.369].
b) Based on participle II verb+the suffix-a: сутудатарин чонишинон [7, p.352], сутудатарин шахс [7, p.362]: Халаф ибни Ахмад сутудатарин чонишинон (ояндагон) аст
ва бо сарварии худ бар аслоф бартарй пайдо кард [7, p.352], Чазову кадар бо тирхои худ сутудатарин шахсро аз хайси дину мурувват ва фазл халок кард [7, р.362].
c) As a rule, the expression of this degree of the relevant part of speech is performed based on the original Tajik derivative and compound adjectives: судмандтарин сармоя [7, p.302], саргардонтарин мардумакхои чашм [7, p.340], бузургвортарини эшон [7, p.365]: Фазо тангтар аз он буд, ки рушноидихандааш (яъне хуршед) бад-он бирасад ва мардумаки чашми хуршед дар он макон саргардонтарин мардумакхои чашм буд [7, p..340], Бибояд донист, ки сухан шарифтар фазилате аст, ки одамй бад-он мутахаллй аст ва баландтар пояест, ки фазли Офаридгор инсонро бад-он махсус мекунад ва бузургтар маосирест, ки окил бад-он домани мафохир бар ашрофу акобир мекашад ва судмандтарин сармояест, ки шарафи ахлоф баъд аз аслоф бад-он пайдо мешавад [7, р.302].
d) The superlative degree of adjective is formed by dint of a number of Arabic borrowed words: шарифтарин нафоис... азизтарин рагоиб [7, p.47], охиртарин авлод [7, p.317], сахитарини онон [7, p.365], комилтарин хушбахтй [7, p.354]: Дар бехтарин ахвол ва бо кадами муборак ва комилтарин хушбахтй, ки пойдорй ба дунболи он аст [7, p.354], Ва Шамсулмаолй дар икроми макдам ва эхтироми чониб ва иггиноми мавриди у ба хама гояте расид ва макдури хеш дар масолеху маночехи у базл кард, то мулки кадим, ки шарифтарин нафоис аст ва азизтарин рагоиб, урзаи мухиммот ва вакояи зоти у кард [7, p.47].
Namely, both in MTLL and in the earlier works, including: "Tarikhi Bayhaqi" (the 11th century) [6] and "Badoe-ul-waqoe" (the 16th century) [8] a number of set of phrases аз ин, аз он, аз ту, аз худ, аз шумо, аз %ама, аз вай are resorted to in order to lay an emphasis on the comparative degree of adjective. As a rule, if the above-mentioned components come before the comparative degree, then they participate in the formation of superlative degree one that is, "combination of the composition of аз %ама, аз тамоми and the original adjective takes place analytically" [4, p.138]. If the above-mentioned compositions come before simple and comparative degrees, then they participate to express the superlative one and the author of this historical trace never used the relevant grammatical means and it is concerned to be one of the distinctive peculiarities of the theme explored.
Frequency of tusage of the suffix -тарин in the language of in "Tarjumai Ta'rikhi Yamini" by Jurfodiqoni belonging to the 11th century based on the above-mentioned models
Model Times used Percentage
a 14 instances 58%
b 2 instances 8 %
c 3 instances 13 %
d 5 instances 21 %
Results 24 times used
a b ■ c d
Conclusion
Adducing the results of the analysis of the theme explored one can come to the conclusion that in the Tajik literary language of the 11th century, the superlative degree of adjective is evinced analytically and possesses certain common and distinctive peculiarities in terms of grammatical structure. The frequency of usage of the suffix -тарин is not identical in the corpus of our study, in particular the relevant suffix is used 14 instances to form this grammatical category of adjective from Tajik original nouns, which equals 58 % more frequently and abundantly. It is worth stressing that comparative and superlative degrees are expressed in two ways in the Tajik literary language: synthetic and analytical ones and the theme explored has a long history and passed various periods and different evolution throughout its development.
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