CC BY
30УДК 80/81
DOI: 10.21779/2542-0313-2022-37-3-58-64 Б.П. Ашрапов
Некоторые взгляды на употребление степеней сравнения прилагательных в таджикском литературном языке XVII-XVIII вв.
Худжандский государственный университет имени академика Б. Гафурова; Республика Таджикистан, 735700, г. Худжанд, ул. Мавлонбекова, 1; bahodur. ashrapov@mail. ru
В статье рассматривается уровень употребления степеней сравнения прилагательных. Подчеркивается, что в современном таджикском литературном языке категория степеней сравнения прилагательных выражается суффиксами -тар (сравнительная степень) и -тарин (превосходная степень). Следует отметить, что превосходная степень прилагательного с суффиксом -тарин в языке исследуемого периода встречается редко. В результате изучения научно-исторических произведений различных периодов стало ясно, что употребление суффикса -тарин исторически более ограничено, чем суффикса -тар.
Делается вывод о том, что как сравнительная, так и превосходная степени прилагательных в таджикском литературном языке XVII-XVIII вв. образовались с помощью суффиксов -тар и -тарин и соответствующих им языковых элементов, считающихся более непродуктивными с точки зрения их использования, чем в современном таджикском литературном языке.
Ключевые слова: таджикский язык, прилагательное, сравнительная и превосходная степени, исторические сочинения, сравнительный анализ, морфологические особенности, употребление, рукописи Таджикистана и Узбекистана.
Introduction
The language of historical works belonging to 17th - 18th centuries and created on the territory of Movarounnahr has not been fully studied, although the formers are numerous being preserved in the manuscripts of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Hereby, in the article we consider morphological peculiarities of the degrees of comparison of adjectives in the Tajik literary language of 17th-18th centuries. Therefore, we have made a comprehensive study beset with this grammatical phenomenon relying on the historical writings of the named centuries including "Tuhfat-ul-knoni" [8; 9], "Toju-ut-taworikh" [13] and "Anjuman-ut-taworikh" [15] and based on the collected materials bearing the above-mentioned traces; here we dwell on certain distinctive features of the relevant topic.
It should be underscored that "determining different periods of the history of the language and its high points of development based on both scientific-historic traces and literary ones we proceed from the assumption of the relevant issues in the field of Tajik linguistics. In reference to it, it is impossible to create commonly accepted standard grammar without dwelling on comprehensive analysis of literary and scientific-historical legacy" [1, p. 102; 2, p. 123] B. Sharifov lays an emphasis upon the importance of canvassing beset with the history of the Tajik literary language in the introduction to his thesis entitled «Morphological Peculiarities of «Bado'-ul-vaqoe'» by Vosifi» as: «the study of the above-mentioned traces enables
us to disclose some issues related to MTLL and the ways of its prosperity and extension» [16, p. 4].
The object of the study is revelation of morphological peculiarities of the degrees of comparison of adjectives in the Tajik literary language referring to the 17th - the 18* centuries.
The subject of the study are the historical writings "Tuhfat-ul-knoni" [8; 9], "Toju-ut-taworikh" [13] and "Anjuman-ut-taworikh" [15] belonging to the 17th - the 18th centuries depicting different historic events of the Manghtys' state.
The objectives of the study are:
- to clear out the role and status of the suffixes -tar and -tarin in terms of their function and meaning;
- to correlate the relevance of the theme explored with modern Tajik literary language;
- to consider certain distinctive peculiarities of the categories of degrees of comparison of adjectives.
Essentially, in modern Tajik literary language the category of degrees of comparison of adjective is expressed by the suffixes -tar (comparative) and -tarin (superlative). However, they differ from the current state with a number of peculiarities at different stages of the historical development of our language, especially at the initial stage of the evolution of the Dari-Tajik language. Therefore, a number of studies have been conducted on the history and evolution of the relevant phenomenon [14, p. 178; 11, p.12; 3, p. 143, p. 258]. The adduced consideration shows that the use of suffixes -tar and -tarin in terms of expression is not one and the same at different stages of development of the history of the Tajik language, sometimes it is active and sometimes inactive. Widespread use of such grammatical means is studied by researchers of "The History of Sistan" [11], "Hudud-ul-alam" (the Xth century) [17] and "Ta'rikhi Bayhaqi" (the 11th century) [12] but G. Kamolova underscores that in the language of "Majmu'-ut-tavorikh" (the XVth century) "comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives are not formed by means of the suffixes -tar and -tarin" [7, p. 22]; this citation being a testimony of the above-mentioned statements.
At the same time, in the Tajik literary language comparative and superlative degrees are expressed in two ways: synthetic and analytical ones.
Thus, it can be said that in the literary language of the 17th - the 18th centuries the comparative degree of adjectives in most cases is evinced analytically, namely, comparison is made in such a way that congruent objects are presented including the original adjective by means of prepositions (especially with the preposition az) [6, p. 137]. However, the comparative degree of adjectives is formed by means of the suffix -tar in the language of the 17th - the 18th centuries; it has several peculiarities some of which will be discussed below:
1) The most common way of the use of the superlative degree of adjective is to resort to it with the help of the preposition az = from this preposition occurs both before and after the comparative degree of the adjective: Va lomi zulfi chavgonmisolash jahoni farokh bar chashmi bedilon tangtar az halqai mim menamud [13, p. 37; 13, p. 48]; ...pisaru dukhtar ba misoli du akhtar dar avji burji bakhtiyori qiron namud va bar shakl du durre az gavhar rakhshandatar dar duruji komgori ijtimo' farmudand [13, p. 35].
2) Comparative degree of adjective, in its turn, expresses comparability of the property of the object in the historical writing referred as to "Tuhfat-ul-knoni". Such forms as: "kam-tar az, afzintar az and ziyodatar az" perform the relevant function stylistically and grammatically: Saroni purghururi a'odi, ki bino bar kasrat jayshi sitoranishon bud, muqobili khudro kamtar az khushai Parvini osmon medonistand [9, 10/18]; Ba sadamate afzuntar az
hisobi ahli shumor mutavajjehi arsai korzor va mutasaddi razmu paykor shud [9, 64/123, 39/74]; ...ba istehkomi kilo' va durubu khud ziyodatar az sobiq iqdomu tavajjuh farmudand [9, 117/231].
3) Another distinguished feature of the corpus of our study lies in the fact that both congruent and comparable ones occur in the sentence: ...labu dandoni omoli u firuzii bakhti baland va tolei arjmand monandi shukuftai bahori bikhandid va kamon ba pisari buzurgtar dod [13, p. 46, 47]; ...joyei eshonro bar dasti rosti lashkar muqarrar sokht va tirhoro ba se pisari kuchaktar dod [13, p. 46, 47]; Dar ghurrai mohi ramazoni muborak khabari irtiholi barodari amjadi (the eldest. - N.Gh., B.A.) olijohi az in dori purmalol rasida... [9, 177/352]. It should be noted that in the last sentence "amjad based on the Arabic weight af al" is formed with the Arabic adjective which is an expression of the comparative degree of adjective = "buzurgtar". Muhammadvafoi Karminagi used the above-mentioned method extensively. The reason for such phenomenon is the influence of Arabic language in which comparative and superlative degrees of adjective both possess the same syllable and are used in the forms of af alu, af alu min [5, p. 31]. The use of such comparative and superlative degrees of the Arabic language was pointed out by the researcher of "Ta'rikhi Bayhaqi" (the XIth century) [12, p. 54-18].
4) One of the obvious peculiarities of the comparative degree of adjective is that the preposition "bar = on, over, upon" serves as a function of the conjunctions "nisbat ba, naz-ar ba" [6, p. 137]: .arsai on pasha az sahroi andesha vase'tar bud, bar eshon tangtar az halqai... suzan namud [13, p. 48]; Yaqin on siyosat osontar bar man bud [9, 89/175].
5) Traditionally, it is in accordance with the language grammatical rules that the property of the object is compared with other ones several times, the fact that such kind of peculiarity lies in the comparative degree of adjectives of the work evinced as a part of the nominal compound verb: ...hazrati buzurgvori chunin ishorat farmudaand, ki har kiro insofu diyonat beshtar duoi gushanishnon dar haqqi u lozimu mutaassirtar ast [9, 133/263, 147/292].
The research has shown that in the Tajik literary language referring to the 17th - the 18th centuries [8; 9; 13; 15] a considerably large number of adverbs denoting quantity and size contribute into the expression of the grammatical meaning of non-comparative degree of adjective, such as: "ziyoda, baghoyat, bisyor, bas, berun and afzun". Such language units mainly indicate more or less to the object property than to the norm.
In modern Tajik literary language there are two non-comparative degrees: enhanced degree and reduced degree. In its turn, the first kind of degree is expressed in the following ways:
1) by a direct repetition of original adjective: liboshoi lakh-lakh, oluhoi kalon-kalon [6, p. 139]. Adducing the result of the study beset with the theme explored it became obvious that in the corpus of our study [8; 9; 13; 15] based on the relevant way the enhanced degree of property was not encountered at all. This testifies to the fact that such grammatical means was not popular in the language of the given period, but it is a product of the subsequent development of the Tajik literary language.
2) by coming up with the original adjective denoting quantity and size, as follows: khele ozoda, baso khub, nihoyat khatarnok, behad borik, beandoza shirin and benihoyat shod [6, p. 139]. It is worth stressing that this method of expression of the relevant degree is resorted to quite abundantly both in modern Tajik literary language [6] and in the earlier works [4; 7; 10; 12; 16; 17] and in the language of the period under consideration being implied here as well [8; 9; 13; 15].
One of the distinctive peculiarities of quantitative and size adverb "khele = very" that it met only once in "Tuhfat-ul-khoni" to express a great deal: Shohi Iran ba eshon khele
muhoraboti azim va muzoraboti qavi namuda, aksi matlab dar oyenai murod mushohada kard [9, 40/75].
At the same time, one of the peculiarities of the language of the mentioned historical writing lies in the fact that the compound adverb "ziyoda az had(d)" is followed by the adjective in the term of subject, while in modern Tajik literary language the form of "az had ziyod" is preceded by adjective: U jihati ifroti hasadu adovati ziyoda az had(d) jam'I havoshivu tavobe' sokhta, mutaharriki silsilai inod shud [9, 161/319]; Az in sabab bezobitagii ziyoda az had(d) ba holi mardumi Shahrisabz yoftaast [9, 289/576].
Thus, in the language of the historical writing belonging to the given period considerable numbers of a set of adverbial phrases "afzun az shumor [9, 9/16, 11/20, 22/39, 24/43, 192/382]; afzunaz shumoru adad [9, 154/305]; afzun az ehsovu shumor [9, 164/325]; afzun az qiyos va ziyoda az takhmin [9, 181/359]; ziyoda az moru mur [13, p. 107]" contribute into the formation of non-comparative degree: Va inchunin amiri komyobi tadbirshior, ki bo qusunoti ziyoda az haddi ehsou shumor dar khoriji hisori Bukhara nishasta... [9, 60/11]; ...ehtiromi khusravi Turonu amiri komronro biahsani akhloq ba joy ovardand, ammo ru'bu kharosi ziyoda az takhminu qiyos bar botini khoqoni olitabor... [9, 36/67].
It is worth mentioning that the level of usage of the superlative degree of adjective by means of the suffix -tarin is rarely used in the corpus of our study. In reference to it, as a result of consideration, research and exploration of scientific-historical writings of various periods, it became clear that the level of use of the suffix -tarin is more limited than that of the suffix -tar historically. This phenomenon is also noted by the researchers of ancient historical writings. V.S. Rastorgueva believes that the suffix -tarin is characteristic of the Tajik literary language and does not occur in dialects [10, p. 59]. O. Sulaymonov points out in regard to the theme that "first of all, it should be underscored that in our historical writing analyzed the use of the suffix -tarin as a means of superlative adjective was observed lest than that of -tar [12, p. 60; 7, p. 22]. Generally speaking, the suffix -tarin in our study is resorted to in the formation of superlative degree of adjective only in the following components, such as "maqhurtarin mardumon, behtarin mamolik, behtarin meva and kamtarin bandwagon": Murvist az hazrati Risolatpanoh (s), ki aqbahi asmo dar ruzi qiyomat "maliku-l-amlok" ast va sohibi in nom maqhurtarin mardumon. [9, 21/38].
Both in modern Tajik literary language and in the earlier works, including "Ta'rikhi Bayhaqi" (the XIth century) [12] and "Badoe-ul-waqoe" (the XVIth century) [16] a number of set of phrases az in, az on, az tu, az khud, az shumo, az hama, az vay are resorted to in order to lay an emphasis on the comparative degree of the adjective. As a rule, if the above-mentioned components come before the comparative degree, then they participate in the formation of superlative degree. Among them az u is mentioned only once in the historical writing entitled "Tuhfat-ul-khoni" [8; 9]. However, in our opinion such kinds of phenomenon are rare in the language of the given period: .. .tuhfai olii dargohi jahonpanoh az u behtar nayof-tand va jihati sevanchi jam'ero ba poyai sariri falakmasir firistodand [9, 268 / 533].
Conclusion. In conclusion, both comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in the Tajik literary language of the 17th - the 18th centuries were formed by means of suffixes -tar and -tarin; hereby, the relevant language elements are considered to be more nonproductive ones in terms of their usage than in modern Tajik literary language. The result of the conducted analysis shows that the superlative degree of adjective in the corpus of our study is formed analytically. As a rule, there are both congruent and comparable elements in the formation of comparative degree. One can assert that in the works in question [6, 89/175; 13, p. 48] the preposition bar (on, over) is used to express the superlative degree of the adjective in term of sense and position "nisbat ba, nazar ba". A certain considerable number of
phrases, such as "afzun az hiyari muknat va shumor [9, 87/171]; "afzun az haddu qiyos va takhmin [9, 243/484]; "ziyoda az haddi ehsovu shumor [9, 60/116]" are frequently used in the conveyance of non-comparative degree of multiplicity; the relevant grammatical events are considered to be ones of the distinctive peculiarities of the language of the period explored.
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Поступила в редакцию 18 апреля 2022 г.
UDC 80/81
DOI: 10.21779/2542-0313-2022-37-3-58-64
Some Views on the Usage of Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives in the Tajik Literary Language Referring to 17th-18th Centuries
B.P. Ashrapov
Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov; Tajikistan Republic, 735700, Khujand-city, Mavlonbekova 1; bahodur.ashrapov@mail.ru
The article dwells on the level of usage of the degrees of comparison of adjectives. It is underscored that in modern Tajik literary language the category of degrees of comparison of adjectives is expressed by the suffixes -tar (comparative) and -tarin (superlative). It is worth mentioning that the level of usage of superlative degree of adjective with the suffix -tarin is not very frequent in the language of the explored period. As a result of the research and exploration of scientific-historical writings of various periods it became clear that the use of the suffix -tarin is more limited than that of the suffix -tar historically.
It is concluded that both comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in the Tajik literary language of 17th-18th centuries were formed with the help of suffixes -tar (-er) and -tarin (-est) and the relevant language elements are considered to be more non-productive ones in terms of their usage than in modern Tajik literary language.
Keywords: Tajik language, adjective, comparative and superlative degrees, historical writings, comparative analysis, morphological peculiarities, usage, manuscripts of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Received 18 April 2022
