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Статья поступила в редакцию 21.11.19
УДК 81'27 DOI: 10.24411/1991-5497-2019-10235
Kysylbaikova M.I., Cand. of Sciences (Philology), senior lecturer, North-Eastern Federal University n.a. M.K. Ammosov (Yakutsk, Russia),
E-mail: kysylbaikova@mail.ru
CONCEPTUAL SIGNS OF CONCEPT "CULTURE" (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE CONSCIOUSNESS). In connection with the rapid development of the ideas of cognitive science in linguistics, the issues of conceptualization have recently acquired relevance and significance. The cognitive mechanism of a person can be understood precisely through language, therefore the study of this problem in language becomes inevitable. The study of the concept "culture" in the language consciousness of the English language speakers is presented in this article. The concept under study has a complex structure, 20 semantic signs are revealed as a result. The concept "culture" is an ethnomarked semantic entity, in its structure the ethnocultural features of the presentation of the native English speakers about culture are clearly displayed. The use of the "semantic gestalt" method of the associative field is effective for studying the national-cultural features of the language consciousness. This method made it possible to present the structure of the concept "culture" and to reveal the general and specific in the English linguistic culture. The results of a free associative experiment to study the concept "culture", conducted among native English speakers is introduced in the scientific level for the first time. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the study can be used for further linguocultural studies and studies of language consciousness as a material in theoretical and practical courses in language theory, the theory of intercultural communication, general linguistics, psycholinguistics, ethnopsycholinguistics.
Key words: concept, culture, conceptual signs, language consciousness.
М.И. Кысылбаикова, канд. филол. наук, доц., Северо-Восточный федеральный университет имени М.К Аммосова, г. Якутск,
E-mail: kysylbaikova@mail.ru
КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРИЗНАКИ КОНЦЕПТА «КУЛЬТУРА» (НА ПРИМЕРЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВОГО СОЗНАНИЯ)
В связи с быстрым развитием идей когнитивной науки в лингвистике в последнее время вопросы концептуализации приобретают актуальность и значимость. Когнитивный механизм человека можно понять именно через язык, посредством языка, потому исследование этой проблемы в языке становится неизбежным. В данной статье представлено изучение концепта «культура» в языковом сознании носителей английского языка Исследуемый концепт имеет сложную структуру, в результате анализа выявлено 20 семантических признаков. Концепт «культура» является этномаркированным семантическим образованием, в его структуре ярко отображаются этнокультурные особенности представления носителей английского языка о культуре. Использование метода «семантический гештальт» ассоциативного поля эффективно для изучения национально-культурных особенностей языкового сознания. Данный метод позволил представить структуру концептосферы «культура» и выявить общее и специфическое в английской лингвокультуре. Впервые в научный оборот введены результаты свободного ассоциативного эксперимента по исследованию концепта «культура», проведенного среди носителей английского языка. Практическая значимость работы заключается в том, что результаты исследования могут быть использованы для дальнейших лингвокультурологических исследований и исследований языкового сознания в качестве материала в теоретических и практических курсах по теории языка, теории межкультурной коммуникации, общему языкознанию, психолингвистике, этнопсихолингвистике.
Ключевые слова: концепт, культура, семантические признаки, языковое сознание.
We agree with L.G. lonin, who believes that the word "culture" refers to more private processes and that this word was used to characterize the development and improvement of something. According to the author, in the period 18-19 centuries. the universalization of this term begins, there are also cases of the use of this word in other meanings [1, p. 9-12].
In our work, we adhere to the opinion of V.A. Maslova, who believes that "culture is not isomorphic (absolutely consistent), but homomorphic to the language (structurally similar)" [2, p. 73].
Obviously, language plays a paramount role in the development and transmission of culture and language. The function of language is so important in communication that some teachings are hyperbolized. The most famous of them is the hypothesis of linguistic determinism regarding the relationship between language and culture, which some researchers consider inappropriate ideas that pose serious difficulties for intercultural understanding.
Turning to the ethnocultural specificity of the language consciousness of a certain linguistic cognitive community, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the language of the members of the linguistic and cultural community is, first of all, the main tool for its assimilation and dissemination of such information for humans.
Confirming this idea V.A. Maslova, E.A. Erokhina, A.P. Sedykh note that "language is a vessel of ethnocultural values". The author explains that from the moment of birth, an individual learns a system of values using a language that dictates a special logic of perception and thinking [2, 3, 4].
Psycholinguistic and ethnopsycholinguistic studies of linguistic consciousness, as well as studying the world image of an ethnos, are a new integrated approach aimed at identifying and comparing the ethnocultural specifics of language consciousness of representatives of various linguistic and cultural communities. In this context, language consciousness is considered as a combination of conceptual, perceptual and procedural knowledge of a representative of a certain linguistic culture about objects of the
surrounding world or as a union of images of consciousness realized through various linguistic means (words, free and stable phrases, associations, etc.).
The relevance of this work is that at the present stage of the development of linguistics in connection with the emerging trend towards the integration of interdisciplinary approaches of different scientific areas, primarily cognitive science, psychology and cultural studies, the question of the relationship of language, thinking and culture is gaining importance.
The purpose of the research is to study the concept "culture" and its reflection in the language national consciousness of the English language speakers. To reach the aim of research we used the following methods: conceptual analysis method, component analysis techniques, methods of interpretative and contextual analysis. In the field description of the concept, we used the free associative experiment as a means of access to images of language consciousness, "semantic gestalt" of the associative field to identify nuclear and peripheral features of the concept.
As a result of the analysis of the dictionary definitions of the concept "culture" we revealed 15 stimulus-words: culture, tradition, civilization, language, science, history, folklore, literature, art, religion, education, sport, spirituality, humanism, upbringing.
The free associative experiment was held among 2000 English language speakers (London, Cambridge, Bradford, Derby, Birmingham, Oxford), who grew up and studied in the cities of Great Britain and who considered English as the main language of communication.
Reactions to the stimulus-words show interesting and conceptual moments.
The culture is mostly perceived by the British as a spiritual activity, in particular, as art (music, sculpture). if we combine the reactions society, civilization, class, primitive, we can conclude that culture for the British is an indicator of the development of both the individual and society as a whole, this implies the division of society into classes according to cultural characteristics. For the British, culture is associated with civilization: the more civilized the society, the higher its culture.
For native English speakers, theater and art are inseparable with the concept "culture". Also, it is customary to consider a book as a cultural model, as a source of knowledge, and etiquette as the ability to behave in society. The adjective good can be translated as an adverb. Then the meaning of the reaction can be interpreted as "culture is good'.
While analyzing the associative fields on the stimulus-word tradition, one clearly observes the affiliation of these peoples to different cultures with different customs, traditions and rites. The British have tea, a church, an altar, a coronation, a queen, you can also notice the names of the holidays of other countries - St. Patrick, Independence Day, Thanksgiving, etc.
For English native speakers, civilization is the development of information technology, a culture of behavior and the future. The latest brands of mobile phones iPad, iPhone, Blackberry are the main indicators of civilization. The world corporation Apple, producing a new communication technology, Steve Jobs - the founder and chairman of the board of directors of Apple, we can say, the symbols of civilization for the British.
According to the reactions to the stimulus-word language, it is clear that the languages are concretized: English, French, foreign, the British divided the language into units - words, mentioned the language processes - communication, conversation, speech. There is also a direct connection between language as speaking and language - the human organ. Many people have the concept of a language barrier, it arises when communicating with a foreigner whose language you do not know, do not understand or speak poorly.
English native speakers associate the stimulus-word science, first of all, with invention, research, a scientist, a Nobel Prize, science fiction, etc., since this is almost all that science represents.
A small variety of reactions to the stimulus-word science suggests that the British are more specific in understanding science. Most respondents associate it with invention and research. In their understanding, those who are engaged in invention and research make a great contribution to the development of science.
The British associate folk with music, song, people, traditions, customs, tales and singer. The reactions old, century indicate that in the understanding of the British, folklore has more connection with the past, as the kind of art of their grandparents.
Heroes of folklore are: Robin Hood - the hero of the English folk ballad, Black Dog, Sarah Makeham, Will Millar, Skycaled, Buffalo Springfield - representatives of folk rock music of England, America, Ireland.
Native English speakers associate folklore with popular folk groups and singers: Sarah Makem (Irish folk singer), Will Millar (Irish-Canadian singer, known as one of the creators of the folk band "The Irish Rovers") , Skyclad (a British folk metal band known as the pioneers of this genre), Buffalo Springfield (an American music band formed in 1966 in Los Angeles, California, who performed folk rock with elements of country music and laying the foundations of the genre, dubbed country rock, combining "Green-Village Village free-thinking and poetic language with rock-and-roll energy and tools").
Literature is associated with books and the greatest English playwright and poet W. Shakespeare. According to the reactions it is clear that they read more English, French, American, Russian literature. It can be interpreted that literature is an art when you express your feelings with the help of language, involve readers in the beauty of reading. Literature, or rather reading literature for many people is a hobby, a favorite pastime. It should be noted that a small number of respondents associate literature with the library. If this experiment was held 10-20 years ago, the situation would be different. Now, in the world of modern technology, any book can be found without leaving home; there are fewer people visiting the library.
Of the writers, only William Shakespeare and Joan Rowling are mentioned. The first is a writer of all time, the second is a British writer, best known by her literary pseudonym J.K. Rowling.
Literature is associated with school subjects: school, text, writing, composition.
English literature is a collection of written works created in English by residents of the British Isles (including Ireland) from the 7th century to the present day. The main literature, written in English outside the British Isles, is considered separately in American literature, Australian literature, Canadian literature, and New Zealand literature.
We can say that the British are distinguished by their characteristic feature -conciseness and brevity in the answers, the British have several examples of the lack of reaction.
To identify nuclear and peripheral signs according to the results of an associative experiment among the English native speakers, the method "semantic gestalt" was used after Yu.N. Karaulov [5]. As a result we presented the following signs of the concept "Culture" in the language consciousness of the English speakers:
Библиографический список
№ Signs Quantity %
1 Education 3448 13%
2 Art 3389 12,5%
3 Religion 2470 9,13%
4 Society 1974 7%
5 Spirituality 1785 6,6%
6 Family 1766 6,5%
7 Faith 1780 6,5%
8 Sport 1760 6,5%
9 Science 1690 6,2%
10 History 1321 4,8%
11 Sign 1039 3,8%
12 School 891 3,2%
13 Traditions and customs 805 3%
14 Print 765 2,8%
15 Literature 490 1,8%
16 Sign of nationality 425 1,5%
17 Technology 390 1,4%
18 Communication 340 1,2%
19 Quality 261 0,96%
20 Places 258 0,95%
All reactions - 27047
"Education" is the core of the concept "culture" in the language consciousness of the English language native speakers.
The first layer of the structure of the concept "culture" among the British is represented by the signs "Art" and "Religion".
The second layer: "Family", "Spirituality", "Faith", "Sport", "Science".
The third layer: "History", "Sign", "School", "Traditions and Customs", "Print", "Literature".
The obtained data of native English speakers allow us to conclude that culture is an indicator of education. The more educated a person is, the more cultured is the understanding of the British. An educated person, as well as a person striving to acquire new knowledge, enrich his mind, is an example of a cultured person.
Many associate culture with art, since art is a type of cultural activity, it is a special way of knowing and reflecting reality, it is one of the forms of artistic activity of public consciousness and part of a person's spiritual culture.
The sign "Science" is also located in the near periphery. This phenomenon can be interpreted as follows: science is either part of culture, or one of the forms of human activity that has a social nature. Without science, it is impossible to imagine culture; science can be represented as building a rational picture of the world.
The sign "Sport" among the British occupies one of the important places, this sign is in the far periphery. Recently, around the world, an active approach of the population to a healthy lifestyle has been noticed, many people all over the world are diligently involved in sports in everyday life. New sports facilities are appearing and opening up more and more, allowing the population to go in for sports without much effort and expense.
According to the reactions of native English speakers, one can notice that the British often associate the world around them and some abstract concepts with concepts related to faith and religion.
The presence of the sign "Family" indicates that the culture is formulated in the family, from the very birth of a child they accustom him to cultural values.
After analyzing the literature on the ethnocultural situation in the UK, we can conclude that language is one of the important factors that affects the self-awareness of any social community as a whole. The cultural and national uniqueness of the British is manifested in the language, traditions, historical and cultural heritage, religious, political, conic, social differences between parts of the United Kingdom reinforce eth-nocultural identity.
An analysis of the data obtained according to the results of a free associative experiment showed that the ethnocultural features of the presentation of English speakers about culture are clearly displayed in the structure of the studied concept.
Summing up, we conclude that culture is a universal concept. Culture is displayed in the language, language is culture. Language is one of the most specific components of any culture. Ethnicity makes this or that culture special. The study of national language, ethnic consciousness allows us to formulate the image of the world of carriers of a particular linguistic culture.
1. Ионин Л.Г. Социология культуры. Москва: Логос, 1998.
2. Маслова В.А. Лингвокультурология. Москва: Академия, 2001.
3. Ерохина Е.А. Этническое самосознание в межэтнических взаимодействиях. Диссертация ... кандидата философских наук. Новосибирск, 1999.
4. Седых А.П. Фразеологическая коммуникация как способ актуализации языковой личности политика (на материале дискурса А. Меркель). Научные ведомости Белгородского государственного университета. Серия Гуманитарные науки. 2012; 12: 105 - 112.
5. Караулов Ю.Н. Активная грамматика и ассоциативно-вербальная сеть. Москва, 1999.
References
1. lonin L.G. Sociologiya kul'tury. Moskva: Logos, 1998.
2. Maslova V.A. Lingvokul'turologiya. Moskva: Akademiya, 2001.
3. Erohina E.A. 'Etnicheskoe samosoznanie v mezh'etnicheskih vzaimodejstviyah. Dissertaciya ... kandidata filosofskih nauk. Novosibirsk, 1999.
4. Sedyh A.P. Frazeologicheskaya kommunikaciya kak sposob aktualizacii yazykovoj lichnosti politika (na materiale diskursa A. Merkel'). Nauchnye vedomosti Belgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye nauki. 2012; 12: 105 - 112.
5. Karaulov Yu.N. Aktivnaya grammatika i associativno-verbal'naya set'. Moskva, 1999.
Статья поступила в редакцию 25.11.19
УДК 8;81 DOI: 10.24411/1991-5497-2019-10236
Andreeva T.E., Cand. of Sciences (Philosophy), research fellow, Institute of Human Studies and Problems of Small Peoples of the North, Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yakutsk, Russia), E-mail: taan2001@mail.ru
Sadovnikove I.I., Cand. of Sciences (Philosophy), junior research fellow, Institute of Human Studies and Problems of Small Peoples of the North, Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yakutsk, Russia), E-mail: Sadovnikova79@mail.ru Struchkov K.N., Cand. of Sciences (Philosophy), research fellow, Institute of Human Studies and Problems of Small Peoples of the North, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yakutsk, Russia)
COMPARISON OF PHYTONYMS IN EVENE AND EVENKI. The article presents a comprehensive summary of the material on the names of plants that are most common at the territory where small nationalities of the North live. This study provides rich material for the research of general patterns of lexical unit formation both in terms of the history of the Evene and Evenki languages and synchronous analysis. The study of lexical units of plant names in the two languages under consideration will reveal the specifics of the appearance and functioning of phytonyms at the present stage. The results of the study of plant nomination methods allow to determine the typology of subject vocabulary in Evene and Evenki languages.
Key words: Evene language, Evenkian language, vocabulary, nomination, phytonyms.
Т.Е. Андреева, канд. филол. наук, науч. сотр., Институт гуманитарных исследований и проблем малочисленных народов Севера, Сибирское отделение Российской академии наук, г. Якутск E-mail: taan2001@mail.ru
И.И. Садовникова, канд. филол. наук, мл. науч. сотр., Институт гуманитарных исследований и проблем малочисленных народов Севера, Сибирское отделение Российской академии наук, г. Якутск, E-mail: Sadovnikova79@mail.ru
К.Н. Стручков, канд. филол. наук, науч. сотр., Институт гуманитарных исследований и проблем малочисленных народов Севера, Сибирское отделение Российской академии наук, г. Якутск
СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФИТОНИМОВ В ЭВЕНСКОМ И ЭВЕНКИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
Статья посвящена комплексной сводке материала по названиям растений, наиболее распространённых на территории расселения малочисленных народностей Севера. Данное исследование дает богатый материал для изучения общих закономерностей образования лексических единиц как с точки зрения истории эвенского и эвенкийского языков, так и синхронного анализа. Изучение лексических единиц названий растений в двух рассматриваемых языках позволит выявить особенности появления и функционирования фитонимов на современном этапе. Итоги исследования способов номинации растений способствуют определению типологии предметной лексики в эвенском и эвенкийском языках. Ключевые слова: эвенский язык, эвенкийский язык, лексика, номинация, фитонимы.
Целью исследования фитонимической лексики является ее комплексное описание для раскрытия богатства и специфики словарного состава языка малочисленных народов Севера, в данном случае эвенского и эвенкийского языков. Из всех уровней языка именно лексика наиболее насыщена исторической информацией о жизни народа. Лексикологическая проблематика, разрабатываемая в компаративном направлении, в конечном счете приводит к задаче выявления предполагаемого общего исходного словарного фонда генетически родственных языков с их характеристикой в семантическом и фонетическом отношениях.
Выборка соответствующей лексики производилась по следующим словарям: В.И. Цинциус «Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков» [1975; Т. I; 1977; Т. II], где на тунгусо-маньчжурских языках приведены названия многих деревьев, кустарников, трав; В.А. Роббека, М.Е. Роббек «Эвенско-русский словарь», Л.Д. Ришес «Русско-эвенский (русско-ламутский) словарь», ПМ. Васи-левич «Эвенкийско-русский словарь», А.Н. Мыреева «Эвенки. Эвенкийско-русский словарь», Б.В. Болдырев «Эвенкийско-русский словарь».
Эвенский (ламутский) язык относится к северной (сибирской) группе тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [1], [8].
Эвены - народ России. В этнографической литературе они известны как ламуты (от эвенкийского ламу "море" - приморские жители) [2], [8].
Эвенский язык по морфологическому строю суффиксально-агглютинативный, а в области синтаксического строя - номинативный, наиболее близок к эвенкийскому (тунгусскому). Диалектная структура эвенского языка сложная. Зафиксированы три больших наречия: западное, среднее и восточное. В этих наречиях специалисты-эвеноведы выделяют около двадцати говоров и диалектов. Наиболее известные из них: ольский, охотский, камчатский, березовский, мом-ский, томпонский, аллаиховский, ламунхинский, тюгесирский. Особо выделяется исчезнувший арманский диалект, сохранивший ряд архаических черт, сближающих его с эвенкийским языком. Эвены - носители разных говоров, но могут понимать друг друга и общаться на родном языке, так как между говорами различия в основном фонетического характера [3], [8].
Эвенки - один из сравнительно многочисленных народов Севера России. По классификации языков мира эвенкийский язык относится к северной группе тунгусо-маньчжурских языков. По особенностям звукового строя, грамматическим, лексическим и синтаксическим отличиям он делится на три наречия: южное (распространено по бассейну р. Подкаменной Тунгуски, верхнему течению р. Лены и в Прибайкалье), северное (язык эвенков севера Красноярского края и Иркутской области) и восточное (язык эвенков, проживающих от р. Лены до побережья Охотского моря и на о. Сахалин, баргузинских эвенков в Прибайкалье и эвенков КНР и МНР)[4], [3].
Восточное наречие по территории распространения и численности эвенков, говорящих на нем, занимает ведущее место. Оно отличается от северного и южного наречий еще и тем, что имеет много общего с родственным эвенским языком. Эта общность особенно проявляется в языке крайне восточных эвенков [5].
Целью настоящей работы являются выявление способов номинации фито-нимов и их сопоставление на материале эвенского и эвенкийского языков. Для этого нами была разработана классификация фитонимов.
Самую большую и разнообразную группу в этих двух исследуемых языках составляют наименования деревьев и кустарников. Деревья и кустарники могут произрастать в лесу и вне леса. Названия дерева мо имеется во всех тунгусо-маньчжурских языках со значением "дерево, дрова для растопки, бревно, палка". Название леса: эвен. хиги - "лес", эвенк. сиги - "лес"; эвенк. дилкэкэ - "тайга", эвен. демцэ - "тайга", "лес", эвен бургаг - "лиственный лес", эвенк. аЬи - "тайга", "лес на равнине".
Рассмотрим хвойные деревья: эвен. Ирэт Бер - "молодое деревцо", "молодая лиственница, жердь", эвен. ирэкэг - "заросли лиственницы", эвенк. Ирэк Тк, Тмт, Учр, Чм, Чмк, Сх, Урм - "лиственничный лес"; эвен. Ирэкэт Бер, Т - 1) "молодая лиственница"; 2) "молодой кустарник, тальник", эвенк. ирэвэллэн Е - "тонкая молодая лиственница" и т.д.
В эвенском и эвенкийском языке сосна называется одинаково эвен. Дягда Бер - "сосна", эвенк. дягда - "сосна";
