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Mingalisheva I.A. - Postgraduate, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov, ", Russia,432700, Ulyanovsk, the 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4, e-mail: [email protected]
DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-57-65
MOTIVATIONAL SPHERE AND MEMORY IMPROVEMENT AS STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS A BOXER'S MOTOR SKILLS AFFERENT SYNTHESIS
Osipov D.A.1
1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov", Russia, Ulyanovsk,
Annotation. Qualitative fulfillment of techniques in boxing has systematic character, which is conditioned by consistency in motor activity and vegetative functions. Such an important element of nervous system, as afferent (or analyzer) component, takes part in afferent synthesis of motor acts, which is realized during interaction between motivation, motor memory, setting and start-up information, as it was set by academic P.K. Anokhin, 1980. It determines the necessity to reveal the role of motivation and motor memory in a boxer's sports achievements. Materials. The article
presents theoretical importance substantiation of boxing choosing motives control for sports lessons, their influence on combatant's attitude to training process. Boxing is a highly dynamic kind of sport, that is why appearing situations in it demand quick use of orientation skills in spatiotemporal and spatio-power parameters of motor actions, difficult motor objectives solution in terms of combat. This is the reason why motor memory should be developed, as one of afferent synthesis leading components. Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis and systematization; summarizing progressive pedagogical experience of the specialists, boxing trainers, qualified sportsmen; pedagogical experiment, testing, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The author created the methodology of motivational sphere formation among qualified boxers; evaluation criteria of its level. Great attention is paid to the problem of motor memory development as an important factor, which provides personal experience of competitive activity accumulation; the skill of comparative analysis formation, concerning the style of sports combat and the opponent; strong and weak points of own individual technique revelation and estimation. Conclusion. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed the effectiveness of the created motivational sphere management methodology and motor memory development among qualified boxers. The success of boxers' competitive activity is mainly conditioned not only by positive dynamics of physical and technical-tactical readiness indices, but also by motivational sphere improvement and motor memory level. Motivation, directed at personality-oriented motives transformation into socially important ones and also motor memory are important elements not only of motor actions afferent synthesis, but also of boxers' sports training system in general. Keywords: boxing, afferent synthesis, motivation, motor memory, pedagogical experiment, evaluation criteria.
For citations: Osipov D.A. Motivational sphere and memory improvement as structural components a boxer's motor skills afferent synthesis. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports). 2018; 13(3): 44-50. DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-58-66.
INTRODUCTION
Boxing is a popular kind of sports activity, in which the main demands are placed on quickness of motor reaction, speed of attention redirection; body steadiness, equanimity and self-possession in stress situations of a combat. According to I.S. Kolesnik, 2010, 2017, 2018, the main peculiarity of boxing is combatants' desire to fulfill aiming, powerful blow into a pressure point. It demands great courage, patience, self-control, constant increase of general physical and technical-tactical readiness. These qualities demonstration and development is conditioned by genetic predisposition for the considered kind of sport, which is characterized by a quick change of unexpected situations, opponent's actions, timely change of nervous-muscular tension [ 11, 12, 16].
During the training process organization it is important to reveal the motives of choosing boxing as a kind of sport,
which most of all corresponds with the inner, not always realized abilities and needs of an organism. In boxing, connected with great risk of getting an injury of different character, great role belongs to motor memory, which helps to accumulate individual experience of boxing combat conduct; reveal known situations, which demand adequate solution, on speed and effectiveness of which depends the result of the combat.
The aim of this research is a theoretical substantiation of the necessity to improve the role of motivational sphere and memory, which are the components of a motor skill afferent synthesis, in order to increase the level of qualified boxers' technical readiness.
Objectives: 1. To reveal the importance of motivation and memory, the leading components of afferent synthesis, for the technique of difficult motor actions mastering, which form an individual style of a combatant's activity.
2. To create the methodology of motivational sphere and motor memory development, which are the structural components of afferent synthesis, with its further experimental check.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A qualified boxer has efficiency of motor and defensive techniques. While choosing the way of the blow fulfillment a sportsman takes into account the definite motive. In order to achieve an effective win, self-affirmation, realize the definite aims and objectives of sports training a combatant prefers an aggressive kind of sports combat conduct; its aim is precise, powerful blows fulfillment into unprotected zones of the opponent. Boxers with an intellectual kind of combat conduct try to outplay the opponent by means of some unexpected technique, which demands a high degree of different motor actions coordination, abruptness, dexterity, quickness of motor reactions, an objective estimation of the situation [3 - 5, 7, 8, 15]. Psychological mindset to have a power demonstrating manner of combat conduct mainly conditions the content of sports training program of a boxer; the choice of the corresponding exercises, directed at speed -power qualities development; the skills formation of unexpected powerful blows fulfillment; different defensive techniques development, which help to avoid the attacking actions of the opponent. A universal kind of a boxer sports training is oriented at his many-sided development, taking into account typological and genetic peculiarities; motivational sphere; the level of motor memory formation, which helps to memorize the peculiarities of combat conduct by boxers with different individual parameters. With motor memory development the opportunities of a difficult objective solution in unexpected conditions increase; searching for the most effective way out of the situations, which condition the outcome of a boxing combat. During interaction with a strong, experienced opponent, owing to trace constituent phenomena, firm time connections are formed, which help to set dependence between the initial position of a boxer, his
preparatory actions and further attacking techniques, power of which is determined by the degree of a combatant's readiness for attack repel [6, 8, 10, 14].
Short-term memory and long-term memory solve their own definite problems in technical-tactical training of a combatant. Owing to short-term memory a sportsman controls the opponent's actions, which characterize the peculiarities of a combat conduct, conditioned by the level of qualification, level of combat conduct individual style formation. Short-term memory indices help to control the changes of movements speed, sequence of multiple and single blows; fake movements fulfillment, tempo-rhythm parameters of movements change and it gives an opportunity to handle the situation and predict the opponent's actions.
Long-term memory provides the ways of difficult techniques fulfillment preservation in the definite situations, realized by the opponent without preliminary preparation, with unexpected consequences. It provides personal experience of struggle accumulation, which conditions the necessity to control, estimate and predict each action; psychological readiness for different behavior increase; keeping within the range of the opponent vision motor actions, paying attention to the elements of manoeuvring, as one of the training kinds for the attacking technique choice. In this connection, in order to develop technical-tactical readiness of a qualified boxer it is necessary to provide special program creation of an individual sportsman's motivational sphere control skill formation and memory development as important components of an afferent synthesis [1,13].
RESEARCH RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION
We created the methodology of sports activity motives revelation among qualified boxers and also their short-term and long-term memory development formation. The methodology content provides special conversations, oral and written surveys in order to reveal the motives of choosing
boxing for sports improvement. Scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis, materials of our own research works showed, that at the stage of initial sports training personality -oriented motives prevail among sportsmen: to become strong and skillful; for self-affirmation; for self-defense and others. With sportsmanship improvement, experience of competitive activity gaining we have evident development of motivational sphere and first place take other orientation motives: learn how to stand against a strong, experienced opponent; reveal own abilities and skills in an intellectual, general physical, technical-tactical readiness; take part in big international competitions being the part of a national team and others.
In order to form a motivational sphere special methodical techniques, which provided many-sided study of an athlete's personality, were used; phenotypological peculiarities, latent abilities and skills, propensity for self-development, readiness for self-discipline, self-restrictions, as the base for sports life style were revealed; volitional potential of a boxer, the level of his spiritualmoral development was determined. It helped to form psychological mindsets in order to achieve sports results in accordance with the stages of sports training, its aims and objectives, dynamics of competitive results. Aims and objectives were gradually complicated, effective individual means and methods of their realization were chosen and these things provided gradual increase of sports results; the system of special knowledge broadening. The abilities development to communicate with the leading athletes helped to study individual experience of sports training among the strongest combatants, which influenced greatly motivational sphere of an athlete; provided his personality-oriented motives
transformation into socially important ones [9,17].
The methodology of motor memory development provided motor tasks creation, which were directed at interconnections setting and memorizing between the training system, supplying and main physical
exercises; the peculiarities of a boxer's combat stand in the definite situation with further fulfillment of motor actions; between the ways of manoeuvring fulfillment and the technique of the attacking action choice. Great attention was paid to interaction revelation between the attacking and defensive techniques, their quantity and alternation; to the moments of motor actions speeding up determination, their tempo-rhythm parameters change; to the peculiarities of preparatory actions revelation before the real and false attacking technique; the choice of competitive distance, the way of movement, kind of the blow and etc.
The importance of motor memory formation is conditioned by a considerable increase of a boxer's abilities concerning control setting over the opponent's actions. It helps to model own actions on the ring during competitive activity, taking into account the specificity of the appearing situation. Owing to motor memory a qualified boxer determines differences in the tactics of combat conduct of athletes with different level of technical-tactical readiness, experience of competitive activity, different manners of combat conduct, other individual peculiarities.
In order to develop short-term motor memory the following tasks were offered:
- the number of the opponent striking actions series reproduction directly after the combat;
- the number of defensive actions determination, which are used during the series and the separate attacking blows fulfillment;
- the used ways of movement and the frequency of their change revelation in each round of the combat;
-the preferred and rarely used distances revelation, expediency of their use in each appearing situation estimation;
- individual peculiarities of manoeuvring setting before the attacking technique;
- successful and unsuccessful attacking techniques revelation, the reasons of their inefficiency determination.
These tasks were offered the next day after competitions; a week after competitions, then in a month.
Long-term motor memory was formed with the mindset to memorize individual peculiarities of a boxer's combat conduct with every opponent during the year, the opponent's achievements estimation, his positive experience estimation, realization and creative interpretation with further use in own system of sports training.
In order to check the effectiveness of the motivational sphere formation methodology and motor memory development the pedagogical experiment was held. 14-15-year-old qualified boxers (39 sportsmen of the IInd and the 1st category) took part in the experiment. The control group (CG)- 19 people, and the experimental group (EG)- 20 people were organized. In the CG training lessons were organized according to generally adopted methodology, in accordance with the program of sports training among qualified boxers, adopted by Boxing Federation of the Russian Federation [2].
Before the pedagogical experiment the group of highly-qualified boxing trainers revealed the initial indices of sports activity motives formation and motor memory development among sportsmen from the CG and the EG. Motivational sphere state was estimated according to the choice and substantiation of the definite motives, the ability to form them and distribute according to the degree of importance.
Evaluation criteria (in points):
5 points - I want to know, what I can do, want to test my character, become real athlete;
4 points - I want to learn boxing, as the best athletes; I don't want to be afraid, I want to be able to stand up for myself;
3 points - a trainer invited to go in for boxing; several boys from the class go in for boxing, I also decided to try;
2 points - a good trainer; perhaps I will become a strong boxer;
1 point -boxing is more interesting than other kinds of sport.
The level of motor memory development was determined according to the following indices: precise reproduction of the distinctive features of combat conduct by the opponent, their objective estimation; logical response organization according to the characteristics of the opponent's technical-tactical readiness level; the ability to reveal the details, which underline individual style of combat conduct by the opponent.
Evaluation criteria (in points):
5 points - successive statement of the opponent's behavioral peculiarities on the ring; the ability to define the most important thing, underline drawbacks;
4 points - the ability to substantiate the features of an individual style combat formation, underline changes in the opponent's behavior according to separate rounds;
3 points - correct enumeration of the attacking and defensive techniques, the peculiarities of their fulfillment; different distances use and the ways of movement underestimation;
2 points -inability to enumerate the blows, which form the series, name all defensive actions;
1 point - several single attacking techniques are enumerated.
The research results analysis didn't reveal considerable differences among boxers from the CG and the EG according to the level of motivational sphere formation and according to the level of motor memory development (p>0,05).
After the pedagogical experiment one more indices estimation of boxing choosing motives and motor memory development was held with the help of the same evaluation criteria. The received results showed that the indices improvement was in both groups: CG and EG, with significant predominance of the athletes from the experimental group. In the CG with the initial results of motivational sphere formation level 2,69±0,18 points, to the end of the experiment indices improved till 2,77±0,21 points, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 2,76±0,15 points, to the end of the experiment results increased till
3,41±0,24 points, (p<0,05). In the CG with the initial results of motor memory development 2,79±0,20 points, to the end of the experiment the indices improved till 2,86±0,17 points, (p>0,05); in the EG with the initial results 2,81±0,23 points, to the end of the experiment the indices increased till 3,67±0,22 points, (p<0,05).
CONCLUSION
Thus, the results of the pedagogical experiment showed that boxers sports training is a difficult, multiparameter process, the effectiveness of which is conditioned by many factors, among which important place takes control over motivational sphere formation and also motor memory development. Qualitative change of boxing choosing motives for sport lessons helps to set more difficult aims and objectives before a boxer, influence greatly his personal features formation. A purposeful motor memory development provides a combatant's personal competitive experience formation; the skills formation of own technical-tactical readiness analysis and estimation, critical re-comprehension of individual program for the future stage of sports training, which stimulates his motor activity. The results of the held pedagogical experiment showed the significance of the motivational sphere formation and boxers' motor memory development methodology use.
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Submitted: 28.05.2018 Author's information:
Osipov D. A. - Postgraduate, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov", Russia,432700, Ulyanovsk, the 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4, e-mail: [email protected]
DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-66-74
TECHNICAL METHODS MODELING IN KETTLEBELL LIFTING
Samigullin R.V.1, Nazarenko L.D.1, Timoshkin V.V.1
Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov", Russia, Ulyanovsk, [email protected], [email protected]
Annotation. Kettlebell lifting originated from national traditions, reflects national peculiarities. It is one of the most popular kinds of sports activity. Its content includes two classical kinds of physical exercises: push and jerk. Each of them demands high level of motor-coordinating readiness. Materials. The greatest difficulty during these techniques mastering is high accuracy of each structural element fulfillment. In special scientific-methodical literature the characteristics of technical methods fulfillment are described with the help of general definitions. For example, "sit down a little", "dumbbells are far from the feet" and others. However, the effectiveness of each motor action in kettlebell lifting is connected with optimal parameters of motor acts mastering. It depends on an athlete's height-weight indices ratio and other individual characteristics. Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis and systematization, progressive experience of specialists-trainers in kettlebell lifting summarizing, modeling, pedagogical experiment, testing, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The article offers to use technical methods modeling as an effective direction of mastering a rational technique of the main methods of kettlebell lifting. It helps to picture the form and content of each structural element of a push and a jerk. It provides clear notions formation of movements direction, volume of swing movements amplitude, character
