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17HISTORY OF FORMATION OF PUBLIC SPACES IN ALMATY Sergazy D.Ye.1, Samoilov K.I.2
1Sergazy Daniyar Yerlanyly - Bachelor of Arts, Undergraduate Student;
2Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of Architecture, Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: open public spaces are an essential element of the city's planning structure, since they primarily characterize the quality of life of the population as a whole, reflect the level of development of social and cultural infrastructure, and form the overall appearance of the city. The current stage of development of the urban environment of a small city is characterized by an increased interest in public urban spaces and their social role, the relationship between human behavior and the parameters of urban space. Keywords: public space, city, quality, image of the city.
The first General plan of Verny was developed by military engineer N. Kryshtanovsky and architect P. Zenkov. The plan was approved in 1876. According to this plan, to the South-West of the fortifications and villages, six thousand desyatins of land were allocated from the Cossack allotments for homesteads and urban pasture - the territory that surrounded the city on all sides and stretched in the East from the Cossack village to the Bolshaya Almatinka river in the West. A number of maps-plans of the city of Verny, drawn up in different years, in particular, for 1885, 1908, and 1912, have been preserved to this day. The 1908 plan shows 48 Verny streets and 8 Bolshaya Almatinskaya stanitsa streets. Verny's plans show that the city stretches in a flat rectangle from North to South and from East to West. The basis of the planning structure of Verny was developed in the second half of the XIX century urban planning principles of building Russian fortress cities according to regular plans and combined with them ancient caravan routes. The advantages of the city layout should be considered a rectangular grid of blocks stretched along the river. Malaya Almatinka, which contributed to the natural flow of night breezes flowing down from the mountains, wide straight streets that open a picturesque perspective on the mountains. The uniform distribution of squares across the city territory covered all parts of the city with its functions, providing residents with bazaars and churches [1].
Width of block in latitudinal direction determined total value of one quarter of the Big Almaty stanitsa and width of the shaft Pushkinskaya street and built 120 m, which led to the cutting of streets in the latitudinal direction of the entire city. In each block there were 4 manor places, the size of which turned out to be optimal not only for all the buildings of an urban resident of average income, but also for dividing the garden and vegetable garden on the site. The width of the streets was 16 fathoms. It was assumed that the streets would be less than 10 fathoms, since on both sides of the streets there would be alleys of trees [2]. A certain type of ordinary building was formed. Houses in the Central part of the city were built on the corners of blocks. Along the perimeter of each estate, a fence was built up - a wooden picket fence or a clay-concrete fence [3].
Back in 1868, there was a vacant lot on the site of the growing city, and by the summer of 1875, several of the first built-up streets appeared. Despite the fact that the territory was divided into city blocks and the sale and development of land plots began, the city plan was never approved [4]. In 1882, the estate part of the city was enlarged by the city pasture. The formation of urban ensembles begins. In the first plan, areas of various citywide purposes are highlighted. Pokrovskaya square, originally Haymarket square, occupied the territory to the West of the Big Almaty village, above the Verny-Uzun Agash highway (Raiymbek Ave.) and set the future direction of the city's development. In the center of the square, built up along the perimeter of civil and administrative buildings, the first Cathedral in the city was erected - Pokrovsky. A synagogue and a mosque were built a little further South.In the Western part of the city, Zubovskaya square was laid out (in memory of the vernensky merchant S.F. Zubov). On the southern edge of the city,
in the block of modern streets Kabanbay Batyr - Pushkin - Karasay Batyr - Valikhanov formed a Stone square. It got its name thanks to the first stone buildings of the Trinity Church and parish school built around it. The distribution of areas on the territory of the city was dictated by the features of the historical topography that developed into the city structure [5].
In 1879, forty-three Verny streets were given names. One of the main streets of the city -Kolpakovsky Avenue (Dostyk Ave.) - ran from South to North, passed through Gostinodvorovaya square and ended at Tashkent alley. The second main street was a Shopping street (Zhibek Zholy street), which ran from West to East, passed along the southern side of Gostinodvoroy square and ended at the Malaya Almatinka river. In 1874, a highway was built on Sobornaya street from Pushkin Park, in the direction of the village. In 1895, the first streets of the city were laid out with stone - Kolpakovsky Avenue and Shtabnaya. In 1913, in the Right there was 3 km of paved roads. The improvement works only affected the Central part of the city, and then the sidewalks were arranged only in the most primitive way [6]. With the arrival of E. O. Baum, large-scale landscaping works are underway in the city. Through his efforts, nurseries were opened in many places of the region. There were 25 state-owned forest nurseries that were set up with forest credit funds, not counting the Vernenskaya grove and Zharkentsky garden [7].
E.O. Baum made a lot of efforts to ensure that every County, every locality had either a state grove or an orchard. A striking example of this is the groves consisting of different types of trees in the Vernensky district. They occupied up to 200 tithes. These were the so-called Vernenskaya grove, whose planting began in 1868 and which by 1900 covered an area of more than 78 acres, and the grove, laid out in 1892, in the Northern part of the city. Residents of Verny called it the Baum Grove [7]. In the 70s of the XIX century, a Church garden was laid out, at the beginning of the XX century it was called Pushkin garden, in 1927 - Federation Park. During the war years, at the request of citizens, the Park was renamed in honor of 28 Panfilov guards. By the beginning of the twentieth century, more than two and a half thousand hectares of gardens were planted in the city and surrounding villages.
The city, which grew up on the basis of the Russian fortification of Verny, set up to protect the borders of the Empire from China, and had a typically provincial character until the implementation of its first General plan in 1937, soon began to acquire Metropolitan features. This was facilitated by a clear planning structure and rational functional zoning of the territory. In this structure, public spaces were fixed within the city center and few recreational areas [8]. Since 1930 the main parade square of the city was an expanded part of Kirov street (now Bogenbay Batyr) on the segment between modern Abylai Khan and Panfilov streets. The resulting square was called "Red" - by analogy with Moscow. The first Soviet administrative buildings of the new capital - the constructivist ensemble of the government House, the house of communications and management of Turksib-were built on it. Later, in 1933 -1935, in the process of developing the General plan of the city, the idea of a new parade square was born. With the territorial development of the city, especially after the transfer of the capital of the Kazakh SSR from Kyzylorda to Almaty in 1929, as well as during the war of 1941-1945, when many industrial enterprises from Russia were evacuated to Almaty, the city center became multi-core and spatially differentiated. With the construction of the new Government House, the Central square of the capital was also decorated, which became the site of official festive events, mainly demonstrations of workers and military parades (designed in 1950-1957 in the workshop of Mosproekt under the guidance of the famous Soviet architect B. R. Rubanenko). The process of turning the city center into a system of local public spaces was particularly pronounced in the 60s, when the construction of residential neighborhoods based on large-panel housing construction began. Then it continued in the 70s and 80s, during the period of further territorial growth and expansion of the borders of Almaty, when new public centers were developed in the Northern, southern and Western parts of the city. At the same time, many Central streets were built up with unique public buildings that had citywide significance, such as the hotel Kazakhstan, the Palace named after him. Lenin (now the Palace of the Republic), the Russian drama theater, the Kazakh drama theater, the wedding Palace, the circus, the sports Palace, and others that determined the role of these streets not only as transport corridors, but also as walking pedestrian alleys, that is, public spaces [9]. The traditions of urban
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planning laid down by the Committee for the arrangement of the administrative center of the Semirechensk region of the city of Verny were continued in the following years.
References
1. «Semiresenskie oblastnye vedomosti», 1900. № 93.
2. Aristov N.A. O pozemel'nom ustrojstve Semirechenskoj oblasti // Trudy po istorii i etnicheskomu sostavu tyurkskih plemen. Bishkek, 2003. S. 17.
3. Razrabotka istoricheskogo opornogo plana i zon ohrany pamyatnikov goroda Alma-Aty. T. 1yu Kn. 1. Alma-Ata, 1985. S. 60-61.
4. Alma-Ata/ Avtor-sostavitel' I.I.Malyar. Alma-Ata, 1989. S. 8.
5. Nedzveckij V.E. Gorod Vernyj: Statisticheskij otchet. Vernyj, 1907. S. 11.
6. «Semirechenskie oblastnye vedomosti». 1900. №88.
7. Kapanov A.K., Bajmagambetov S.K. Almaty. Arhitektura i gradostroitel'stvo / A. Kapanov, S. Bajmagambetov // Almaty, 1998. S. 85.
8. Abilov A.ZH. Nekotorye osobennosti transformacii obshchestvennyh prostranstv g. almaty v postsovetskij period //Vestnik sovremennoj nauki, 2015. № 8. S. 165-178.
