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DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-4-15-22 Methodology of technical training improvement in Kudo
Ivan Yu. Shpedt, Ludmila D. Nazarenko
1Ulyanov State Pedagogical University Ulyanovsk, Russia [email protected] ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6225-6819, ld [email protected]*
Abstract: Staginess and safety of techniques from different eastern martial arts make Kudo popular among children, teen-agers and young people. The peculiarities of this kind of martial arts are in orientation toward spiritual-moral and volitional upbringing, personal culture formation in terms of eastern nations' values and traditions. It is proved by a special etiquette introduction for athletes and judges, which regulates their behavior and activity. Materials. The article presents the model of training and competitive activity effectiveness improvement among 8-10-year-old kudoists. It is created on the basis of the leading conceptual issues. Their realization provides athletes' creative activity, forms self-discipline and other spiritual-moral and volitional qualities. Methods. Scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis and systematization, testing, video, modeling, pedagogical experiment, statistical data handling. Results. The important structural elements of the model are the aim and the objectives. Their realization provides cognitive processes stimulation, pro-active attitude upbringing, many-sided harmonious development, physical and technical readiness level increase. The model reveals the content of technical readiness, the criteria of its estimation. It presents general and special physical and technical readiness means and also a complex of sports training motives. Conclusion. The pedagogical experiment results showed the effectiveness of the created mode use during sports training of 8-10-year-old boys. Training process organization in accordance with the offered methodology provided physical and technical readiness improvement, positive influence on moral-volitional and moral qualities formation, children's pro-active attitude formation.
Keywords: kudo, technical training, moral-spiritual qualities, endurance and stamina, competitive activity.
For citations: Ivan Yu. Shpedt, Ludmila D. Nazarenko. Methodology of technical training improvement in Kudo. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2018; 13 (4): 14-20. DOI 10.14526/20704798-2018-13-4-15-22
Introduction
Among the variety of martial arts Kudo is the most popular. It is conditioned by its high level of staginess not only owing to equipment, but mainly owing to extreme regimen of competitive activity according to mixed full-contact rules and eastern martial arts traditions preservation. They form athletes' individual culture. Kudo peculiarity is its orientation toward moral and volitional upbringing, personal worldview and own life position formation. High moral potential of this kind of martial arts has a positive influence on combatants' character and volitional qualities formation, pedagogical conditions creation for spiritual-moral upbringing among children and teen-agers.
Risky difficult striking and throwing techniques from standing position and turning-down position form the content of the training and competitive activity. It is necessary to gain a corresponding level of muscular power, quickness of movements, body steadiness, flexibility, mobility and other qualitative sides of motor activity development. Motor-coordinating qualities formation is realized during a long time period and demands considerable nervomuscular and volitional efforts. It is connected with the training process organization. It provides gradual physical readiness indices increase as the base for different attacking and defensive actions mastering, athletes' creative potential, motor activity, diligence and purposefulness revelation and realization. The effectiveness of the training process is conditioned by a trainer's qualification. His ability to create positive psycho-emotional atmosphere. By his ability to bring up a realized attitude to
the training activity, the importance of motor tasks understanding in an integral system of sports training, taking into account each athlete's individual characteristics.
The aim of this research work is modeling the process of sports training system development among 8-10-year-old boys, who go in for Kudo.
Objectives: 1. To project the model of young kudoists' training and competitive activity effectiveness increase.
2. To create the methodology of technical training development in Kudo and check its effectiveness during the pedagogical experiment.
Materials and Methods
The specific feature of Kudo, in the opinion of the following specialists: Azuma Tadashi, 2003; I.S. Kolesnik, 2005; K.V. Klimov, 2007; Kargin N.N., Rozhkov P.A., Oleynik V.G., 2013 and others, is the complex of motor-coordinating qualities formation. It provides readiness for gradually increasing neural-physical loads. It demands the definite level of moral-volitional sphere development as the base for responsibility, single-mindedness, self-discipline upbringing. It conditioned the necessity to construct the model of combatants' training and competitive activity, based on the leading conceptual theses. The unity of consciousness and activity is the main among other theses [6]. Its essence is in the fact that consciousness is formed and self-identified during thinking process. Logically organized motor activity provides its aims and objectives understanding, personal and motor-coordinating qualities revelation. Their development and improvement provide the set aim achievement. With the level of qualitative sides of motor activity increase, the tasks for attacking and defensive techniques mastering provide the dependence realization between the training and competitive activity effectiveness and the degree of diligence and the level of moral-volitional qualities formation. In terms of consciousness development during difficult techniques fulfillment the main and additional elements are defined. They demand speed-power related qualities demonstration, body steadiness, dexterity, accuracy, mobility and other motor co-ordinations and volitional - moral potential realization. The unity of consciousness and activity conditions the expediency of system-analytical approach to the training process organization and realization. This approach to the training lessons organization demands the degree of correspondence revelation between the offered muscular loads, the level of boys' physical readiness and the set aims and objectives of competitive activity. The content of preparatory and supplying exercises are used in Kudo. All motor tasks should present an integral system, directed toward the planned result achievement.
The effectiveness of the training and competitive activity is conditioned by many factors:
- the level of physical and moral-volitional readiness of the combatant;
- the level of a trainer's qualification;
- the correspondence between the athletes' morphological-functional and phenotypic characteristics and the specificity of the chosen kind of sport;
- corresponding material-technical base and etc.
It makes this conceptual thesis the leading one among the theses. They condition effectiveness of the training and competitive process.
The cause-effect relationship revelation and taking into consideration helps to define the regularities of sports training. It conditions difficult techniques mastering. Sports activity motives influence on its effectiveness.
Methods and organization. One of the most important components of the model are the following: the aim and the objectives of this kind of eastern martial arts. They are formulated in the program of sports training in Kudo, 2013. Their main content is to provide a personality's harmonious spiritualmoral and physical development; cognitive processes stimulation; moral-volitional and moral personal qualities formation. The aim realization is connected with a thorough values and traditions understanding
of the eastern martial arts. They provide the features conditioning athletes' behavior, their personal culture and active life position. In accordance with the content of the training kudoists program the main kinds of their technical training are determined. They include striking actions in standing position and turning-down position, throws and etc.
Moral- ethical and volitional upbringing is provided by the rules of behavior on tatami and in society explanation, etiquette mastering. Also, it is provided by the whole orientation of combatants' sports training. Great attention in the program is paid to the ethics of judges' behavior. It conditions the responsibility of both sides for the objectivity of competitive activity estimation. During technical readiness estimation the following things are taken into consideration: activity during the combat conduct in turning-down position, the variety of the used techniques, physical state of combatants at the end of the combat. It shows the importance of volitional potential realization, the formation level of management skills concerning functional and psycho-emotional state control [7].
Kudoists' sports training provides almost all wrestling techniques mastering and also kicks, knees blow, hand blows, elbows blow and headers onto all parts of the body. The blows into a throat, a back, a nape and joints, lead to trauma. In "tsukami" position (standing hold), in terms of 20 units difference between the combatants is forbidden. In turning-down position side blows, pain and suffocating techniques are fulfilled. Safety helmet, karasu (thick safety vest) help to prevent blows to the head and most part of the body. Special shields and thin felt pads on hands protect hands from trauma.
All techniques in Kudo are strictly regulated according second ratio: for the transfer into the combat of hold a kudoist has 10 seconds ("tsukami" command); for the time control in turning-down position "Keidzhi" command is used. Etiquette of the combatants provides the ritual of coming out to tatami, greeting each other, judges with the bow. After the winner has been pronounced the bows are fulfilled towards judges' table and to each other; athletes leave tatami with their backs forward, at the edge of tatami they fulfill a bow and leave the platform. The etiquette of the seconds forbids outcries and impolite words towards the opponent, judges and concerning their decisions. It is also forbidden to instruct and support the combatants. Any actions, which don't correspond with the spirit of Kudo are forbidden. At the beginning or at the end of the training combatants make a vow: "Dod ze Kun": "We swear we will bring up the power of spirit and body, develop harmoniously, achieve mastery through Kudo! We swear to become real personality and contribute to society development". This kind of sports activity, created on the basis of different kinds of single combats, has varied means of physical and technical-tactical training. They are presented by two groups: general and special. General group provides muscular power, quickness, endurance, balance, accuracy, dexterity and other motor-coordinating qualities increase. Special means provide using techniques from sambo-wrestling, judo, taekwondo and other kinds of single combats. Specific means in Kudo are the following: blows with all parts of the body standing and moving, pain and suffocating techniques, double-blow actions with hands and legs and others.
In the content of the model we also present the group of sports training methods. It includes the following:
- the method of a strictly regulated exercise, directed toward motor-coordinating qualities, motor skills development;
- the methods of standard-repeated and repeated-alternating exercise. They condition the duration of the training load fulfillment and orientation toward general endurance development;
- the method of the alternating exercise. It varies training activity intensity during the definite periods of time in order to form motor skills changeability, motor actions extrapolation in different situations of sports combat;
- the method of repeated-interval and progressive exercise. It improves functional indices of an organism, motor and vegetative functions consistency. This method helps to decrease gradually the duration of rest and in terms of adaptation increase the training load in order to gain a new level of organism
functioning.
During the work with the children of this age the leading is a gaming technique. It provides the kinds of training load change, positive psycho-emotional state, the conditions of techniques fulfillment.
Conceptual theses: - the unity of consciousness and activity; - system-analytical approach to the training process organization and realization;
+
The aiin of Kudo: a personality's spiritual-m oral, phy sical, harmonious development «-
1
Objectives: - the level of physical readiness increase, -the activity of analyzers development, -thought processes stimulation, - ethical-volitional and moral qualities formation; - an active life position formation
+ 1
-> The content of technical training: -blows with hands, legs and a head into all parts of the body; -blows technique in a stand; - throws, - wrestling technique in turning-down position Technical training estimation: - in a blowing technique in a standing position; -in the technique of throws fulfillment; - activity during the combat in turning-down position, - active attacks, moving forward; - techniques variety, - physical state in the end of the combat
* i
Athletes' etiquette Judges' etiquette -
Physical and technical training means in Kudo +-
+
General: -running and jumping exercises; - squattings and outleaps with the turns and rotations; jumps with the skipping rope, - rope and wall climbing; - exercises with air punch bag, - exercises with Hook&Jab Pads; - exercises with tennis balls; - exercises with the bar; - exercises for motor co-ordinations development Special: - elements and techniques from sambo-wrestling, karate, judo andmuay thai; - exercises with a boxing dummy; - elements of Kudo: hands blows and kicks standing and moving, - pain and suffocating techniques; - sparring; - throws; - double kicks combinations; - defensive techniques
1 1
-» Mediods of sports training - strictly regulated exercise; - standard-repeating and rep eating-alternating exercise; - alternating, - rep eating-interval and progressive, - game, -competitive
f
Expected result
Competitive method is directed toward training for competitions, training load distribution, norms and rules mastering, which regulate interaction of athletes during the process of competitive activity in this kind of sport. The training process organization in accordance with this model provides the planned result achievement, close and long-range aims realization.
Results and Discussion
In order to check the effectiveness of the created by us model the pedagogical experiment was held. 28 boys (8-10 years-old) took part in the experiment. The control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG) were organized, each group included 14 athletes. Before the pedagogical experiment the initial level of combatants' technical readiness was revealed. It was defined according to unity and speed of the blowing actions series fulfillment within the set time period. For technical readiness estimation the criteria were created. They helped to define both the speed of the separate elements of the technique and the whole motor act fulfillment in general and the degree of motor actions correspondence. Expert estimation was held by the group of qualified Kudo trainers according to five-point system.
Evaluation criteria:
5 points - unity of motor acts in terms of high speed of motor actions, accuracy of the set goal attack;
4 points - accuracy of the blows and defensive techniques fulfillment, gradual increase of the movements speed;
3 points - insufficient correspondence of the technique separate elements; insignificant quickness decrease of motor actions;
2 points - inaccuracy of the blow's fulfillment, a low level of movements correspondence;
1 point - the separate elements of the attacking technique fulfillment, insufficient amount of the defensive techniques.
The research materials analysis didn't reveal significant differences according to technical readiness level of the combatants from the CG and the EG (p>0,05). In the CG the training lessons were held according to the traditional methodology in accordance with Kudo sports training program (2013). In the EG the model of 8-10-year-old boys' training and competitive activity effectiveness increase was used. After the pedagogical experiment one more test was held in order to reveal the dynamics of combatants' technical readiness indices in the CG and the EG.
The received results showed that technical readiness indices improvement was in both groups: CG and EG, however in the EG the increase was more considerable.
Table 1 - Dynamics of combatants' technical readiness indices (in points)
№ Indices Results dynamics during the pedagogical experiment
Initial results X±Sx After the pedagogical experiment X+Sx Increase in %
1 Unity of the blow elements fulfillment with the right hand CG EG 3,1±0,1Q 3,0+0,16 3,4+0,20 4,1+0,22 8,8q 26,83*
2 Unity of the blow elements fulfillment with the left hand CG EG 2.8±0.22 2,8+0,18 3,1+0,25 3,9+0,26 q,68 28.21*
3 Speed of techniques fulfillment CG EG 3,2±0,25 3,3+0,19 3,6+0,21 4,2+0,25 11,12* 21,43*
4 Accuracy of the blow fulfillment CG EG 2,8+0,16 2,7+0,21 3,1+0,27 3,8+0,21 q,68 28,95*
Note: in numerator- CG indices, in denominator- EG indices; * - validity of values in terms of significance level p<0,05
During the elements of the blow fulfillment with the right hand 3,1±0,19 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices improved till 3,4±0,20 points, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 3,0±0,16 points to the end of the experiment the results increased till 4,1±0,22 points, (p<0,05). In the CG with the initial results of the same technique unity fulfillment with the left hand 2,8±0,22 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the indices increased till 3,1±0,25 points (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 2,8+0,18 points, to the end of the pedagogical experiment the results increased till 3,9±0,26 points, (p<0,05). The same tendency of more significant indices increase in the EG was revealed according to other indices of the CG and the EG athletes technical readiness (table 1).
Conclusion
Thus, the results of the pedagogical experiment showed that the training and competitive activity effectiveness increase modeling among 8-10-year-old combatants helps to use system-analytical approach to the training process organization and other conceptual theses. It is the base for many-sided harmonious development of young athletes, their spiritual-moral and volitional upbringing and technical training improvement. The created by us model application provided the following:
- different physical and technical training means inclusion into the content of the lessons;
- the complex of sports training methods use for the set aims and objectives realization;
- athletes' technical readiness level estimation;
- more effective distribution of motor-coordinating and technical training means. They provide rational combination and succession for a gradual training load increase as an important condition for sportsmanship achievement. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed the expediency of this model application in Kudo training process.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the feedback and comments from the editor of the journal and two anonymous referees. Responding to these comments considerably improved the paper.
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Submitted: 16.10.2018
Author's information:
Ivan Yu. Shpedt - Post-graduate, Ulyanov State Pedagogical University, the 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4, Ulyanovsk, Russia, 432700, e-mail: [email protected], Ludmila D. Nazarenko* - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Ulyanov State Pedagogical University, the 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4, Ulyanovsk, Russia, 432700, e-mail: ld nazarenko@ mail.ru*
