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THE LEVEL OF USAGE OF ARABIC ADVERBS IN THE TAJIK LITERARY LANGUAGE REFERRING TO THE XVIII-TH CENTURY (on the example of the historical production entitled as «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi)
Ashrapov B.P.
Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov
Introduction.Determination of morphological, syntactic, lexico-semantic peculiarities of adverb is considered to be one of the most important and crucial issues in the sphere of Tajik linguistic studies. A number of scholars in linguistic studies have done extensive researches beset with the consideration of grammatical peculiarities of adverbs and other auxiliary parts of speech in modern Tajik literary language, and have clarified the functions, peculiarities, meanings and positions of the formers and other parts of speech as well. It is well-grounded that in modern Tajik literary language adverbs are divided into the following subgroups functionally and semantically: manner, similarity, quantity and degree, time and place, cause and purpose.
Academician B.N. Niyozmuhammadov underscores that «adverb has been formed and included into morphology as the last part of speech formed from other parts of speech historically» [22» p.56].
The objects of the corpus of our study are certain considerations beset with the level of usage of particles in the Tajik literary language referring to the XVIII-th century (on the example of the historical production entitled as «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi).
The subject of the corpus of our study is the historical production referred to as «Tuhfat-ul-knoni» belonging to the XVIII-th century depicting different historic events of the Manghtys state.
The aims of the corpus of our study are:
- to dwell on the role and place of adverbs in terms of their function and meaning;
- to compare the relevance of the theme explored with modern Tajik literary language;
- to canvass some distinctive peculiarities of adverbs.
In «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» all kinds of adverbs are used: simple, derived, compound and complex ones. A number of researchers who dwelt on the language of historical productions - B. Sharifov («Badoe'-ul-waqo'e» by Vosifi) [13], O. Sulaymonov («Tarikhi Bayhaqi») [12], G. Kamolova (Majmu-ut-taworikh) [6] underscored that in the above-mentioned works, compound and complex adverbs were rarely used. However, our factual materials concerning the corpus of the study show that in «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» such kinds of adverbs are used on the contrary, more frequently than other ones.
It is worth mentioning that in «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» there are a number of original Arabic adverbs and the latters are used over time as Tajik adverbs being observed in certain cases. The distinctive peculiarity of the relevant part of speech is mostly evident in Arabic borrowed words. A group of such borrowed words can be found «in the written literary productions appertaining to the XVIII-th century» [1, p. 101-109; 2, p. 122131] and most of them are both preserved and used in modern Tajik language, as follows: alalfavr (7, 7/11» 31/57)» alhol (7, 253/503)» alassaboh (7, 24/44» 76/150» 127/252» 131/260» 149/295» 197/391» 215/427)» filmmal (7, 29/54» 48/92» 160/317)» anqarib (7, 31/57» 32/60» 46/88» 190/377» 195/388» 270/537)» alhaq (7, 160/317)»filhol (7, 217/432), okhirulamr (7, 47/89)» alalkusus (7, 231/459)» qarib (7, 237/472)» fljumla (7, 168/334) and several other ones are found in this or that of our written literary-historical legacies. One of the most distinguished peculiarities of adverb lies in the fact that of its being derived from the Arabic suffix -an=-ly. In the Tajik language the relevant sign is used as an adverbial suffix tanvin and in Arabic it is a means of expression of the grammatical phenomenon that of the category of case.
The level of usage of Tajik adverbs, especially derived ones formed by dint of the relevant suffix, such as: umuman, zohiran which not were ones and the same in Persian-Tajik language in its historic periods. For instance, Arabic adverbs with -an do not occur in «The History of Sistan». L.P. Smirnova lays an emphasis upon the idea that among these adverbs only «haqqan» is used in the mentioned historical production and other Arabic adverbs are not characteristic for the relevant work [11, p.22]. However, the
adduced analysis and consideration in reference to the theme explored show that the role of tanvin in building new adverbs from the original material of Tajik is almost non-existent, while in «Tarikhi Bayhaqi» such kinds of adverbs as «zuran, zabonan» [12» p.128] are frequently used. Of course, as a result of our research we came across the adverbs derived from Arabic ones with -an and they are occurred mostly frequently. In «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» totally 46 derived Arabic adverbs are used: ibtidoan (7, 14/26» 158/314» 182/362» 211» 273/544» 277/551» 279/555» 286/569); zohiran (7, 37/69» 14/26» 76/149» 92/181» 212/421» 251/500» 258/514); khususan (7, 70/135» 3/4» 17/29» 147/291» 230/458» 245/488» 269/536» 274/545» 288/574» 290/577); mujaddadan (7, 179/356, 203/404); sobiqan (7, 75/147, 137/271, 179/356, 195/388, 219/436). Additionally, in the corpus of our study the following are used only once: umuman (7, 230/458); solisan (7, 98/193); zimnan (7, 128/254)» sarehan (7, 128/254); ahyonan (7, 88/173, 147/291, 224/445); avvalan (7, 5/8); doiman (7, 169/335); tulan (7, 245/488); ehtiyotan (7, 222/442); akhiran (7, 273/544): ...avvalan zikri nasabi komroni to ajdodi uzomash sokhta oyad, bad az on zubdai holoti volidi buzurvori u masturi raqami ikhtisor gardad (7, 5/8); .zohiran kamari taraddudu say bar miyoni khidmatgorii amiri shavkatayobu sohibuddavlati olijanob basta (7, 76/149).
It is worth stressing that in the historical production entitled as «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» there are a number of compound Arabic adverbs. They are formed by means of the conjunctions va=and,-u=and» yo=or and also by dint of the adversative Arabic conjunction av=or. The conducted observations and comparisons with other historical productions belonging to the explored period (the XVni-th century) testify that the relevant Arabic adverbs are not only characteristic of «Tuhfat-ul-khoni», but typical of the literary language of the period under consideration either. into the bargain, such kind of adverbs were used until the XiX-th century (on the example of «Zafar-Name Khusravi». Adducing the result of collecting relevant examples, it becomes clear that Muhammadvafoi Karminagi resorted to the conjunctions of both Tajik and Arabic in some cases to connect two Arabic adverbs with tanvin.
B. Sharifov quoted the following sentence on the subject of conjunction «chun» to prove his assumption: «Chun ba ghayri talaqqi kaminaro tariqe namud, taw'an va raghbatan on multamasotro qabul namud» [13, p.218]. Although B. Sharifov did not consider the relevant unit as an adverb, it can be said that such complex Arabic adverbs were also common in the XVI-th century: taw^an av karhan (willingly or unwillingly - A.B.) (7, 25/45, 37/69, 116/229, 188/373» 193/383)» tavan yo karhan (7, 194/386)» ikhtiyoran av iztiroran (voluntarily or compulsorily - A.B.) (7, 123/243), qahran va qasran (unconditionally - A.B.) (7, 156/309), sampan va toatan (audibly and obediently - A.B.) (7, 196/390» 234/466), aslan va qafan (really and naturally) (7, 83/163), farazan va haqiqatan (7, 28/52), zohiran av botinan (outwardly and inwardly - A.B.) (7, 46/87» 221/440): .. .sui utbai uliyo shitoft va sam'an va toatan kamari khizmati iqboli zafaramsol bar natoqi itoatu inqiyod bast (7, 235/467), ... .navohii eshonro qahran va qasran intizo' namuda... (7, 156/309, 272/542), ... banochor dasti tahavvur az ostini ghayrat barovarda... (7, 73/142). The above-adduced examples testify that Muhammadvafoi Karminagi resorted to complex Arabic adverbs «qahran va qasran» as a synonym of the Tajik one «banochor.».
In regard to the above-mentioned topic Muhammadvafoi Karminagi used only once the Arabic adverb aban an jaddin (from generation to generation - A.B.). This is considered to be one of the distinctive features of the corpus of our atudy: .bo khonadoni salotini zaviehtirom tabaqai eshonro aban an jaddin izzi musoharat az jonibayn bud. (7, 91/179).
As well as, Khusrav Farshedvard underscores the main point associated with the relevant issue referred to as: «the point that can be made in the way of using the element «tanvin» in this book, such as azizan va mukarraman, tulan va arzan, haqan summa haqin, hoiban-hasir, ghoniman-zofiran and favjan ba'da favjin, which were less common before, but later they became more typical in our language referring to the Vl-th - the VH-th centuries» [3, p.509].
As a result of the adduced observations and assumptions one can assert that in «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» the usage of a number of size and degree Arabic adverbs is rather tangible. Here refer: biaqsalghoyat (7, 6/9» 32/60» 52/100» 56/108» 67/129» 101/200» 120/237» 154/306» 168/333» 178/354» 214/425» 246/489» 279/555) = very, extremely, bilghoyat (7, 7/12» 14/26) = extremely. The relevant phenomenon is one of the distinguished peculiarities in this work. According to our statistical method it became clear that the adverb biaqsalghoyat is widely used: .to u niz dar zabti qavonini muhimmoti muhofazati kheshtandori biaqsalghoyat kushad. (7, 52/100), .ba nihoyati qillat rasid va garonii narkh bilghoyat shiddat anjomid
va qahtu usrat ba nav e istilo yoft... (7, 14/26).
In the language of «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» the word «hamesha» which belongs to the group of temporal adverbs and a number of complex Arabic adverbs doimulavqot (7, 60/116), abaduddahr (7, 58/112, 80/158), doimulvaqt (7, 28/51, 58/112) are more widely used than «hamesha» as a synonymous one. It should be noted that in the historical productions «Majmu-ut-taworikh [6] and «Badoe'-ul-waqoe» [12] they are not linguistically specific: ...talifi qubuli duston va tarkibi havoshii dushmanoni u abaduddahr sobit va doimulvaqt soir bod! (7, 58/112), ...vukaloi mutamili u doimulavqot ba khidmati ostoni jalolatoshyon hoziru mulozim budand... (7, 60/116).
Arabic adverbs among which muzof and muzofun ilahi (congruent and modifier) are most essential entered the Tajik language in the same grammatical form, but as converted into complex words. Therefore, it is worth mentioning that Arabic prepositions were also used in some cases in the work to form compound Arabic adverbs which are considered to be temporal ones, including: okhirulamr (7, 20/35, 283/564), min avvalilamr (7, 39/74» 111/220» 112/222» 137/272» 165/328» 190/378» 233/463» 240/478)» avvalulamr (7, 239/476)» fi-s-sini va-l-ashhor (7, 155/308)» alo marri-d-duhur va-l-afqot (7, 146/290): .ya ne dar didai pindori jumhuri sighoru kibor fi-s-sini va-l-ashhor ravshanu mujallo gardond (7, 155/308)» Okhirulamr ba on diyor tasallut yofta... (7, 20/35).
One of the distinctive features of the Tajik literary language of the XVIII-th - the XIX-th centuries is that in this period there are more complex Arabic adverbs than Tajik ones, including «ruz az ruz, sol az sol etc.». They are formed by dint of the Arabic prefix fa = past, after: onan faonan (7, 16/28» 18/31» 60/115» 130/257» 131/259» 167/332» 257/512» 272/541» 274/545) (gradually - A.B.), yavmanfayavman (7, 7/12» 9/15» 19/34» 55/106» 60/116» 139/276» 146/289» 159/316» 260/518» 274/545) (day by day - A.B.). Muhammadvafoi Karminagi often uses the above-mentioned adverbs as Tajik ones. It is worth mentioning that these units are occurred neither in modern Tajik literary language nor in the following historical production [6; 11; 12; 13]: Onan faonan surati izdiyodi guruh karda va tazoufi juyush mari meshud. (7, 64)» ...umed az mabdai qiyos on ast, ki yavman fayavman, balki onan faonan fuyuzoti mutavali va futuhoti nomutanohiro qarini omol va radifi ahvoli in khonadoni buzurgvor kard. (7, 274/545).
Thus, by virtue of izofat «ba"di=after» the compound Arabic adverb «onan ba'di onin» is canvassed in the corpus of our study as used only once: Hazrati hoqoni komgor bad az futuhoti bisyor, ki onan ba'di onin az tavorudi latoifi ghaybi mushohada farmud (7, 60/115), .dar in khonadon batnan ba'di batnin va qarnan ba'di qarnin sobitu barqaror dar arsai ruzgor yodgor bimonad. (7, 37/69). In the last example, the compound Arabic adverbs are used collectedly which is considered to be one of the grammatical features.
In the language of «Tuhfat-ul-khani» a number of adverbs are used as sets of phrases formed by the Arabic prefix bi + comparative degree of the adjective «af al». They function as quantity and degree adverbs and are very common and productive in the term of their level of usage: biaslahi say^e (7, 103/204)» biaslahi vajhe (7, 12/22» 31/58» 34/63» 282/562)» biahsane vajhe (7, 69/133» 96/190)» biaqbahi vajhe (7, 128/253)» biakmali asbob (7, 20/35)» biakmali mutamanniyot (7, 145/287)» biakmali shitob (7, 254/505)» biatami vajhe (7, 28/52» 147/292» 153/303» 161/320)» biaqdami surat (7, 121/239» 122/242» 134/265» 137/272): ...biatammi vajhe alhol maqosidi muzodoti khudro tehsil namoyand va biakmali sur fi muzoroti savonehi guzashtaro ba vuqu orand. (7, 28/52)» .tariqi uburi sipohi qiyomatvufur biahsali vajhe muyassar shavad. (7, 31/58).
Conclusion. To sum it up, one can come to the conclusion that the historical production under consideration reflects diverse and colorful grammatical «peculiarities of the literary language appertaining to the XVII-th - the XVIII-th centuries» [1, p. 101-109; 2, p. 122-131]. The conducted exploration dealing with the lexical and morphological features of the language of the historical production in question allows us to get acquainted with the history of the Tajik language in the mentioned period and to summarize its grammatical changes in the course of evolution.
In reference to the distinctive peculiarities of adverbs one can assert that the relevant part of speech, like other ones, is the most widely-used in the material of our study. Commonly, designing on the premise of the adduced result of analysis beset with adverbs we can assess them as follows:
The adduced researches and comparisons have shown that a number of complex Arabic adverbs are present in the work considered. A number of such adverbs can be found in the written heritage of the XVII-th - the XVIII-th centuries, and most of them are preserved and used in modern Tajik language. They are
formed by means of conjunctions va=and, -u=and, yo=or and also by dint of adversative Arabic conjunction av=or. The conducted observations and comparisons with other historical productions belonging to the explored period (the XVIII-th century) testify that the relevant Arabic adverbs are characteristic not only for «Tuhfat-ul-khoni», but are typical of the literary language of the period under consideration either.
REFERENCE LITERATURE:
1. Ashrapov, B. P. Consideration on the Place and Role of Subordinate Conjunctions in «Tuhfat- ul-khoni» by Muhammad Vafo Karminagi / B. P. Ashrapov // Bulletin of Tajik State University of Law, Business and Politics. Series of Humanitarian Sciences. - 2017. - No 4(73). - P. 101-109.
2. Ashrapov, B. P. The Place of Poly-Affixes in the Tajik Literary Language of the XVIII-th Century / B. P. Ashrapov // Bulletin of the Tajik State University of Law, Business and Politics. Series of Humanitarian Sciences. - 2015. - No 3(64). - P. 122-131.
3. Farshedvard» Khusrav. Some View on the Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes of the Persian Language / Khusrav Farshedvard. // The Book of Literature. The first edition. - Tehran: Zawwar, -1386hijra. - pp. 90 - 95.
4. Grammar of Modern Tajik Language. Part 1. Phonetics and Morphology. - Dushanbe: Knowledge» 1985» - 356 pp.
5. Ismoilov» I. Adverb in Modern Tajik Literary Language / I. Ismoilov. - Dushanbe: Cognition, 1971. - 86 pp.
6. Kamolova, G. Morphological Peculiarities of «Majmu-ut-tavorikh» / G.Kamolova. - Dushanbe: Knowledge,1984. - 91 pp.
7. Karminagi» M. Donation of Khoni. / M. Karminagi. Manuscript (№1426) of the Institute of Language,Lliterature, Oriental Studies and Written Heritage under Tajikistan Republic Academy of Sciences
8. Kuzieva, N.M. Comparative Analysis of the Category of Number of Nouns in Tajik and Arabic Languages / N.M. Kuzieva // Bulletin of the Taj ik State University of Law, Business and Politics. - 2014, No. 2 (58). - pp. 215-220.
9. Muhammadvafoi Karminagi. Tuhfat-ul-khoni / The authors of introduction, text editing, copying, research and catalogues by Jamshed Jurazoda and Nurullo Ghiyosov. - Khujand: The Light of Enlightenment»- 2017. - 419 pp.
10.Niyozmuhammadov, B. Tajik Language Morphology / B. Niyozmuhammadov» L. Buzurgzoda. -Stalinabad: Educational and Methodological Department» 1941. - pp. 57 - 59.
11.Smirnova L.P. The Language of «The History of Siistan» (grammar, vocabulary). - Ldt.: synopsis of
candidate dissertation in philology. 1965. - 32 pp. 12.Sulaymonov» O. Morphological Peculiarities of «Tarikhi Bayhaqi»: Dissertation for candidate's degree
in philology: 10.02.22. / O. Sulaymonov. - Khujand» 2008. - 150 pp. 13.Sharifov, B. Morphological Peculiarities of «Badoe-ul-vakoe» by Vosifi / B. Sharifov. - Dushanbe: Knowledge, - 1985. - 232 pp.
THE LEVEL OF USAGE OF ARABIC ADVERBS IN THE TAJIK LITERARY LANGUAGE REFERRING TO THE XVIII-TH CENTURY (on the example of the historical production entitled as «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi)
The article dwells on the level of usage ofarabic adverbs in the Tajik literary language referring to the XVIII-th century on the example of the historical production entitled as «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi. It is underscored that determination of morphological, syntactic, lexico-semantic peculiarities of adverb is considered to be one of the most important and crucial issues in the sphere of linguistic studies. Proceeding from the conducted exploration, the author of the article adduces brief information about kinds of adverbs, such as simple, derived, compound and complex ones.
It is elicited that one of the most distinguished peculiarities of adverb lies in the fact of its being that derived from the Arabic suffix -an=-ly. In the Tajik language the relevant sign is used as an adverbial suffix tanvin. However, the adduced analysis beset with the theme explored shows that the role of tanvin in building new adverbs from original Tajik is almost non-existent in the language of the work under
consideration. It is worth mentioning that in the historical production entitled as «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» there are a number of compound Arabic adverbsformed by the following conjunctions va=and,-u=and» yo=or.
It is concluded that the historical production under consideration reflects diverse and colorful grammatical peculiarities of the literary language appertaining to the XVII-th - the XVIII-th centuries. Considering the level of usage and morphological features of Arabic adverbs we got familiarized with the history of the Tajik language of the mentionedperiod and summarized its grammatical changes in the course of evolution.
Key-words: adverbs, Arabic adverbs, derived and compound adverbs, Tajik literary language, level of usage of Arabic adverbs.
УРОВЕНЬ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ АРАБСКИХ НАРЕЧИЙ В ТАДЖИКСКОМ
ЛИТЕРАТУРНОМ ЯЗЫКЕ ХУШ-го ВЕКА (на примере исторического произведения под названием «Тухфат-уль-хони»
Мухаммадвафои Карминаги)
В статье рассматривается уровень употребления арабских наречий в таджикском литературном языке, относящемся к XVIII веку, на примере исторического произведения под названием «Тухфат-ул-хони» Мухаммадвафои Карминаги. Подчеркивается, что определение морфологических, синтаксических, лексико-семантических особенностей наречия считается одним из важнейших и актуальных вопросов в области языкознания. На основе проведенного исследования автор статьи приводит краткие сведения о видах наречий, таких как простые, производные, составные и сложные.
Выявлено, что одна из наиболее характерных особенностей наречия заключается в том, что оно образовано от арабского суффикса -an=-ly. В таджикском языке соответствующий знак используется как наречный суффикс, которым по сути является -танвин. Однако приведенный анализ, связанный с исследуемой темой, показывает, что роль -танвин в построении новых наречий из исходного таджикского языка практически отсутствует в языке рассматриваемого произведения. Следует отметить, что в историческом произведении под названием «Тухфат-уль-хони» встречается ряд составных арабских наречий, образованных следующими союзами: ва=и» -у=и» йо=или.
Делается вывод о том, что рассматриваемое историческое произведение отражает разнообразные и красочные грамматические особенности литературного языка XVII-XVIII вв. Рассмотрение уровня употребления и морфологических особенностей арабских наречий позволяет нам познакомиться с историей таджикского языка в указанный период и обобщить его грамматические изменения в ходе эволюции.
Ключевые слова: наречия, арабские наречия, производные и сложные наречия, таджикский литературный язык, уровень употребления арабских наречий.
Маълумот дар бораи муаллиф:
Ашрапов Бахрдурцон Пулодович - Донишгощ давлатии Хуцанд ба номи академик Бобоцон Fафуров, унвонцуйи кафедраи грамматикаи забони араби Сурога: 735700, Цум^урии Тоцикистон, ш. Хуцанд, гузар. Мавлонбеков 1. E-mail: bahodur.ashrapovamail.ru Тел.: (+992) 929-08-83-44
Сведения об авторе:
Ашрапов Баходурджон Пулотович - Худжандский государственный университет имени академика Б.Гафурова, соискатель кафедры грамматики арабского языка. Адрес: 735700, Республика Таджикистан, г. Худжанд, Мавлонбекова 1. E-mail: bahodur. ashrapovamail. ru Тел.: (+992) 929-08-83-44
Information about the author:
Ashrapov Bahodurjon Pulotovich - Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov, applicant of the department of Arabic grammar. Address: 735700, Tajikistan Republic, Khujand-city, Mavlonbekova 1. E-mail: bahodur.ashrapov@mail.ru Tel.: (+992) 929-08-83-44
