CC BY
0INKLYUZIV TA'LIMNI TASHKIL ETISHDA ALOHIDA TA'LIM EHTIYOJLARI MAVJUD BOLALARNING
IMKONIYATLARI
1Maxmudova Madinaxon Sobirxonovna, 2Umidaxon Haydarova
1Qo'qon davlat pedagogika institute, Maxsus pedagogika kafedrasi dotsenti, PhD, 2Logopediya
yo'nalishi talabasi https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11200108
Hozirgi kunda ko'pchilik tomonidan eng bahsli deb tan olingan masala alohida yordamga muhtoj va imkoniyati cheklangan bolalar uchun inklyuziv ta'limni joriy etish masalasidir. Inklyuziv ta'limni joriy etish deganda, imkoniyati cheklangan bolalar uchun xalqaro darajadagi ta'lim sohasining siyosati va tajribasida muhim oqibatlarni nazarda tutiladi.
Inklyuziv ta'lim, inson huquqlarini farqlari va turlarini namoyon qilish, baholash va hisobga olishni, ijtimoiy adolat va adolatlilik masalalarini, shuningdek nogironlikning ijtimoiy modeli va ta'limning ijtimoiy-siyosiy modelini o'z ichiga olgan ko'p tomonlama konsepsiyadan iborat. Shuningdek, maktabni transformatsiya qilish jarayoni va bolalar diqqatini ta'lim olish huquqi va ta'lim olish imkoniyatiga jalb etishni o'z ichiga oladi. Inklyuziv ta'limning umumiy maqsadi sifatida inklyuziv ta'limni talabalarga jamiyat hayotida ishtirok etish imkoniyatini berish vositasi sifatida deb ta'kidlanadi.
Alohida yordamga muhtoj va imkoniyati cheklangan bolalar uchun inklyuziv inklyuziv ta'limi 4 asosiy tamoyilga tayanadi. Bu:
- birinchidan, ko'plab o'quvchilarni umumiy ta'limning ko'plab va'dalar beruvchi, qiziqarli va egiluvchan o'quv dasturlari bilan ta'minlash;
- ikkinchidan, o'ziga jalb etuvchi turfa xillik, kuchli tomonlari va chaqiriqlarga e'tibor berilishi;
- uchinchidan, differensial ta'lim va amaliyotni o'zida aks ettirish yordamida;
- to'rtinchidan, talabalar, o'qituvchilar, oilalar, boshqa mutaxassis va jamoat muassasalari bilan birgalikdagi hamkorlik asosidagi hamjamiyatni tashkil etish.
Maxsus ta'limni keng ko'lamli aniqlashni ta'minlash quyidagicha amalaga oshiriladi:
Maxsus ta'lim o'z ichiga xulq-atvor, emotsional, jismoniy, salomatligida yoki sensor rivojlanishida buzilishlari bo'lgan talabalar uchun ularni baholash tajribasi va xizmat ko'rsatish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan maxsus ishlab chiqilgan va koordinatsiyalashtirilgan ilmiy asoslangan uslubiy majmuaviy to'plamini yetkazib berish va monitoring qilishni o'z ichiga oladi. Bu ta'limiy tajribalar va xizmatlar talabalarning alohida kuchli jihatlari va muammoli tomonlarini hisobga olgan holda aniqlanadi va bartaraf etiladi; ularning ta'limiy, ijtimoiy, xatti-harakat (xulq-atvor) va jismoniy rivojlanishlarini oshirish maqsadida; maktab ta'limining, jamoalar va jamiyatning barcha jabhalariga kirish va haqqoniylikni ta'minlash.
Bu shundan darak beradiki, maxsus ta'lim quyidagicha ta'riflanadi:
• Individual baholash va rejalashtirish.
• Ixtisoslashtirilgan ta'lim.
• Intensiv (tezkor) ta'lim.
• Maqsadga yo'naltirilgan ko'rsatma.
• Ta'lim tajribasi asosidagi tadqiqot.
• Hamkorlikdagi sheriklik.
• O'quvchining samaradorlik bahosi.
Maxsus ta'limning rivojlanish davri oxirgi 250 yilni o'z ichiga oladi. Dastlab paydo bo'lgan maktablar bu 1760 yilda karlar uchun va 1780 yillarda ko'r bolalar uchun tashkil etilgan maktablar hisoblanadi. Bulardan keyin 1830 yillardaintellektual imkoniyatlari cheklangan bolalar uchun va 1860 yillarda jismoniy imkoniyatlari cheklangan bolalar uchun maktablar tashkillandi.
1900 yillarda ta'lim olishda qiyinchilikka uchraydigan bolalarga ta'lim beruvchi o'qituvchilar ma'lumot sifatida jahonning turli mamlakatlari bo'yicha barcha bolalarning maktabga borishlarini talab qila boshladilar.shu davrda Binga murojaat qilinib, shunday bolalarni aniqlash uchun test yaratishni taklif qilindi. Bu keyinchalik intellektni sinashning 1-usuli bo'lib qoldi. Bu testlardan 20-asr boshlarida ta'limda ma'lum qiyinchiliklari mavjud bo'lgan bolalarning umumta'lim maktablari maxsus sinflarida o'qimishli bo'lishlari uchun tanlab olishda foydalanildi. Ko'pgina mamlakatlarda bunday sinflar soni 1980-yillargacha ortib bordi, shu jumladan AQSH va Yangi Zelandiyada, shundan keyin esa maxsus sinflar soni kamaya boshladi.
So'nggi 30 yil atrofida maxsus ta'lim siyosati va tajribasi yaxlit holatda, shuningdek, qisman umumta'lim maktablaridagi maxsus sinflarning "inklyuziv ta'lim " deb nomlanishi albternativ holatda shubha ostida qoldi.
Salend Inklyuziv ta'limni aniqlashning foydali jihatlarini quyida tarzda ta'minlaydi:
Bunga falsafani kiritish, qaysiki, talabalarni, ularning oilalarini, o'qituvchilar va hamjamiyat a'zolarini birgalikda o'zaro e'tirof etish va tegishlilik asosidagi maktab tashkil etishga olib keladi. Inklyuzivlashtirilgan maktablarda o'quvchilarning barcha fazilatlarini olqishlash, e'tirof etish, tasdiqlash va namoyish qilish orqali ularni hududlaridagi umumta'lim maktablari sinflari davriga mos keluvchi, yuqori sifatli o'quvchilarni tarbiyalash. Bu shundan dalolat beradiki, inklyuziv ta'lim quyidagicha xarakterlanadi:
• Hamjamiyat doirasidagi qabul qilish va tegishlilik falsafasi;
• Talaba, oila, pedagog va hamjamiyatning hamkorlik falsafasi;
• Barcha o'quvchilarning turli tumanligi va qadrliligi belgilanadi;
• Yuqori sifatli maktablardagi o'quvchilarning ma'rifatliligini qadrlash;
• O'z tengqurlari bilan birga o'quvchilarning ma'rifatliligini qadrlash;
• Oddiy sinflarda o'qiydigan o'quvchilarning ma'rifatliligini qadrlash;
• Maktablar va mahalliy hamjamiyatdagi o'quvchilarning tarbiyalanishini qadrlash.
Inklyuziv ta'lim nisbatan yaqin davrda tashkil topgan. Uning ilk kurtaklari davri
umumta'lim maktablaridagi ta'lim olishda muayyan qiyinchiliklari mavjud bo'lgan bolalar uchun tashkil etilgan maxsus sinflarning samaradorligiga Dunn shubha bilan qaragan 1960 yillarga to'g'ri keladi. Bu hodisa bunday bolalarni "dolzarblashtirish"ga chaqiradi, ya'ni ularni maxsus sinflarga emas, balki oddiy sinflarga kiritib o'qitish, oxir oqibat umumta'lim maktablarida imkoniyati cheklangan bolalarga ta'lim berish masalasini, boshqacha qilib aytganda, "integratsiyalashtirish" masalasi "ta'lim sohasidagi davomiy tashabbus"deb atala boshlandi.
Yuqorida bayon etilganlardan shu narsa ayon bo'ladiki, inklyuziv ta'lim konstruktiv yo'naltirilgan holda imkoniyati cheklangan bolalarga ta'lim berishni yaxshilashni ta'minlashga harakat qilmoqda. Shunga qaramasdan, yuqoridagi qarashlarga qarama qarshi holda, ayrim mualliflar ta'limning inklyuziv natijalari aqlga zid mafkuraning bolalar uchun qurbonligi, deb ta'kidlaydilar.
REFERENCES
1. Shukhratovich, Makhmudov Khurshid. "WAYS TO OVERCOME SPEECH DEFECTS IN THE EDUCATION OF PARALYZED CHILDREN." Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 11.11 (2023): 348-352.
2. Khurshid, Makhmudov. "VIEWS OF EASTERN THINKERS ON THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS." Open Access Repository 9.11 (2023): 210-215.
3. Xurshid, Maxmudov. "Maxsus yordamga muxtoj bolalar oilalari bilan olib boriladigan psixoterapevtik ish." Confrencea 12.12 (2023): 326-331.
4. Шатунова, Ольга Васильевна, et al. "Проблемы создания инклюзивной образовательной среды в школах Республики Узбекистан." Педагогика, психология, общество: от теории к практике. 2023.
5. Mahmudova, M. S., and D. T. Akhmedova. Study of the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in combination with obesity. Diss. 2022.
6. Махмудова, Мадинахон Собирхоновна. "Особенности работы с детьми с задержкой психического развития в условиях инклюзивного образования." Психолого-педагогическое сопровождение общего, специального и инклюзивного образования детей и взрослых. 2023.
7. Madinakhan, Makhmudova, and Khasanova Iroda. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF DYSARTHRIA SPEECH DISORDER IN CHILDREN WITH SPEECH DEFICIENCY." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development 16 (2023): 42-45.
8. Madinakhan, Makhmudova, and Rozmatova Odinakhan. "STAGES OF UPBRINGING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH-IMPAIRED CHILDREN IN THE FAMILY." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development 16 (2023): 33-37.
9. Sobirkhonovna, Makhmudova Madinakhon. "Pedagogical Significance Of The Use Of Modern Methods In The Process Of Effective Organization Of Independent Education Of Students." Onomazein hosts unpublished articles derived from scientific research (2023): 1998-2005.
10. Madinakhan, Makhmudova. "THE THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF THE TUTOR OF A SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION." Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 11.11 (2023): 353-356.
11. Madinakhan, Makhmudova. "THE UNIQUE PROCESSES OF FAMILIARIZING PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT." Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 11.11 (2023): 553-556.
12. Sobirkhanovna, Makhmudova Madinakhan, and Jorayeva Dilzodakhan. "CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MANIFESTATION OF THE DISEASE IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SYNDROME." Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 11.11 (2023): 1076-1080.
13. Maxmudova, Madinaxon. "Maxsus ta'lim muassasasi tarbiyachisining kasbiy kompetentligini rivojlantirishning nazariy ahamiyati." Confrencea 12.12 (2023): 343-347.
14. Madinaxon, Maxmudova, and Sattorova Sitarabonu. "Nutqiy muammolari mavjud bolalarning ruhiy rivojlanishining o'ziga xos jihatlari." Confrencea 12.12 (2023): 354-358.
15. Madinaxon, Maxmudova, and Shokirova Nargiza. "Bola nutqining normal rivojlanishida nutq faoliyatining fiziologik ahamiyati." Confrencea 12.12 (2023): 359-365.
16. Madinaxon, Maxmudova, and Akramova Zeboxon. "Maktabgacha yoshdagi eshitishida nuqsoni mavjud bolalarni atrof-olam bilan tanishtirishning o'ziga xos jarayonlari." Confrencea 12.12 (2023): 348-353.
17. Sobirxonovna, Maxmudova Madinaxon, and Tilovmurodova Mohlaroyim. "Nutq kamchiligiga ega bo'lgan bolalar bilan logopedik mashg'ulotlarni tashkil etishda milliy ertaklarning ahamiyati." Confrencea 12.12 (2023): 371-375.
18. Shukhratovich, Makhmudov Khurshid. "WAYS TO OVERCOME SPEECH DEFECTS IN THE EDUCATION OF PARALYZED CHILDREN." Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 11.11 (2023): 348-352.
19. Mahmudova, M. S., and D. T. Akhmedova. Study of the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in combination with obesity. Diss. 2022.
20. Shukhratovich, Makhmudov Khurshid, and Khomidova Shahribonu. "PEDAGOGICAL TASKS OF SPEECH THERAPIST AND PARENT COOPERATION IN ELIMINATING SPEECH DEFECTS." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development 16 (2023): 38-41.
21. Shukhratovich, Makhmudov Khurshid. "IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITIES IN THE PROCESS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION." (2023).
22. Shukhratovich, Makhmudov Khurshid. "WAYS TO OVERCOME SPEECH DEFECTS IN THE EDUCATION OF PARALYZED CHILDREN." Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 11.11 (2023): 348-352.
23. Madinakhan, Makhmudova. "THE THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF THE TUTOR OF A SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION." Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 11.11 (2023): 353-356.
24. Saule, Zhakipbekova, and Madinaxon Maxmudova Sobirxonovna. "DISRUPTION OF SPEECH, WHICH IS NOT VISIBLE IN RETARDATION OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT." Academia Science Repository 4.7 (2023): 46-50.
25. Maxmudova, Madinaxon, and Iroda Xasanova. "DIZARTRIYA NUTQ BUZILISHI TOVUSHNING TALAFFUZ TOMONIDAN BUZILISHI SIFATIDA." Interpretation and researches 1.1 (2023).
26. Madinakhan, Makhmudova, and Rozmatova Odinakhan. "STAGES OF UPBRINGING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH-IMPAIRED CHILDREN IN THE FAMILY." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development 16 (2023): 33-37.
27. Sobirkhanovna, Makhmudova Madinakhan, and Yoldosheva Jumagul. "PROVIDING QUALITY EDUCATION IN THE PROCESS OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF EDUCATION-THE REQUIREMENT OF THE TIME." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development 16 (2023): 29-32.
28. Madinakhan, Makhmudova, and Khasanova Iroda. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF DYSARTHRIA SPEECH DISORDER IN CHILDREN WITH SPEECH DEFICIENCY." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development 16 (2023): 42-45.
29. Maxmudova, M. S. "Logopediya."
30. Sobirkhonovna, Mahmudova Madina. "THE IMPORTANCE OF THE USE OF PROJECT TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF INDEPENDENT LEARNING." EURASIAN EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND INNOVATION (2020): 29.
31. Sobirxonovna, Maxmudova Madinaxon. "GENEALOGY OF SCHOLARS AFTER THE 15TH CENTURY iN THE STUDY OF SPEECH DEFiCiT." Confrencea 11.11 (2023): 2125.
32. Sobirxonovna, Maxmudova Madinaxon. "The genealogy of thoughts of the manifestations of ancient antiquity in the study of the speech deficit of dislaliya." Confrencea 11.11 (2023): 1720.
33. Sobirkhonovna, Makhmudova Madinakhan, and Goyipova Nodira. "Theoretical aspects of the development of academic mobility of future speech therapists in dual education." Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research 11.12 (2022): 148-154.
34. Dildora, Madinahan Makhmudova Musayeva. "THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF THE EDUCATOR OF A SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION ON THE BASIS OF NATIONAL VALUES." Confrencea 12.2 (2023): 170-178.
35. Махмудова, Мадинахон Махмудов Хуршид. "Нутки тули; ривожланмаган мактабгача ёшдаги болаларни ёзма нуткка тайёргарлигини шакллантириш муаммолари." Confrencea 12.2 (2023): 179-186.
36. Махмудова, Мадинахон Махмудов Хуршид. "Мактабгача тарбия ёшидаги болаларни ёзиш ва укиш куникмаларини эгаллашга тайёрлаш." Confrencea 12.2 (2023): 187-192.
37. Sobirkhanovna, Makhmudova Madinakhan, and Vakhobova Munirakhan Sadirdinovna. "PECULIARITIES OF SPEECH OF CHILDREN WITH MOTOR ALALIA SPEECH DISORDER." Open Access Repository 4.3 (2023): 851-858.
38. Sobirkhanovna, Makhmudova Madinakhan, and Akhmedova Vazirakhan. "EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION OF CORRECTIONAL-LOGOPEDIC WORK IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY." Open Access Repository 4.3 (2023): 134-141.
39. Sobirkhanovna, Makhmudova Madinakhan. "SOCIO-PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INDEPENDENT EDUCATION OF STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION." International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education 14.6 (2022).
40. Dildora, Madinahan Makhmudova Musayeva. "THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF THE EDUCATOR OF A SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION ON THE BASIS OF NATIONAL VALUES." Confrencea 4.04 (2023): 170-178.
41. Sobirkhanovna, Makhmudova Madinakhan. "PECULIARITIES OF WORKING WITH CHILDREN WITH MENTALLY RELATED IN THE CONDITIONS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION." (2023).
42. Madinakhan, Makhmudova, and Abdukhakimova Zumradkhan. "WAYS OF FORMING THE READINESS OF CHILDREN WITH UNDERDEVELOPED SPEECH FOR WRITTEN SPEECH." (2023).
43. Madinakhan, Makhmudova, and Abduvahobova Irodakhan. "PECULIARITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH MENTAL RETARDATION." (2023).
44. Махмудова, Мадинахон Махмудов Хуршид. "Нутки тули; ривожланмаган мактабгача ёшдаги болаларни ёзма нуткка тайёргарлигини шакллантириш муаммолари." Confrencea 4.04 (2023): 179-186.
45. Махмудова, Мадинахон Махмудов Хуршид. "Мактабгача тарбия ёшидаги болаларни ёзиш ва укиш куникмаларини эгаллашга тайёрлаш." Confrencea 4.04 (2023): 187-192.
46. Shukhratovich, Makhmudov Khurshid, and Isodullayeva Iqboloy. "PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SPEECH ACTIVITY." Open Access Repository 4.3 (2023): 765-771.
47. Shukhratovich, Makhmudov Khurshid, and Tahirova Mahliyo. "Ways To Increase The Vocabulary Of Mentally Retarded Children Of Preschool Age Based On Plot Role-Playing Games." International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education 15.2 (2023).
48. Shukhratovich, Makhmudov Khurshid. "IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITIES IN THE PROCESS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION." (2023).
49. Shukhratovich, Makhmudov Khurshid, and Khomidova Shahribonu. "PEDAGOGICAL TASKS OF SPEECH THERAPIST AND PARENT COOPERATION IN ELIMINATING SPEECH DEFECTS." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development 16 (2023): 38-41.
50. Shukhratovich, Makhmudov Khurshid. "Importance of didactic games in speech development of mentally retarded children." Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research 11.11 (2022): 2023.
51. Shuxratovich, Maxmudov Xurshid. "Socio-Psychological Of Children With Speech Impairment Adaptation Features." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE & INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ISSN: 2277-3630 Impact factor: 7.429 11.11 (2022): 243-248.
