CC BY-NC-ND
89
Václav Blazek Masaryk University (Brno)
Indo-European zoonyms in Afroasiatic perspective *
The main purpose of this contribution is to serve as a summary of such zoonyms as might be common for Indo-European and Afroasiatic, to define them from the point of view of zoological classification and to compare them to cognates with other Nostratic branches. The results of this comparison are important for the discussion on the beginnings of animal domestication in the Fertile Crescent, the area that is currently singled out by some researchers as the most probable Afroasiatic homeland.
Keywords: Indo-European, Afroasiatic, Nostratic, zoonyms, linguistic reconstruction, animal domestication.
The present study intends to focus on bilateral Indo-European [IE] / Afroasiatic [AA] comparisons in the field of zoological terminology; however, it is also useful to consider the wider context of Nostratic1 in general. Within the corpus of 30 analyzed zoonyms, promising cognates in other Nostratic language families are distributed as follows: 9-11 in Dravidian, 8-9 in Kartvelian, 8-9 in Altaic, 3 in Uralic (and 3 in Elamitic), 19-22 in total, i.e. % of the cognates are attested in at least one of these four families.
The present mini-glossary of 30 Indo-European zoonyms with more or less promising Afroasiatic counterparts illustrates the share of the Indo-European domesticated species: cani-dae: 'dog' (1*); equidae: 'ass', 'foal' (3*); suidae: 'pig' (1*); caprinae: 'goat', 'buck', 'kid' (5*);
* The present study was carried out thanks to a grant from the The Czech Science Foundation (GACR), P406/12/0655.
1 It is necessary to explain the terms that are employed here. The key term, "Nostratic", was coined by Holger Pedersen for the macrofamily that included Indo-European and hypothetically related language families: Afroasiatic (which, at that time, consisted only of Semitic and, occassionally, Egyptian), Kartvelian, Uralic, Altaic. Albert Cuny and, as late as the 1980s, Allan Bomhard limited their 'Nostratic' comparisons only to Indo-European and Afroasiatic. Only in the 1960s V. Illic-Svityc and A. Dolgopolsky returned to the wider model of Pedersen. Accepting the bilateral comparisons of Burrow (Dravidian / Uralic) and Menges (Dravidian / Altaic), they added Dravidian to the family and formulated the first pattern of regular sound rules between the reconstructed proto-languages. Their reconstruction of Nostratic consonantism was, for the most part, based on correspondences between Indo-European and Afroasiatic. On the basis of preliminary lexicostatistical testing (operating only with Semitic), Sergei Starostin excluded Afroasiatic from Nostratic. Later, operating with representatives of all Afroasi-atic branches, George Starostin confirmed the comparable time depth of Afroasiatic and the common ancestor of five language families called Eurasiatic after J. H. Greenberg (Indo-European, Uralo-Yukaghir, Altaic, Chukchee-Kamchatkan, and Eskaleutan, although the position of Chukchee-Kamchatkan remains highly controversial), namely, ~ 12 millennia. The contemporary "New Moscow Nostratic school" reserves the term Nostratic for these Eurasiatic families, plus Kartvelian and Dravidian. Their disintegration is dated to ca. 13 500 вс by George Starostin. I have no better figures at my disposal and so I accept these results as a first approximation (with the exception of the position of Omotic and the dating of the separation of Nostratic and Afroasiatic to around 20 mill. вс). As to the ambiguous taxonomical terminology, I differentiate "Micro-Nostratic" without Afroasiatic in the sense of the new Moscow school from "Macro-Nostratic" that includes Afroasiatic, in the sense of the old Moscow school. In agreement with the older tradition, I use the term "Nostratic" as an equivalent of "Macro-Nostratic".
Journal of Language Relationship • Вопросы языкового родства • 9 (2013) • Pp. 37-54 • © Blazek V., 2013
ovinae: 'sheep', 'ram', 'lamb' (3*), bovinae: 'cow, 'bull', 'calf' (4*), i.e. 17 zoonyms, compared to 13 names for (apparently) wild animals, namely, pisces (2*), amphibia & reptilia (3*), aves (2*), rodentia (1*), viverridae & mustelidae (2*), felidae (2*); cervoidea: 'stag, deer' (1*).
Some of the analyzed Afroasiatic cognates of Indo-European designations of domesticated animals show semantic variation between both domesticated and wild animals, even within the same branch or subbranch:
• Cushitic: Beja bok 'he-goat' vs. Highland East Cushitic *bookk- 'wild pig'; Qwadza ba'uko 'bush duiker' (#20);
• Chadic: Chip digu/; Mofu dakw 'goat' vs. Geruma dugai 'antelope duiker'; Masa duka 'gazelle' (#21);
• Semitic *gady- 'kid, goat' vs. East Cushitic *gadam- 'antelope kudu', but Sidamo godanne 'sheep, lamb' (#22);
• Cushitic: Somali ari, eri 'sheep or goat', Burji amy 'sheep'; Iraqw ari 'goat' vs. Semitic *?arwiy- 'gazelle, mountain goat' (#25);
• Egyptian rw.t 'small cattle (goats or sheep)' vs. Bade aiwa 'gazelle' (#26);
• Cushitic: Bayso worab 'he-goat', Burji worbi 'ram' vs. Oromo worabo 'gazelle' (#27);
• Chadic: Kulere war 'he-goat' vs. Hausa wariyya 'gazelle' (#27);
• Semitic *tdwar- 'steer, bull' vs. Cushitic: Dullay *sawr- 'antelope dikdik', cf. also Arabic tawr 'antelope bubalis', besides 'bull' (#30).
Of these 8 cases 7 represent caprinae & ovinae, and 1 represents bovinae. The vacillation between designations of wild and domesticated species probably indicates the archaic situation at the very beginning of domestication practices. It is symptomatic that only caprinae and ovinae were domesticated as the first mammals (naturally, excluding the dog), according to our present knowledge — around the 11th mill. bp.; these were followed by suinae (10.5 mill. bp) and bovinae (10 mill. bp), all of them in the Fertile Crescent (Zeder 2008, 11598), which is a good candidate for being the original homeland of Proto-Afroasiatic. The first traces of morphological markers indicating crop domestication in the same area are dated to the 11th mil. bp,2 while the beginning of plant management should be dated to at least ca. 12 000 bp (Zeder 2008, 11599). New technologies of food production could stimulate growth of the population, which may be identified with speakers of the Afroasiatic protolanguage, and, subsequently, its disintegration into two protobranches: Northwest, represented by the ancestors of Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, and Chadic, and Southeast, represented by the ancestors of Cushitic, Omotic, and, hypothetically, also Elamitic and the pre-Sumerian substratum (Blazek 1999, 52-54). Thanks to pastoralism, which was introduced one millennium later, migrations to distant territories became possible as well. The archaeological data that imply such a scenario show a high correlation with the linguistic results of two scholars that have independently applied the "recalibrated" procedure of glottochronology to the Afroasiatic macrofamily, Alexander Militarev (2005) and George Starostin (2010). They have obtained more or less the same tree-diagrams,3 despite operating on the data of 100- and 50-item wordlists respectively.
2 E.g., in Abu Hureyra (Syria) rye (Secale cereale), lentils, and (possibly) wheat are attested from the beginning of the 11th mill. bp (http://archaeology.about.com/od/athroughadterms/qt/Abu-Hureyra.htm).
3 The only exception is the position of the Omotic branch. According to A. Militarev, the Cushitic and Omotic branches formed one "superbranch"; similar conclusions were reached by Bender and Zaborski on the basis of common morphological isoglosses. The deviant position of Omotic in the model of G. Starostin should be ascribed to extremely strong influences of substrata and adstrata (G. Starostin himself tends to regard many of the exclusive Cushitic-Omotic isoglosses as a result of areal ties and convergent development, p.c.).
Afroasiatic (S = G. Starostin 2010; M = A. Militarev 2005)
| | | | | | | | | internal
-9500 -8500 -7500 -6500 -5500 divergence
-14 760s
Afroasiatic
-10 010s -9 970M
-7 870M
-7 710s
-8 960M
-7 250s -7 710M
-5 990s
-5 890M
Omotic (-6.96S/-5.36M)
Cushitic (-6.54S/-6.51M)
Semitic (-3.80S/-4.51M)
Egyptian (Middle: -1.55)
Berber4 (-1.48S/-1.11M)
Chadic (-5.13S/-5.41M)
On the other hand, the date of disintegration of the Indo-European protolanguage is apparently younger (calculated as approximately 4670 bc by Sergei Starostin and 4340 bc by George Starostin, i.e. comparable with the age of disintegration of Semitic according to Mili-tarev. The time period of 6 millennia from the beginning of animal domestication to the disintegration of Indo-European would be quite sufficient to acquire this practice via cultural diffusion, especially if the Indo-European homeland were located in the Near East (East Anatolia?), i.e. in the neighborhood of Semitic; in the earlier periods, this diffusion could probably also have involved other branches of Afroasiatic before their migrations to Africa through the Sinai (Chadic, Berber, Egyptian) or through the Arabian Peninsula (Omotic, Cushitic).
As has already been mentioned, contemporary archaeological data confirm that the first steps towards the domestication of sheep and goats were taken in the Syro-Palestinian region ca. 11 mill. bp; during the following millennium, this was followed by domestication of pigs and cattle. It is probable that at that time the area in question was occupied by speakers of the early Afroasiatic dialect continuum, whose disintegration began ca. 12 mill. bp. This means that in the Afroasiatic protolanguage there were no terms for domesticated animals (with the possible exception of dog'), but only for wild animals, some of which were domesticated later. But it is only as pastoralists, breeding domesticated animals, that the Afroasiatic-speaking people would be able to migrate to their historical sites in Africa. On the other hand, in the Indo-European protolanguage there are zoonyms that, with very high probability, designate domesticated animals. The fact that they correspond to their Afroasiatic counterparts in agreement with the phonetic rules established by the authors of the Nostratic theory implies that common heritage is a more likely explanation here than borrowing (especially if there are identified phonetically corresponding cognates in other Nostratic branches as well). Lexical borrowings are more probable in cases of irregular phonetic correspondences, cf. especially #21, #22. As for the other domesticated animals, discussed above, it is far more likely that they were adopted by Indo-Europeans from their Afroasiatic neighbors.
4 According to my analysis, the disintegration of Berber should be dated no earlier than the 7th cent. bc. There is a strong argument for this rather late dating in the form of Phoenician loans that show up in all known branches of Berber (Blazek 2010).
Pisces
1. IE *dhghuH- 'fish': Armenian jowkn 'fish' (Olsen 1999, 130-31); Greek ixôûç, gen. -uoç id.; Lithuanian zuvis, Latvian zuvs & zivs id., Prussian suckis, ac. pl. suckans 'fish' (Pokorny 1959, 416-17); Slavic *zbveno > Polish (d)zwonko 'a piece of fish', Russian zvenô id. (Smoczynski 2003, 106-08: from the adj. *zbv-enb 'of fish').
AA *dag-/*dug-: Semitic *d[a]g-: Ugaritic dg 'fish', dgy 'fisherman' or a 'name of a fish-shaped being, 'triton'' (DUL 267-68); Hebrew dag 'fish' (with the variant da'g in Neh. 13,16), pl. daga, cf. further dayyag 'fisher' (*-ww-), dügäh 'fishing' (DRS 216); Jewish Aramaic dg 'fish' (HJ 240), Yudeo-Palestinian Aramaic ddgôgïtû 'fisherman's barque' (DRS 216), maybe also Amharic gug 'paquet de poissons liés ensemble' (ibid.). Ill East Chadic: Mawer ddö, pl. ddögän 'fish', Tumak doô, pl. ddônân id. (Caprile 1971, 53), Ndam do, Gabri dol id. (Gaudefroy-Demombynes 1907, 298); cf. also Tumak dügdp. 'anguille' (Caprile 1975, 54, 56) and Kera dogroy 'Fischart' (Ebert 1976, 41).
Cf. Altaic: Mongolian *%igasun 'fish' Il Middle Korean -thi 'fish' (EDAL 477).
Lit.: Illic-Svityc 1971, #67: Semitic+IE+Mongolian.
2. IE *meni- 'sp. fish': Gr. paivq (> Latin maena), paiviç 'ein kleiner Seefisch', Slavic *mbnb, Russian mem> etc. 'Aalraupe'; perhaps Old High German muniwa, Old English myne, English minnow 'Elritze, ein Fisch' (Pokorny 1959, 731)
AA *m[u]n- 'fish; lizard': ?Semitic: Akkadian (u)münu 'Larve, Raupe' (AHw 673), Syrian 'amüna 'sp. lizard' (Zimmern 1915, 52 assumed Akkadian > Syrian) Ill Berber: (North) Sus amun 'sp. fish' l l (South) Iulemidden emän (Alojaly), Adghaq eman, Taneslemt aman 'fish' (Prasse 1974, 145: proto-Tuareg *ï-manahan; Militarev 1991, 260: Berber + IE). The semantic difference is comparable with German Raupe vs. Slavic ryba 'fish'.
Fenno-Ugric *menV 'sp. fish' (FUV 99; SKES 347-48) lll Dravidian *mïn(u) 'fish' (DEDR 4885) lll Altaic *manu(k'V) 'sp. fish': ?Turkic *banak- > Yakut majayas 'white-fish' ll Mongolian *munig 'bleat, ablet' l l Tungus *mangu 'trout', *manma id. ll Middle Korean mèijùki 'trout', Modern Korean megi 'catfish, wels, horned-pout' ll Old Japanese munagji 'eel' (EDAL 903).
Amphibia & Reptilia
3. IE *gwêb(k)- 'frog': Old Saxon quappa, quappia, quappo 'Aalquappe', Middle High German quappe, quape, kobe, German Quappe, Dutch kwab(be) 'Quappe, Kropf, Wamme'; Prussian gabawo 'Kröte'; pre-Slavic *gëbû 'Kröte' > Old Church Slavonic zaba, Russian zâba, Serbo-Croatian zaba (Pokorny 1959, 466).
AA *kub(b)- 'toad': Cushitic: (East) *kub- > Harso, Gollango hup-e; Konso kup-aata id.; ? Burji kôop-i id., if not borrowed from Koyra (Sasse 1982, 117) lll ? Omotic: (North) Koyra koppe id.
Cf. Dravidian *kapp- 'frog' (D 1224: I-III, VI, VII?)
4. IE ?*mHol-/?*moHl-: Armenian molêz 'lizard'; Old Saxon, Old High German mol, German Molch 'salamander' (Kluge 1999, 566).
AA *mula№]- 'lizard' > Cushitic: (East) Afar mulluHt (Reinisch); Somali mula\ mulur, Rendille muluh id. (Heine 1978, 91) lll Berber: (North) Beni Menacer mulab id., Kabyle of Jur-jura imulab 'Algerian lizard' (R. Basset, Journal Asiatique 1885, 174) lll Chadic: (West) Hausa mulwa 'a short thick snake' ll (Central) Kobochi malwaa, Nzangi malawâ, Holma malwé 'chameleon' (Strümpell). Takacs (Studia etymologica Cracoviensia 1[1996], 147) adds Egyptian (Greek
period) mnh in k?-mnh 'Schildkröte' (Wb. V, 96), which may be seen as a particularly attractive cognate for East Cushitic *mul'-.
Cf. Kartvelian *mxul- 'lizard' (Fähnrich 2007, 307) III Dravidian *malanku 'eel' (DEDR 4737).
5. IE *serp-: Vedic sarpa- m. 'snake' vs. sarpati 'schleicht, kriecht, geht'; Greek £QTC£töv 'kriechendes Tier', ablaut. lesb. öqtc£tov 'Tier' (*srp-) vs. epnw 'schleiche, gehe', epnuCw 'schleiche, krieche'; Albanian gjarpen 'snake' (*serpeno-); Latin serpens 'snake' vs. serpö 'krieche, schleiche' (Pokorny 1959, 912).
AA: Semitic *sarap- 'kind of creeping creature': Hebrew samp 'Earaph serpent'; Mehri sref 'Tausendfüssler' (SED II, 279-80, #215).
Aves
6. IE *Hiwoi-s nom. : *Hiwei-s gen. 'bird' (Schindler, Sprache 15, 1969, 144-67) > Armenian haw and Latin avis 'bird', Greek aieTÖ^ 'eagle' < *awyeto-, cf. aißeTÖ^ ■ ö.£tö^ . nepyaim. (He-sych.), etc. (Pokorny 1959, 86).
AA *rawy-/*rayw-/*wa[y]r-: Semitic: Syriac ya"a 'avis quadem, pterocles al. coturnix'; Tigre wi'e 'sorte de passereau' (SED II, 312, #243: *wV-) II Egyptian TwT 'ein Vogel', 'jw 'Graukranich — Jungvogel / Grusgrus juv.' (WPS 211).
Cf. Kartvelian *ixw- 'wild duck': Georgian ixvi 'duck', xv-ir-ik-a 'a kind of wild duck', Me-grel ixvi-nji id. (Fähnrich 2007, 217) III Altaic: Tungus *awuldurga 'sp. duck'; Old Japanese u 'cormorant' (EDAL 278).
7. IE *H3er-(n-): Hittite & Palaic haras, gen. haranas 'eagle'; Greek öqvi^ 'bird'; Old Irish ilar/irar 'eagle' (metathesis from *arilo-?); Old Norse ari ~ Qrn id.; Old Prussian arelie; Old Church Slavonic orbfa id. (Pokorny 1959, 325-26; Greppin, EIEC 173).
Semitic *yar-(an-): Akkadian erü ~ arü 'eagle', urinnu 'eagle'; Old Aramaic 'r 'bearded vulture', Jewish Aramaic 'ar 'sp. of eagle'; Arabic yaran- id. (SED II, 59, 131).
Cf. Kartvelian *orb- 'eagle' (Klimov 1964, 150) III Dravidian *eruvay 'sp. kite' (DEDR 818).
Lit.: Illic-Svityc 1967, 352: Semitic+IE. Bomhard 2008, 695: IE + Dravidian.
Rodentia
8. IE *muHs- 'mouse': Vedic mus- m. 'mouse, rat', Persian mus 'mouse'; Armenian mu-kn 'mouse, muscle'; Greek (^uo^, ^uv after ö^, üo^, öv) 'mouse'; Albanian mi 'mouse'; Latin. mus m. 'mouse'; Old Norse, Old English, Old Saxon, Old High German mus 'mouse'; Old Church Slavonic mysb f. 'mouse' (Pokorny 1959, 752-53).
AA: Semitic *Husum-: Akkadian usummu, later summu 'bandicot rat', Eblaite u-su-mu-um; ?Arabic sim 'rat' and or sayham 'porc-epic' III Chadic: (Central) Mofu-Gudur sehwem 'musaraigne', Logone uhsemi 'rat' (SED II, 278-79, #214).
Felidae
9. IE *singho-: Vedic simha- m. 'lion' / simhi f. 'lioness', Kashmiri sah, süh m. 'tiger, leopard', simin f. 'tigress, leopard'; Waigali si 'tiger' (Turner 1966, #13384; EWAI II, 727); Armenian inj,
inc, gen. -ow 'leopard'; Tocharian *sä(n)säke 'lion' > A sisäk, B secake (Adams & Mallory, EIEC 350).
(i) AA *camik/y/h-: Cushitic: (Central) Awngi saar/iy 'leopard' (Wedekind 1995, 14) = sänäy id. (Beke), Damot sânah id. (Conti Rossini 1905, 178; he recorded Awngi sanih 'lion'), Kunfäl sanki 'leopard' (Cowley 1971, 103). Glottalization of the initial is probably stimulated by the third radical y/h. It must be mentioned that Agaw *r is a regular continuant of Cushitic / Afroasiatic *m. l l (East) Kambatta samaaga 'leopard' (Hudson 1989, 91); Yaaku su/qai, pl. su/qaimo' 'lion' (Heine 1975, 129). Note that Yaaku s- can reflect East Cushitic *s-, *s-, *z- (Sasse 1976, 135, 137; Id. 1979, 33); this means that the Yaaku word could alternatively be derived from the protoform B. lll Omotic: (North) Mao sanka 'leopard' (Grottanelli 1940, 373); Seze sà/ki 'leopard' (Siebert & Wedekind 1994, 14) lll Chadic: (Central) Bura tsi/i, Ngwaxi tsi/i 'lion' (Kraft II, 53, 83); Masa zimi, Musgu senïm 'lion' (JI2, 227) = zenïm id. (Lukas 1937, 143) l l (East) Kwang sèmkï & sémgi 'lion' (JI2, 227) = zémki id. (Lukas 1937, 97) l l l Egyptian (from the Pyramid Texts) shm.t 'löwenköpfige Göttin', Old Coptic cax^i (Wb. IV, 250).
(ii) AA *ji(n)g-(um-): ?Semitic: Arabic zimgïl 'leopard' (Steingass 1988, 462) = 'sorte de panthère' (DRS 744), perhaps from *zimgïn and further from *zingïm? l l l Cushitic: (East) Highland East Cushitic *zaguum- 'leopard' > Tembaro zägumä, Hadiyya, Sidamo daguun-co (Leslau 1980, 120) l l l Chadic: (West) Gera ju/gùmà 'leopard', ?Pero ca/gini id. (Kraft I, 74, 111), Karekare zigàn, Tsagu zagan id. (JI2, 222) ll (Central) Chibak zing'é (Hoffmann 1955, 122) = dzu/ay (Kraft II, 63) 'lion', Mafa jangwaya 'leopard' (Kraft III, 147).
Lit.: Dolgopolsky 1975, 18: IE+AA.
10. IE *stib(h)-yo- > Slavic *stbbjb 'wild cat' > Church Slavonic stbblb, Old Polish (1472) step, later zdeb & zdbik, today zbik.
AA *ji'b- 'wolf, jackal, hyena, lion' > Semitic *di'b- > Akkadian zïbu, zibü 'jackal, vulture', Hebrew za'eb 'wolf', Aramaic of Palmyre d'b, Jewish Aramaic dëbû, Syrian dï^bû, Arabic di'b 'wolf, jackal', Mehri diyâ:b (Nakano), Jibbali dïb, Soqotri dïb 'wolf', Geez za'b & zab' 'hyena', Ti-gray zab'i id., Amhara zab id. (SED II, 105, #72; Leslau 1987, 630; Cohen 1970f, 324) l l l Cushitic: (East) Highland East Cushitic *dzoobba 'lion' > Kambatta zoobba, Hadiya hoobba, Si-damo dobb-icco, pl. dobbe (Hudson 1989, 92) = doobba, Tembaro zobbé-cco, Alaba zobe-cco, Qa-benna zoobbôo id.; cf. also South Omotic parallels (perhaps borrowed from Highland East Cushitic): Baka zab id., Galila zob(ba), Hamer zobo, Karo zobo, Dime zop (Bender) lll Egyptian (Pyramid Texts) z?b & zb 'jackal', besides dyby-w 'wolves, jackals, hyenas', cf. also d-b plus the ideogram 'jackal' in the Coffin Texts (Vycichl 1958, 383) l l l Chadic: ? (West) Ngizim jibdà 'civet cat' (Schuh) ll (East) Migama jâbiyâ 'hyena' (Jg), Bidiya jèbèygë id. (Alio & Jg).
Cf. Dravidian *civ(v)anki 'leopard, lynx, hyena' (DEDR 2579) l l l Altaic: Turkic *jëbke 'wolverine' (Räsänen 1969, 195) ll Mongolian *jeye-ken > Written Mongolian jegeken, Khalkha 3ëx(en), Buriat zëgen, Kalmyk zëgan 'wolverine' (EDAL 389).
Lit.: Blazek 1992, 20-21.
Viverridae & Mustelidae
11. IE *H2wis-(-yo-/-elo-): ?Greek aiéÀoupoç '(wild) cat'; Irish fial 'Frettchen' (*wiselo-); Icelandic visla, Old English weosule, wesle, Old High German wisula 'weasel'; without the l-suffix Germanic *wis(j)ö > Old High German wiessa, Old Frankish > Old French voisson 'pole-cat'; cf. Vulgar Latin vissiö 'Furz, Gestank' (Pokorny 1959, 1134).
AA *[h]awyas-: Semitic *'/hayyas-: Akkadian ayyasu/ayasu 'weasel'; Amhara ay(d)t 'mouse' III (Central) Musgu (Lukas) ausi 'mouse' (SED II, 40).
12. IE *mel-: Latin mêlés 'badger'; Slavic: Kashubian male id. (Machek 1968, 225)
AA *m[u]ly-: Egyptian (Old Kingdom) mlj 'lion' (Wb. II, 11) III Berber: (South) East Iulemmiden molli, pl. mollitân 'sp. of leopard' I I I Cushitic: (East) Afar molta 'lioness' I I I Chadic: (West) Kariya mûl 'leopard'; Angas mulut id. II (Central) Ngala mali 'hyaena' II (East) Sokoro melaa 'cat', Nancere meli 'lion', Lele mïlâng, Kabalai mlàjid 'lion' (JI2 222, 227; EDE III, 37-38).
Further related to Kartvelian *mal- 'fox' (Klimov 1964, 125) III Altaic: Written Mongolian malur 'wild cat' II Tungus: Manchu malaxi 'wild cat; steppe hare' (EDAL 900).
Lit.: Blazek 1992, 17-18.
Canidae
13. IE *k(u)wo(n)/*kun- 'dog': Vedic sva & suva, gen. sunas, ac. svanam 'dog', Avestan spa, ac. sg. spandm, gen. pl. sunam id.; Armenian sown, gen. san 'dog', besides skund 'puppy'; Hittite kuwas, gen. kuwanan, Hieroglyphic Luwian suwani- 'dog' (Hawkins 2000, 153, 629); Greek kuwv, gen. kuvo^ 'dog'; Albanian same 'dog's excrements' < *kun-mo- (Orel 1998, 393), shak(e) 'dog, bitch', if not borrowed from Iranian, cf. Middle Persian sak < Iranian *suaka- (Orel 1998, 406-07); Latin canis 'dog', canes 'bitch'; Old Irish. cu, gen. con, Welsh ci, pl. cwn, Breton, Cornish ki 'dog' < *kwo; Gothic hunds, Old Icelandic hundr, Old English hund, Old High German hunt 'dog'; Lithuanian suo, gen. suns, Latvian suns, Prussian sunis 'dog', besides Latvian suntana 'big dog'; Tocharian AB ku 'dog' (Pokorny 1959, 632-33; Adams 1999, 179).
AA *kun-/*kuwan- 'dog': Berber-Guanche: Gran Canaria cuna 'dog', Tenerife cancha & cuncha 'dog, puppy' (Militarev 1991, 256) I I I Omotic: (North) Ometo-Yemsa *kan-, Gonga *kunaan, Gimira-Dizoid *kyan- id., Mao & Ganza kana (Bender 1990, 602) II (South) Dime kene, Galila kani id. III Chadic: (West) Fyer kweer/ 'dog'; ?Warji iyana; ?Bade wunayd id. II (Central) Gamergu [Benton] kenee id. II (East) ?Sokoro kuyo / kuwi; Dangla kanya; Jegu kany, Birgit kdjar id. (JI2 106-07).
Cf. Uralic: Saami-Permian *kujna 'wolf' (Illic-Svityc 1971, 361, #238: AA+IE+Uralic).
Equidae
14. IE *kHz?er- 'ass': Vedic khara-, Ashkun xar; Avestan xara-, Khotanese khara- 'ass', khadara- 'mule' (*khara-tara-), Khwarezminan xar, Middle Persian xar, Sogdian yry, Yaghnobi xar(ak), Pashto xar, Ossetic xxrxg, Kurdic ker etc. 'ass'; Albanian kerr m., pl. kerra 'donkey, ass, foal' (Orel 1998, 183).
AA: Semitic: Sheri qerah m., qerhet f. 'Esel' (Bittner, SAW 179, 1915, 27, 39) = East & Central Jibbali kerah 'donkey' (Johnstone 1987, 235 connected it with Mehri kdreh 'hornless; shave-headed') III ? Cushitic: ? (North) Beja hare 'camel' (Roper) II (East) *har(r)- 'donkey' > Saho her-a 'female donkey'; Oromo of Wellega harr-ee 'donkey', Konso harr-eta, Dirayta harr-et id.; Harso har-icce, Dobase, Gawwada, Gollango harr-e 'ass'; Burji harr-ee id. (Sasse 1979, 39; 1982, 92-93) I I I Omotic: (North) Wolayta har-iya, Gofa haare, Gamo, Dorze, Cancha, Kullo hare 'donkey', Malo, Dache, Zayse hare, Kachama haarre id. II (S) Ari harra id. (Lamberti & Sottile 1997, 398).
15. IE *muk-: Greek jauxAo^ 'he-ass' (*mukslo-); Latin mulus 'mule' (*mukslo-), cf. dim. muscellus 'young he-mule'; Old Russian m^skb 'mule' (*muksko-); Slavic > Albanian mushk id. (Adams & Mallory, EIEC 34).
Cushitic: (North) Beja meek c., pl. mak 'donkey' (Roper) = meek c., pl. mak 'Esel' (Reinisch). There are interesting (areal?) parallels in the Ethiopian region: Geez makebd' 'mule' and /or me'ekeber 'mare' (Leslau 1987, 324, 339) II Cushitic: (East) Oromo: Borana, Orma, Waata moc-oo 'a male donkey' (Stroomer) I I I Omotic: (North) Kafa mace 'horse' (Habte Mikael) = maaco 'cavallo' (Cerulli) = maaco 'Pferd, Maultier' (Reinisch), Mocha mäco 'horse' (Leslau).
16. IE *poHl-/*peHl-: Greek nwAo^ 'foal, filly'; Albanian pele 'mare'; Germanic *folan- > Old English fola, Old Saxon & Old High German folo 'foal' (Mann 1984-87, 973).
Semitic: Akkadian puhälu 'male animal, stud', of 'ram, bull, stallion, elephant, duck' (CDA 277); Ugaritic phl 'ass, jackass, stallion', phlt 'mare'; Arabic fahl, pl. fihäl, fuhUl, fihälat 'stallion' (DUL 668; Steingass 1988, 777).
Cf. Dravidian *ivu\i 'horse' (DEDR 500), originally perhaps 'onager; Equus hemionus', the only equid native to South Asia, whereas the horse (Equus caballus) was introduced into South Asia after 2000 bc (McAlpin 1981, 147). Possibly related to Middle Elamite lakpilan 'horse', if this word is derivable from the compound *laki-[i]pilan, parallel to German Reitpferd, where the first component corresponds to Elamite laki- 'to travel' (Blazek 1999, 64: Dravidian + Elamite).
Suidae
17. IE *suHi- 'pig, sow': Avestan hU (gen. sg. for *huuuö) 'Schwein'; Greek ö^, üo^, ac. öv m. 'Eber', f. 'Sau', besides ctü^, ctuö^ id..; Albanian thi 'Schwein'; Latin sUs, suis 'Schwein', Umbrian sif 'sues', sim 'suem'; Gaulish *su-tegis 'Schweinestall' (Meyer-Lübke 1935, # 8492); Old Icelandic syr, Old English, Old High German sU 'Sau'; with *-en-/*-on- extension: Latvian suvens, sivens 'Ferkel'; Tocharian B suwo 'pig, hog' (*suw-on-); further the derivative *suH\eino-'swine' (*'pertaining to a pig'): Latin adj. suinus = Old Church Slavonic svinb, besides the substantivized forms in Gothic swein, Old Icelandic suin, Old Saxon, Old High German swin 'Schwein'; Prussian seweynis 'Schweinestall'; Old Church Slavonic svinija 'Schwein'; Tocharian B swänana misa 'Schweinefleisch'; (Adams, Mallory, Hansen, EIEC 425; Pokorny 1959, 1038-39).
AA *caw'- 'sheep'/'pig'/'meat': Semitic *saw'-: Akkadian su'u 'sheep'; Ugaritic s 'ram, sheep'; Phoenician s 'sheep, one of a flock'; Arabic sä' 'brebis', coll. sawan; Sabaic s2h 'sheep' III Egyptian (Middle Kingdom) s?y 'pig' (Wb. IV, 408) III Chadic: (West) Kariya siwi, Pa'a suwi; Zem sau; Ngizim suwäi 'meat' III (Central) Glawda cuw; Hidkala cüwi; Zime-Batna cew id. III (East) Lele sii; Barein suu; Mokilko sey; Jegu süüt id. (SED II, 281-82, #217).
Cf. also Kartvelian *esw- '(wild) pig' (Fähnrich 2007, 152).
Note: The semantic difference between 'pig' and 'meat' is reconcilable, cf. Greek adp^, gen. aapKO^ 'flesh' vs. Old Irish torc 'boar' (LIV 656).
Cervoidea
18. IE *Hiel(y)-en- 'stag, deer': Hittite aliyan- 'roe(buck)' (Puhvel, HED 3, 139); Armenian ein, gen. elin 'hind'; Greek Homeric eAa^o^ 'stag; hind', cf. Mycenaean e-ra-pi-ja 'pertaining to deer', further ¿AAo^ 'young of (red) deer, fawn', eveAo^ ■ veßpö^ (Hesych.) < *elenos; Gaulish ELEMBIV 'month-name from the Calendar of Coligny, perhaps devoted to 'deer'', Welsh elain
'hind', Breton élan id. < *elanï, Middle Irish ell 'herd' < *elna; Old Lithuanian elenis 'elk, moose; red deer', Lithuanian élnis 'elk, moose', élnè, âlnè 'hind', Latvian alnis 'elk'; Prussian alne 'Tyer', correctly probably 'deer' or 'hind'; Old Church Slavonic jelenb 'deer', lani 'hind' < *olnï; To-charian A yal, B yal 'gazelle' (Adams & Mallory, EIEC 154-55).
AA *'iyal-: Semitic *'ayyal- 'stag, deer': Akkadian ayalu 'stag, deer'; Ugaritic 'ayl 'deer', 'aylt 'hind'; Phoenician 'yl 'stag', Hebrew 'ayyal 'fallow deer', 'ayyala 'doe of a fallow deer'; Old Aramaic 'yl 'deer, stag', 'ylth 'hind', Judeo-Aramaic 'ayyala 'hart', 'ayyalta 'hind, roe', Syriac 'ayla 'cervus', 'aylata 'cerva', New Syriac élâ 'hart'; Arabic 'iyyal 'bouc de montagnes, cerf'; Sabaic 'yl 'mountain goat, ibex'; Jibbali ayyôl 'Steinbock'; ?Geez hayyal 'ibex, mountain goat' III Cushitic: (East) Somali eelo 'a kind of gazelle'; Gollango yiilô 'Wasserbock / Kobus defassa', Harso yilieakkô 'Grimms Ducker / Sylvicapra grimmia abyssinica' (Amborn, Minker, Sasse); Kambatta elliénti 'antelope nana' (Cerulli) II Dahalo 'èèle 'hartebeest' II (South) Gorowa eletemo 'bush-buck' III Chadic: (East) Kabalai yile 'antelope' (SED II, 39-40, #25; Skinner 1984, 35-36).
Cf. Dravidian *ilar-/*iral- 'stag, deer' (DEDR 474) III Altaic *ëlV(-k'V) 'deer' (EDAL 501).
Lit.: Illic-Svityc I, 272-73, #135 (following Trombetti): Semitic + IE + Dravidian + Altaic.
Caprinae
19. IE *bhug- 'he-goat': Romani buzni 'goat'; Avestan büza 'he-goat', Persian buz '(he-) goat'; Armenian bowz 'lamb'; Middle Irish bocc, Welsh bwch, Cornish boch, Breton bouc'h 'he-goat, buck'; Old Icelandic bukkr, bokkr, bokki, Old English bucca, Old High German boc 'he-goat' (Pokorny 1959, 174). Cf. also Slavic ^b^z^l^buz^l^byzbje 'alder / Sambucus' together with Lithuanian búozé 'reed-mace / Typha latifolia' and Latvian bouze or buozu kuoks 'gekappter Baum im Walde' which may continue IE *bhug- 'he-goat', judging by the frequent metaphors in botanical terminology inspired by '(he-)goat': Greek aiyivq, Latin Caprifolium, German Geissblatt, Russian zimolost, or Nogai (the Turkic language from the Caucasus) eski tal 'Sambucus', i.e. 'goat' willow' (see Blazek 2002, 201-04).
AA: Cushitic: (North) Beja bok m., pl. bak 'he-goat' (Roper) = book m., pl. bak 'Bock, Ziegenbock' (Reinisch 1895, 46 and Leslau 1987, 91 supposed a Beja source for Geez bahakw, bdhkw 'male of cattle, ram, billy goat' II ?(East) Kambatta bookkiccu, pl. bookkita, Hadiyya boonkekicco, pl. bonke'e 'wild pig' (Hudson 1989, 113) II (South) Qwadza ba'uko 'bush duiker' III Chadic: (Central) Mafa 6(w)ook 'goat' (Schubert) and /or Hurzo bábak, Muktele bahó (Rossing) id. III ? Berber: Ahaggar abagyugy 'young ram', Iullemiden abbegug 'ram'.
Cf. Elamitic bakemas 'intermediate (female) goat' (Hallock 1969, 673); it may be a compound of the Elamitic word for 'goat' and Sumerian mas, más 'he-goat, kid, gazelle'. Further Altaic: Turkic *bugu(-ra) 'male deer/elk/camel'; Written Mongolian bojir 'male elk'? (EDAL 1102).
20. IE *dig(h)- 'goat': Ishkashim dec 'goatskin bag'; Armenian tik 'Schlauch aus Tierfell' (*'Ziegenfell'); Palaeo-Balkanian (Illyrian by Blumenthal) 5íCa ■ aí£, . Aóxwve^ (*dighia), cf. Albanian dhi 'she-goat' (*deiga); Old High German ziga 'Ziege', with hypocoristic gemination Old English ticcen, Old High German zicki, zickin 'Zicklein'; further Norwegian dial. tikka sheep' (Pokorny 1959, 222; Adams & Mallory, EIEC 229: *diks, gen. *digós).
AA *dig-l*dug-: Omotic: (North) Koyra deggele 'goats', Oyda doge 'large antelope kudu' III Chadic: (West) Chip digu/ 'goat'; Geruma dugai 'antelope duiker'; Warji ddkdi-na id., Diri adaki, Tsagu dögan id. II (Central) Mofu dakw 'goat'; Masa duka 'gazelle' (Skinner 1984, 21).
Cf. Kartvelian *daq- 'goat' (Fähnrich 2007, 124).
21. IE *ghaid- '(he-)goat': Shughni gidik 'ram' < *gaidika- (Paxalina 1983, 170); Latin haedus 'Böckchen, junger Ziegenbock'; Gothic gaits, Old Icelandic geit, Old English gät, Old Saxon get, Old High German geiz 'goat' (Pokorny 1959, 409); maybe Slavic *zimolztb & *zimblza > Russian zimolost & Polish zimolza 'lonifera', originally a compound of *ghaid- 'goat' & *melg- 'to milk' (Trubacev 1960, 84; Id. apud Vasmer II, 55-56). There is also an additional variant:
IE *gidhyo-: Germanic *kidja- 'kid' > Old Norse kiö > English kid, Old High German f. kizzi(n), German Kitze id. (Hoad 1986, 252).
AA *gad- > Semitic *gady- 'kid, goat' > Akkadian gadU, Ugaritic gdy, Punic gd', Hebrew gedi, Aramaic gadyä, Arabic gady (DRS 100) III Cushitic: (East) Oromo of Borana gadamsa 'antelope kudu' (Stroomer), Burji gadama id., Sidamo godanne 'sheep, lamb' (Hudson) III Chadic: (West) Hausa gadaa 'antelope duiker'; Gera gadere 'bushbock'; Ngizim gaduwa 'antelope duiker' (Skinner 1984, 20) or
AA *kid-/*kayd-: Berber *yayd- 'kid' > (East) Siwa iyid 'ram', Sokna iyid 'kid' (Laoust) II (North) Kabyle iyid id. (Dallet) II (South) Ayr & Iulemidden eyäyd (Alojaly), Ahaggar eyäyd id. (Prasse) II (West) Zenaga igedi id. (R. Basset); further cf. such Semitic forms as Akkadian näqidu(m), Hebrew nöqed, Syrian nuqdö 'shepherd', Arabic naqad 'sheep of weak race' and Omotic: (North) Kafa, Mocha qiddo 'shepherd, herdsman' (Leslau) — cf. Militarev 1990, 49.
Cf. Dravidian *kat-/*kit- 'male of sheep or goat, he-buffalo' (DEDR 1123).
Note: IE *d does not regularly correspond to either AA *d or Dravidian *t. For this reason Illic-Svityc (1964, 4) identified here a Semitic (AA?) loan in IE.
22. IE *kapro- 'he-goat': ?Vedic käprth- m., kaprthä- m. 'penis'; Khotanese kaura 'sheep', Kurdic kaur, Awrami kawrä 'lamb, sheep, ram', Persian kahra 'kid'; Greek Kdnpo^ 'boar', also ctü^ Kdnpo^; Latin caper, gen. capri 'he-goat, buck', plus new f. capra 'she-goat', caprea' 'roe', capreolus 'roe-buck', Umbrian kabru, kaprum 'caprum', cabriner 'caprini'; Gaulish *cabros 'buck' (Bertoldi, Revue Celtique 47, 1930, 184-96) according to Gallo-Romance *cabrostos 'Geißblatt, Liguster', further Old Irish caera, gen. caerach 'sheep', Welsh caeriwrch 'roe-buck', Gaulish tribal name Caeracates, besides Celtic *gabros 'buck', *gabrä 'she-goat', continuing in the Gaulish place-name Gabro-magos (Noricum) *'buck's field', Old Irish gabor, Welsh gafr m. 'buck', f. 'she-goat' (with *g- perhaps after IE *ghaido-?); Old Nordic hafr 'Ziegenbock', Old English hxfer id. (Pokorny 1959, 529; Bailey 1979, 65; Delamarre 2001, 82, 146).
AA: Cushitic: (East) *korb-: Oromo korbessa 'billy-goat', Konso xorpayta id., Burji korbäysi, korp'äysi, pl. korbeena id., Sidamo korbeesa, Gedeo korbeessa 'goat' < Oromo? (Sasse 1982, 118), ?Hadiyya kobira 'buffalo' II Dahalo korroße 'male lesser kudu'; Asa kubararok 'male antelope dikdik, kubarari 'antelope dikdik' (Ehret 1980, 246) III ?Chadic: (Central) Buduma kaaber 'bull' (Lukas) II (East) Tumak kawdr 'sp. antelope' (Skinner 1984, 24-25).
Cf. Altaic: Turkic körpe 'new-born lamb'; Mongolian *körbe 'new-born lamb' (EDAL 826).
Note: The only regular correspondence is between Celtic *gabro- and AA *karb-/*kabr-.
23. IE *skogo- 'goat': Vedic chaga- m. 'buck', chagä- f. 'goat', Ossetic Digor sxgx, Iron sxg 'goat', Wakhi cey 'kid' (Abaev III, 58); Middle High German schege 'goat'.
AA *cik-: Omotic: (North) Zayse dega 'goat' I I I Chadic: (West) *cikan- (Stolbova 1987, 193): Warji cilcäna 'he-goat', Miya cängü id., Pa'a acdka 'goat', Tsagu sar/gen id. (Skinner); Bokos sikyen id. (Jungraithmayr) II (Central) Wandala ceke id. (Lukas) I I (East) Sumray cä/e id. (Lukas).
Cf. Kartvelian *cik- 'goat' > Georgian cik-an-i 'kid', Megrelian bi-cik-e 'goat' (Fähnrich 2008, 5-6).
Ovinae
24. IE *Hier-(i-): Old Indic areya- 'ram'; Armenian erinf 'young cow', orof 'lamb'; Greek epi^o^ 'young goat/buck'; Latin aries, gen. -etis, Umbrian acc. sg. erietu 'ram'; Old Irish eirp 'Ziege, Hirschkuh' (Pokorny 1959, 326; Irslinger, NIL 233-35).
Semitic *'arwiy-: Akkadian arwiu, arwü 'gazelle'; Eblaite a-wi-um /'arwiyum/ 'goat'; Arabic 'urwiyyat, pl. 'arwa 'mountain goat'; Sabaic 'rwy-n pl. 'mountain goat, ibex'; Mehri 'art 'goat' III Cushitic: (East) varay-: Somali ari, eri 'sheep or goat', Burji aray 'sheep', Yaaku erer 'antelope' II (South) *'ari: Iraqw ari 'goat', Burunge pl. ara id. (SED II, 26-28).
Lit.: Bomhard 2008, 593-94: AA + IE + Kartvelian *arcw- 'chamoix, ibex' (Fähnrich 2007, 38).
25. IE *H3ewi- 'sheep': Vedic avi- 'sheep', Wakhi yobc 'ewe' < *avi-ci-; Armenian awdik' 'sheep' : hoviw 'shepherd'; Cuneiform Luwian hawi-, Hieroglyphic Luwian hawa/i-, Lycian Xawa- 'sheep'; Greek öi£, Argolide acc. pl. opiv^ 'sheep'; Latin ovis 'sheep', Umbrian uvem 'ovem'; Old Irish oi 'sheep'; Old Norse xr 'ewe', Old Saxon euui etc., Gothic awistr 'sheep-cote'; Lithuanian avis, Latvian avs 'sheep'; Slavic *ovbca 'sheep' < *owika; Tocharian B a„w, pl. awi 'sheep' (Wodtko, NIL 335-39).
AA *'awy-: Egyptian (Old Kingdom) 'w.t 'small cattle (goats and sheep)' (Wb. I, 170-71) III ?Cushitic: (North) Beja ay, äy, ey f., pl. eeya 'Ziege', eyaa-t-eega 'Ziegenhirt' (Reinisch 1895, 37 who connected it with Tigre 'äyet 'Ziege, Zicklein'). It is perhaps compatible with some Cushitic parallels: (East) Burji ayaan-e 'gazelle' (Sasse 1982, 29) II (South) Qwadza 'a'ato 'sheep' (Ehret) I I I Chadic: (West) Ngizim ayu, Gashuwa Bade aiwa 'gazelle'; Tangale (h)aydy id. (Skinner 1984, 15).
Cf. Dravidian *a(v)- 'cow' (DEDR 334)?
Lit.: Moller 1909, 105: Egyptian + IE.
26. IE *urHxen- 'ram, lamb': Vedic uran- m. 'lamb', nom. sg. ura, acc. sg. uranam, urabhra-m. 'ram'; Middle Persian varak 'ram', Persian barra (*varnak) 'lamb'; Armenian gain, gen. garin 'lamb'; Greek äpqv, gen. äpvö^ 'lamb', Cretan Fapqv; Tsakonian vanna, from Laconian apviov 'lamb', Homeric noAuppqve^ 'having many lambs', äpveiö^ 'ram'; Latin reno 'Tierfell als Kleidung, Pelz' < Germanic *urenön-; Tocharian B yriye 'male sheep' (Pokorny 1959, 1170; EWAI I, 225-26: *urH1en-, *urHm-; Adams 1999, 519).
AA: Semitic *wa'r-/*war'-: Hebrew ya'arä 'kid'; Arabic ya'r 'kid', yara' 'youngs of wild cows' (< Aramaic?); Tigre war'e 'mountain-goat' III Cushitic: (East) Saho wayrhele 'Soemmering's gazelle' (Vergari); ?Oromo awaro 'barren kob (small antelope)' or with the b-suffix worabo 'gazelle'; cf. also Bayso worab 'he-goat'; Gollango orpo 'ram'; Burji worbi id. (Sasse 1982, 190) III Omotic: Male wari 'goat' III Chadic: (West) Hausa wariyya 'gazelle'; Montol, Gerka ur 'he-goat'; Kulere war id.; Gera wariya 'gazelle'; Dera wore 'ox' II (East) Lele öre 'goats' III ?Egyp-tian 'r 'goat' (SED II, 317-18; Skinner 1984, 25).
Note: AA would correspond to IE * H2/3, but the reconstruction of *Hi (~ AA *') is not obligatory before *e (Lex Eichner).
Bovinae
27. IE *g^oHu- 'cattle/cow/bull' (m.-f. nom. sg. g^öus, gen. g^ous (& g^ouos?), acc. g^öm, loc. g^oui): Vedic gauh m.-f. 'cattle' (= Avestan gaus id.), gen. goh (= Avestan gaus), dat. gave (= Av-estan gave), loc. gävi (= lat. abl. sg. boue), acc. gam (also disyllabic, like Avestan gqm); nom. pl.
gavah (= Avestan gavö), gen. pl. gäväm (= Avestan gavqm), acc. pl. gah (= Avestan gä < *g^ös, cf. Doric ßw^); Hittite *kuwäu- 'cow': nom. sg. GU4-us, acc. sg. GU4-un, Cuneiform Luwian wawa/i-, Hieroglyphic Luwian BOSANIMALwa/i-wa/i-, Lycian wawa-, uwa- 'cow' (Kloekhorst 2008, 507); Armenian kov 'cow'; Greek Attic ßoü^ m.-f. 'cattle, cow', acc. ßoüv, Doric ßw^, acc. ßwv, gen. ßo(F)o^, etc.; Latin bös, gen. bovis m.-f. 'cattle' (< Osco-Umbrian lw. for Latin *vös; the original Latin continuant may be preserved in vacca, parallel to Celtic *boukkä); Umbrian bum 'bovem' (*g^öm), bue 'bove', Oscan in Büvaianüd, Volscan bim 'bovem'; Old Irish bo f. 'cow' (< *bäu < *g^öus), gen. arch. bou, bäu, later bäo, bo, in Brittonic with velar extension: Old Welsh buch, Welsh buwch, Old Cornish buch, Breton buc'h 'cow' (*boukkä); in compounds e.g. Gallo-Romance bö-tege (*g^ou-tegos) 'Kuhstall' (Meyer-Lübke 1935, #1229a), besides *bovo-tegos in Old Breton boutig, Welsh beudy 'Kuhstall'; Old High German chuo, Old Saxon, Old Swedish kö (< acc. sg. *kön < *gvöm), Old English, Old Frisian cü, Old Icelandic kyr 'cow' (*kUz < gwöus); Latvian güovs 'cow', dimin. guötina; Slavic *govgdo 'cattle'; Tocharian A ko 'cow', pl. kowi, B kau, obl. pl. kewän; A kayurs, B kaurse 'bull' < *g^ou-urso-, cf. Vedic vfsan- 'bull' (Pokorny 1959, 482-483).
AA: Egyptian (Pyramid Texts) k? 'bull', Old Coptic ko id. (Wb. V, 94) III Cushitic: (Central) *kdw-a (Appleyard 2006, 39) > Qwara kuwa, Awngi kiwa 'bull' III Chadic: (West) Bolewa kwo 'bull' II (Central) Glawda, Gava, Wandala kawa 'bull' (Orel & Stolbova 1995, 306, #1399) II (East) Kajakse kHya, Masmaje kih, Mubi ki 'cow', Zerenkel ki id., Kujarke keja ~ küjo id. (JI2, 93; Lovestrand 2012, 51).
Cf. Uralic *kewe: Livonian keu, kev 'Stute' ( > Latvian keve); Saami (Inari): kieuva 'Rentier weiblichen Geschlechts', (Ter) kiev id., (Kildin) kievv(a) 'wilde Rentierkuh'; Mator keibe; Taigi keibe 'Stute' (UEW 152).
Note: Illic-Svityc (1964, 3-4) saw the Bolewa and Central Cushitic forms as cognates to Egyptian gw 'sp. bull' and Kaffa gau, goo; he proposed an AA source for the IE term. But Central Cushitic *k- does not correspond to Egyptian g-. For the same reason Egyptian gw cannot be a cognate of IE *g^oHu-, unlike k?.
28. IE *por(w/stH)i- 'young bull, calf': ?Old Indic prthuka- m. 'Rind, Kalb, Tierjunges'; Os-setic firt'on 'Vieh, grössere vierfüssige Haustiere'; Armenian ort', -ow 'calf, young deer' < *prthu- < *prHi/2-tu- (Olsen 1999, 108); Greek tcöqi^, nöpxa^, tcöqti^ 'Kalb, junge Kuh'; Welsh erthyl 'abortus'; Old High German far, farro, Old English fearr, Old Icelandic farri (*farz-) 'Stier', further Middle High German verse, German Färse 'junge Kuh' (Germanic *färsi, gen. *färsjös), in compound form cf. Old English heah-fore, English heifer (Pokorny 1959, 818).
AA *par(r)- 'bull' > Semitic *parr-: Akkadian parru 'lamb, young sheep', parratu 'female lamb', cf. also pärum 'ein Rind' (AHw 834, 836), Ugar pr 'young cattle', prt 'young cow', Hebrew par 'bull, bullock, steer', pärä(h) 'cow', Jewish Aramaic par3tä id., Syrian par-ö 'ewe lamb', Arabic farr 'calf', farir, furär 'lamb, wild calf, young gazelle', Mehri för 'bull' (Aistleitner 1965, 159-60; Klein 1987, 522; Fox, Zeitschrift für Althebraistik 11[1998], 20; he separates it from the word *par(a)'- 'onager') I I I Chadic: (Central) Margi für 'buffalo' (Hoffmann), Kilba fur id. (Meek) III Egyptian (Middle Kingdom) pry 'Bezeichnung des Kampfstiers' (Wb. I, 526). Orel & Stolbova (1995, 418, #1950) mention an isolated form in Mbara (Central Chadic): faray 'betail, dot', i.e. 'bride wealth' (Tourneux, Seignobos & Lafarge 1986, 260).
Further cf. Kartvelian *pur- 'cow' (Fähnrich 2007, 445) III Dravidian *pöri 'bull' (DEDR 4593).
29. IE *steuro-: Avestan staora- 'large cattle (horse, camel, ass, bovine)', Khotanese stUra-'large cattle, horse', Khwarezmian 'scwr /stör/ 'large animal', Buddhistic Sogdian 'st'wr, Yagh-nobi sutUr 'sheep, ram', Ossetic Iron stur, Digor (x)stor 'cow & bull', Shughni sdtUr, Munjan
s3tür 'large cattle', Sarykoli staur 'yak', Middle Parthian (Tumshuq) 'stwr, Middle Persian stör 'draught animal, horse', Persian sutör, Kurdic hastur, (h)istir, estir, estor 'horse'; Gothic stiur m. 'calf, young steer'; Old High German stior, Old English stëor, Old Icelandic stiörr 'steer' (Pokorny 1959, 1010; Bailey 1979, 434; Abaev III, 155-56).
AA *cawar-l*caraw- 'bull, steer': Semitic *tâwar-: Akkadian süru(m) 'Stier'; Eblaic su-lum /törum/ ~ /türum/ = Sumerian GU4.TUR '(Jung-)Stier'; Ugaritic tr, pl. trm 'bull; epithet of Il'; Phoenician 'divine steer'; Hebrew sor 'ox, bull'; Samalean swrh 'cow', Old Aramaic swr 'bull', swrh 'cow', Official Aramaic of the Persian empire twr, status emphaticus twr', Biblical Aramaic pl. tör-ln, Jewish Aramaic tör, status emphaticus tör-a 'ox, bull, steer', pl. tör-ln, status emphaticus töra(y)ya, West Syriac tawr-a, East Syriac tör-a id., Mandaic taura 'bull, ox'; Arabic tawr, pl. tiwarat, tiyarat, tiyar, tirat, tlran 'bull', also 'antelope bubalis', tawrat 'cow'; Sabaic twr, tr, pl. 'twr(mln) 'bull(-statuette); divine epithet', Qatabanian, Minean twr 'bull, steer'; Mehri tawr 'bull; big, stupid blundering strong fellow, brave but useless man', Harsusi tawer, pl. hetwéret 'bull'; Geez sor, also sor, pl. 'aswar(at) 'ox, bull', Tigre sor 'ox', Tigrinya sor 'castrated goat' (SED II, 307-10) III Egyptian (Old Kingdom) s?? 'taurillon'? (Meeks 1977[80], #3325) III Cushitic: (East) East Cushitic: Tsamay sawr-o, Gollango sawr-o & sayr-o 'antelope dikdik' (Am-born, Minker & Sasse 1980, 221; Blazek 2003, 7-12: Semitic+Egyptian+Cushitic).
Note: IE *tauro- 'bull' (Pokorny 1959, 1083; Abaev I, 390-91; Bailey 1979, 132) looks as a direct borrowing from Semitic *tâwar- 'bull, ox, steer'; cf. IlliC-Svityc 1964, 3.
30. IE *tel- 'calf': ?Armenian tlaj 'child'; Lithuanian tëlias 'new-born calf', Latvian tels 'bull-calf'; Slavic *telç, pl. *telçte 'calf' (Mann 1984-87, 1375-76).
AA *taly- > Semitic *talay-: Hebrew tälx 'lamb', Aramaic talya id., Arabic talan 'young of an animal', Sabaic tly 'yearling lamb', Geez tali 'goat, kid', Tigre tel 'goat', Harari tay 'sheep' (Leslau 1987, 590) III Cushitic: (East) *dal- 'to beget': Bayso taltu idaado f. 'sheep' : idaado 'ewe'; Sidamo dalaltala 'she-donkey' (Sasse 1982, 123; Hudson 1989, 52) III ?Berber: Iullemiden a-dël 'tout jeune veau' (Nicolas 1957, 59), but other records and relatives are without the emphatic d: Iullemiden of Udalan & East Iullemiden edäll, pl. idälän 'calf (newborn to three months)' (Sud-low 2009, 29; Alojaly 1980, 22); Ahaggar éhedel 'veau de lait' (DRB 329); Hausa talîyo 'young animal following its mother' (Bargery) is borrowed from Arabic taliyat 'one who follows' (SED II, 298-99).
Cf. Elamite tila 'calf' (Hinz & Koch 1987, 329); Altaic *t'elV: Turkic *Tël 'to put the kid or calf to a different milch-ewe or cow; a kid or calf sucking two milch-ewes or cows'; Written Mongolian tölüge(n) 'last year's lamb' (EDAL 1415); Dravidian *tal- 'to shoot, sprout', cf. Kota tayl 'breed of cattle' (DEDR 3131).
Lit.: Illic-Svityc 1967, 359: Semitic+IE+Dravidian+Altaic.
Literature
Abaev, Vasilij I. 1958-1995. Istoriko-ètimologiceskij slovar' osetinskogo jazyka, I-V. Moskva/Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo
Akademii nauk SSSR / Leningrad: Nauka. Adams, Douglas Q. 1999. Dictionary of Tocharian B. Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi.
AHw = Akkadisches Handwörterbuch I-III, unter Benutzung des lexikalischen Nachlasses von B. Meissner, bearb.
von Wolfram von Soden. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1965-81. Aistleitner, Joseph. 1965. Wörterbuch der ugaritischen Sprachei. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Alojaly, Ghoubeïd. 1980. Lexique Touareg-Français, Copenhague: Akademisk Forlag.
Amborn, H., Minker, G. & Sasse, H.-J. 1980. Das Dullay: Materialen zu einer ostkuschitischen Sprache. Berlin: Reimer. Appleyard, David L. 2006. A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages. Köln: Köppe.
Bailey, Harold, 1979. Dictionary of Khotan Saka. Cambridge: University Press.
Beekes, Robert. 1995. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. An Introduction. Amsterdam-Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Bender, M.L. 1990. The limits of Omotic. In: OLS, 584-616.
Biella, Joan C. 1982. Dictionary of Old South Arabic: Sabaean Dialect. Chico: Scholars Press.
Blazek, Vaclav. 1992. Historicka analyza indoevropské zoologické terminologie [Historical analysis of the Indo-European zoological terminology]. Brno: Filosoficka fakulta Masarykovy university (the unpublished dissertation, defended in 1993). http://www.phil.muni.cz/jazyk/files/blazek-savci.pdf
Blazek, Vaclav. 1999. Elam: a bridge between Ancient Near East and Dravidian India? In: Archaeology and Language IV. Language Change and Cultural Transformation, eds. Roger Blench & Matthew Spriggs. London & New York: Routledge, 48-78.
Blazek, Vaclav. 2002. Some New Dravidian — Afroasiatic Parallels. Mother Tongue 7, 171-199.
Blazek, Vaclav. 2003. Semitic *tawar- 'bull' and its relatives. In: Afrasian: Selected Comparative-Historical Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, eds. M. Lionel Bender, David Appleyard, and Gabor Takacs. München: Lincom Europa, 7-12.
Blazek, Vaclav. 2007. Beja historical phonology: Consonantism. In: Omotic and Cushitic Language Studies. Papers from the Fourth Cushitic Omotic Conference (Leiden, April 2003), ed. by Azeb Amha, Maarten Mous & Graziano Savà. Köln: Köppe.
Blazek, Vaclav. 2010. On the Classification of Berber. Folia Orientalia 47, 245-266.
Bomhard, Allan R. 1984. Toward Proto-Nostratic: A New Approach to the Comparison of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Bomhard, Allan R. 2008. Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic. Comparative Phonology, Morphology, and Vocabulary, Vol. 2. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
Brockelmann, Carl. 1908. Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, Bd. I: Laut- und Formenlehre. Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.
Brunner, Linus. 1969. Die gemeinsamen Wurzeln des semitischen und indogermanischen Wortschatzes. Versuch eine Etymologie. Bern — München: Francke.
CAD = The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
Caprile, J.-P. 1971. Le mawer: une nouvelle langue du groupe 'tchado-hamitique'? Africana Marburgensia 4/2, 47-60.
Caprile, Jean-Pierre. 1975. Lexique tumak-français (Tchad). Berlin: Reimer.
CDA = A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, by Jeremy Black et al. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2000.
Cerulli, Enrico. 1938. Studi etiopici II: La lingua e la storia dei Sidamo. Roma: Istituto per l'Oriente.
Cohen, Marcel. 1947. Essai comparatif sur le vocabulaire et la phonétique du chamito-sémitique. Paris: Champion.
Conti Rossini, Carlo. 1905. Appunti sulla lingua awiya del Danghelà. Giornale della Società Asiatica Italiana 18, 103194.
Cowley, R. et al. 1971. The Kunfäl people and their language. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 9, 99-106.
Basset, René. 1909. Mission au Sénégal, Tome I: Étude sur le dialecte zénaga. Paris: Leroux.
Dallet, J.-M. 1982. Dictionnaire kabyle-français: Parler des At Mangellat, Algerie. Paris: SELAF.
Dallet, J.-M. 1985. Dictionnaire Français-Kabyle: Parler des At Mangellat, Algerie. Paris: SELAF.
DEDR = A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary2, by Thomas Burrow & Murray Emeneau. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1984.
Delamarre, Xavier. 2001. Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise. Paris: Errance.
Dolgopolsky [Dolgopoeskij], Aharon B. 1964. Gipoteza drevnejsego rodstva jazykov severnoj Evrazii (problemy foneticeskix sootvetstvij). Moskva: Nauka (VII Mezdunarodnyj kongress antropologiceskix i ètnograficeskix nauk).
Dolgopolsky [Dolgopoeskij], Aharon B. 1973. Sravnitelno-istoriceskaja fonetika kusitskix jazykov. Moskva: Nauka.
Dolgopolsky [Dolgopoeskij], Aharon B. 1975. Jazyki i problema prarodiny. In: Znanie — sila 1975/6, 15-19.
Dolgopolsky, Aharon. 1991. Two problems of Semitic historical linguistics. In: Semitic Studies in honor of Wolf Leslau on the occasion of his eighty-fifth birthday, ed. by Alan S. Kaye. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 328-339.
Dolgopolsky, Aharon. 1998. The Nostratic Macrofamily and Linguistic Palaeontology. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
Dolgopolsky, Aharon. 2008. Nostratic Dictionary. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge (quoted as p.c.; a preliminary publication accessible on-line at http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/196512).
DRB = Dictionnaire des racines berbères, by Kamal NaÏT-Zerrad. Paris-Louvain: Peeters 1998/1999/2002.
DRS = Dictionnaire des racines sémitiques, by David Cohen et al. Paris-La Haye: Mouton 1970f.
DUL = A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition, by Gregorio del Olmo Lete & Joaquin Sanmartîn, translated by Wilfred G. E. Watson. Leiden-Boston: Brill 2003.
Ebert, Karen H. 1976. Sprache und tradition der Kera (Tschad). II: Lexikon / Lexique. Berlin: Reimer.
EDAL = Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, Part One [A-K], Part Two [L-Z], Part Three [Indices], by Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak, with assistance of Ilya Gruntov and Vladimir Glumov. LeidenBoston: Brill 2003.
EDE = Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian, Vol. I: A Phonological Introduction, by Gabor Takäcs. Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill 1999.
Ehret, Christopher. 1980. The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary. Berlin: Reimer.
EIEC = Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, ed. by J. P. Mallory & D. A. Adams. Chicago: Dearbon.
EWAI = Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoiranischen, I-II, by Manfred Mayrhofer. Heidelberg: Winter 1986 ff.
Fähnrich, Heinz. 2007. Kartwelisches etymologischew Wörterbuch. Leiden — Boston: Brill.
Fähnrich, Heinz. 2008. Das kartwelische Präfix *bi-. Georgica 31, 5-6.
Fähnrich, Heinz & Sardshweladse, Surab. 1995. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Kartwel-Sprachen. Leiden — New York — Köln: Brill.
FUV = Fenno-Ugric vocabulary: An etymological dictionary of the Uralic languages, by Björn Collinder. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1955.
Gaudefroy-Demombynes, M. 1907. Documents sur les langues de l'Oubangi-Chari. In: Actes du 14-e Congrès International des orientalistes (Alger 1905), 2ème Partie, Section IV. Paris: Leroux, 172-330.
Gregg, Gene B. 1982. Oromo Dictionary. East Lansing: African Studies Center.
Grottanelli, V. L. 1940. Missione etnografica nel Uollega occidentale, I: I Mao. Roma: Reale Accademia D'Italia.
HAL = The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, 1-2, by Ludwig Koehler & Walter Baumgartner. Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill 2001.
Hawkins, John D. 2000. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, Vol. I: Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Berlin — New York: Walter de Gruyter.
HED = Hittite Etymological Dictionary, by Jaan Puhvel. Berlin — New York: Mouton de Gruyter 1984f.
Heine, Bernd. 1975. Notes on the Yaaku Language (Kenya). Afrika und Übersee 58, 119-138.
Heine, Bernd. 1976. Notes on the Rendille Language. Afrika und Übersee 59, 176-223.
Heine, Bernd. 1978. The Sam Languages. A History of Rendille, Boni and Somali. Afroasiatic Linguistics 6/2, 23-115.
Heine, Bernd. 1980/82. Language and Dialect Atlas if Kenya. Berlin: Reimer, Vol. II: The Non-Bantu Languages of Kenya (pp. 173-18 Elmolo); Vol. X: Boni Dialects.
Hinz, Walther & Koch, Heidemarie. 1987. Elamisches Wörterbuch. Berlin: Reimer.
HJ = Hoftijzer, J. & Jongeling, K. 1995. Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. Leiden — New York — Köln: Brill.
Hoffmann, Carl. 1963. A Grammar of the Margi Language. London: Oxford University Press.
Hudson, Grover. 1989. Highland East Cushitic Dictionary. Hamburg: Buske.
Illic-Svityc, Vladislav M. 1964. Drevnejsie indoevropejsko-semitskie jazykovye kontakty. In: Problemy indoevrope-jskogo jazykoznanija, ed. by V.N. Toporov. Moskva: Nauka, 3-12.
Illic-Svityc, Vladislav M. 1967. Materialy k sravnitel'nomu slovarju nostraticeskix jazykov. Ètimologija 1965, 321373.
Illic-Svityc, Vladislav M. 1968. Sootvetstvija smycnyx v nostraticeskix jazykax. Ètimologija 1966, 304-355.
Illic-Svityc, Vladislav M. 1971/76/84. Opyt sravnenija nostraticeskix jazykov, I-III. Moskva: Nauka.
JI2 = Jungraithmayr, Herrmann & Ibriszimow, Dymitr. 1994. Chadic Lexical Roots, II: Documentation. Berlin: Reimer.
Johnstone, T. M. 1987. Mehri Lexicon and English-Mehri word list. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
KEWA = Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, I-IV, by Manfred Mayrhofer. Heidelberg: Winter 1956-80.
Klein, Ernest. 1987. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language. New York-London: MacMillan.
Klimov, G.A. 1964. Ètimologiceskij slovar kartvel'skix jazykov. Moskva: Nauka.
Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2008. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
Kluge, Friedrich & Seebold, Elmar. 1999. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache23. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Kraft, Charles H. 1981. Chadic Wordlists, I-III. Berlin: Reimer.
LEIA = Lexique étymologique de l'irlandais ancien, by Joseph Vendryes et al. Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies - Paris: CNRS 1959f.
Leslau, Wolf. 1943. South-East Semitic (Ethiopic and South-Arabic). Journal of American Oriental Society 63, 4-14.
Leslau, Wolf. 1945. The parts of the body in the modern South Arabic languages. Language 21, 230-249.
Leslau, Wolf. 1958. Ethiopic and South Arabic Contributions to the Hebrew Lexicon. Berkeley — Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Leslau, Wolf. 1963. Etymological dictionary of Harari. Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Leslau, Wolf. 1979. Etymological dictionary of Gurage, Vol. 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Leslau, Wolf. 1980. Proto-*Sidamo *z. Afrika und Übersee 63, 119-129.
Leslau, Wolf. 1987. Comparative Dictionary of Geîez (Classical Ethiopic). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
LIV = Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, unter Leitung von Helmut Rix bearbeitet von Marin Kümmel, Thomas Zehnder, Reiner Lipp, Brigitte Schirmer. Wiesbaden: Reichert 2001.
Lovestrand, Joseph. 2012. Classification and description of the Chadic languages of the Guéra (East Chadic B). SIL International: http://www.sil.org/silewp/2012/silewp2112-004FINAL.pdf
Lukas, Johann. 1937. Zentralsudanische Studien. Hamburg: Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der Auslandskunde, Hansische Universität, Reihe B, Bd. 45/24.
Machek, Vaclav. 1968. Etymologicky slovnik jazyka ceského. Praha: Academia.
Mann, Stuart E. 1984-87. An Indo-European Comparative Dictionary. Hamburg: Buske.
McAlpin D.W. 1981. Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications. Philadelphia: Transactions of American Philosophical Society 71/3.
Meeks, Dimitri. 1977[80]. Année lexicographique 1. Paris: Cybele.
Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm. 1935. Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Winter.
Militarev, Alexander. 1990. Afrasian cultural terms (preliminary report). In: Proto-languages and Proto-Cultures, ed. V. Shevoroshkin. Bochum: Brockmayer, pp. 33-54.
Militarev, Aleksandr Ju. 1991. Istoriceskaja fonetika i leksika livijsko-guancskix jazykov. In: Jazyki Azii i Afriki IV.2. Moskva: Nauka, 249-267.
Militarev, Aleksandr. 1995. Sumery i afrazijcy. Vestnik drevnej istorii 1995/2, 113-127.
Militarev, Alexander. 1996. Home for Afrasian: African or Asian? Areal Linguistic Arguments. In: Cushitic and Omotic Languages. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium (Berlin, March 1994), ed. by C. Griefenow-Mewis, R.M. Voigt. Köln: Köppe, 13-32.
Militarev, Alexander. 2005. Once more about glottochronology and the comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case. In: Orientalia et Classica VI: Aspekty komparatistiki, 339-408.
M0ller, Hermann. 1909. Indoeuropœisk-semitisk sammenlignende glossarium. Kjobenhavn: Schultz.
M0ller, Hermann. 1911[70]. Vergleichendes indogermanisch-semitisches Wörterbuch. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Nicolas, Francis. 1957. Vocabulaires ethnographiques de la Tamâjeq des Iullemmeden de l'est. Anthropos 52, 4964, 564-580.
NIL = Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon, by Dagmar S. Wodtko, Britta Irslinger, Carolin Schneider. Heidelberg: Winter.
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 1999. The Noun in Biblical Armenian. Berlin — New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Orel, Vladimir. 1998. Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill.
Orel, Vladimir & Stolbova, Olga. 1995. Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary. Leiden-New York-Köln: Brill.
Paxalina, T.N. 1983. Issledovanija po sravnitelno-istoriceskoj fonetike pamirskix jazykov. Moskva: Nauka.
Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern-München: Francke.
Prasse, Karl-G. 1973. Manuel de grammaire touaregue, VI-VII: Verb. Copenhague: Akademisk Forlag.
Prasse, Karl-G. 1974. Manuel de grammaire touaregue, IV-V: Nom. Copenhague: Akademisk Forlag.
Puhvel, Jaan. 1984/91/97. Hittite Etymological Dictionary, 1-2, 3, 4. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Räsänen, Martti. 1969. Versuch eines etymologisches Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen. Helsinki: Lexica Societas Fenno-Ugricae 17/1.
Rasmussen, Jens E. 1989. Studien zur Morphophonemik der indogermanischen Grundsprache. Innsbruck: IBS 55.
Rasmussen, Jens. 1999. Selected Papers on Indo-European Linguistics. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press — University of Copenhagen.
Reinisch, Leo. 1895. Wörterbuch der Bedauye-Sprache. Wien: Hölder.
Rössing, Melvin O. 1978. Mafa-Mada: A Comparative Study of Chadic Languages in North Cameroun. Madison (Wisconsin): PhD. Thesis.
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1975. Galla /s/, /s/ un /f/. Afrika und Übersee 58, 244-263.
Sasse, H.-J. 1976. Weiteres zu den ostkuschitischen Sibilanten. Afrika und Übersee 59, 125-142.
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1979. The consonant phonemes of Proto-East-Cushitic (PEC): A first approximation. Afro-Asiatic Linguistics 7/1, 1-67.
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1982. An Etymological Dictionary of Burji. Hamburg: Buske.
SAW = Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philol.-hist. Classe.
SED = Semitic Etymological Dictionary I—II, by Alexander Militarev & Leonid Kogan et al. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag 2000-2005.
Siebert, R. & Wedekind, K. 1994. Third S.L.L.E. Survey on Languages of the Begi / Asosa Area. Survey of Little-known Languages of Ethiopia Linguistic Report 15, 1-18.
SKES = Suomen kielen etymologinen sanakirja, I-VII, ed. Y. H. Toivonen et al. Helsinki: LSFU XII, 1-7, 1955-1981.
Skinner, Neil. 1984. Afroasiatic Vocabulary. Evidence for Some Culturally Important Items. Africana Marburgensia, Sonderhaft 7, 1-64.
Smoczynski, Wojciech. 2003. Hiat laryngalny w jçzykach balto-slowianskich, Krakow: Universitas.
Smoczynski, Wojciech. 2007. Slownik etymologiczny jçzyka litewskiego. Wilno: Uniwersytet Wilenski.
von Soden, Wolfram. 1995. Grundris der akkadische Grammatik3. Roma: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico.
Starostin, George. 2010. Glottochronological classification of Afroasiatic languages. Ms.
Steingass, F. 1988. A learner's Arabic-English Dictionary. Jalandhar City: Gaurav.
Stolbova, Olga V. 1987. Sravnitel'no-istoriceskaja fonetika i slovar' zapadnocadskix jazykov. In: Afrikanskoe istori-ceskoe jazykoznanie, ed. V. Porxomovskij. Moskva: Nauka, 30-268.
Stolbova, Olga V. 1996. Studies in Chadic Comparative Phonology. Moscow: Diaphragma.
Stroomer, Harry. 1987. A Comparative Study of Three Southern Oromo Dialects in Kenya. Hamburg: Buske.
Sudlow, David. 2009. Dictionary of the Tamasheq of North-East Burkina Faso. Köln' Köppe.
Tischler, Johann. 2001. Hethitisches Handwörterbuch. Innsbruck: IBS 102.
Tourneux H., Seignobos C. & Lafarge F. 1986. Les Mbara et leur langue (Tchad). Paris: SELAF.
Trubacev, Oleg N. 1960. Proisxozdenie nazvanij domasnix zivotnyx v slavjanskix jazykax. Moskva: Nauka.
Turner, Ralph L. 1966-69-85. A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, plus Indexes, plus Addenda and Corrigenda (ed. by J. C. Wright). London — New York — Toronto: Oxford University Press / London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
Vasmer, Max. 1986. Ètimologiceskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, I-IV. Moskva: Progress.
Vycichl, Werner. 1958. Grundlagen der ägyptisch-semitisch Wortvergleichung. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 16, 367-405.
Vycichl, Werner. 1983. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Peeters.
Wedekind, K. 1990. Gimo-Jan or Ben-Yem-Om: Bene — Yemsa phonemes, tones, and words. In: OLS, 68-184.
Wedekind, Charlotta & Klaus. 1995. A Survey of Awngi. Survey of Little-known Languages of Ethiopia Linguistic Report 28, 1-22.
Wb. = Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, by A. Erman & H. Grapow, I-VI. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1957-71.
WPS = Wortschatz der Pharaonen in Sachgruppen, by Rainer Hannig & Petra Vomberg. Mainz: von Zabern 1999.
Zaborski, Andrzej. 1986. The Morphology of Nominal Plural in the Cushitic Languages. Wien: Beiträge zur Afrikanistik, Bd. 28.
Zeder, Melinda A. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33), 11597-11604. Available at: http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597.full.pdf+html
Zimmern, Heinrich. 1915. Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischen Kultureinfluß. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
В. Блажек. Индоевропейские названия животных в афразийской перспективе.
В статье приводится набор лексических параллелей, относящихся к области дикой и домашней фауны, между индоевропейскими и афразийскими языками, иногда с при-
влечением дальнейших сопоставлений из других ветвей ностратической макросемьи. Выводы, которые можно с той или иной степенью вероятности извлечь из анализируемого материала, имеют значение для общей дискуссии о начале животноводства в области Плодородного полумесяца — ареала, который рядом исследователей считается наиболее подходящим кандидатом на прародину афразийской языковой семьи.
Ключевые слова: индоевропейские языки, афразийские языки, ностратические языки, названия животных, лингвистическая реконструкция, одомашнивание.
