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22АРХИТЕКТУРА
FEATURES OF FORMATION OF PUBLIC SPACES OF THE CITY OF ALMATY AT THE END OF THE XIX - THE BEGINNING OF
THE XX CENTURY
1 2 Kenzhebekov M.N.\ Samoilov K.I.2
1Kenzhebekov Muratbek Nietbekovich - Bachelor of Arts (Architecture), Post-Graduate Student, 2Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of sciences (Architecture), Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, SATBAYEV UNIVERSITY, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: the architectural and urban development of the city of Almaty for almost two hundred years of development has passed a number of interesting stages. Changing the administrative status several times, the city continued to develop rapidly. The foundations of the urban framework laid in the mid-nineteenth century had a significant impact on the entire subsequent development process.
Keywords: public spaces, Verny city, ensemble, boulevard, pedestrian zones.
UDC 72.035/036 (574)
Open public spaces are an essential element of the planning structure of the city, because, first of all, they characterize the quality of life of the population as a whole, reflect the level of development of social and cultural infrastructures, and form the general appearance of the city. The current stage of development of the urban environment of a small city is characterized by an increased interest in public urban spaces and their social role, the relationship between human behavior and urb an space parameters. In the last decade, the theme of public spaces , as a factor in improving the quality of life , has become the center of professional discussions around the world , including in the city of Almaty [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].
The first master plan of the city of Verny was developed by the military engineer N. Krishtanovsky and the architect P. Zenkov. The plan was approved in 1876. According to this plan, six thousand acres of land were allocated from the Cossack plots southwest of the fortress for strongholds and urban pasture - the territory that surrounded the city from all sides and stretched in the east from the Cossack village to the Bolshaya Almatinka river in the west . Before survived a series of maps of the city plans in ernogo compiled over the years, in particular, for 1885, 1908 and also for 1912. On the plan of 1908, 48 Verny streets and 8 - the Big Almaty village are designated. The plans of Verny show that the city stretched an even rectangle from north to south and from east to west. The basis for the planning structure of Verny was the urban planning principles developed in the second half of the 19th century for the development of Russian fortress cities according to regular plans and the ancient caravan routes combined with them . The advantages of city planning should be considered a rectangular grid of blocks, elongated along the river. Malaya Almatinka, which contributed to the natural flow of night breezes flowing down from the mountains, wide straight streets that opened up a picturesque vista to the mountains. Uniform distribution of the areas of the city straddling lo its functions all parts of the city, providing residents markets and churches [8].
The width of the block in a latitudinal direction defined sous m Marne value of one quarter Large Almaty village and width Shaft sal Pushkinskaya and was 120 m, resulting in cutting of the streets in the latitudinal direction over the entire city. Each quarter was situated on a manor 4 x space whose dimensions were optimized not only for all the buildings of urban middle-class citizen, but also for the breakdown in the garden area and garden. The width of the streets was 16 fathoms. It was assumed that the streets would be
less than 10 fathoms, since on both sides of the streets there should have been alleys of trees [9]. Formed a certain type of ordinary buildings. Houses in the central part of the city were built in the corners of the blocks. A fence was built up along the perimeter of each estate — a wooden picket fence or an adobe fence [10].
As far back as 1868, there was a wasteland on the site of the growing city, by the summer of 1875 several first built-up streets appeared. Despite the fact that there was a breakdown of the territory under the city quarters and the sale and development of land began, the city plan was not approved [11].
In 1882, the estate part of the city increased due to urban pasture. The formation of urban ensembles begins. In the foreground are allocated areas of various citywide purposes. Pokrovskaya, originally Sennaya, the area occupied the territory west of the Big Almaty village, above the Verny - Uzun agash highway (Raiymbek ave) and set the future direction of the city. In the center of the square, built around the perimeter by civil and administrative buildings, the first cathedral in the city was erected - Pokrovsky. A little to the south a synagogue and a mosque were built . In the western part of the city, Zubovskaya Square (in memory of Vernensky merchant S.F. Zubov) was defeated. In the perimeter of Komandirskaya street (Bogenbai batyr unit) -Starokladbishchenskaya (Abylay khan ave.) -Meshchanskaya (Kabanbai batyr unit) Kazarmennaya (Panfilova St.) Kazarmennaya Square. It housed the barracks and parade ground of the 2nd Semirechensky Cossack Regiment and the military Alekseevsky temple . On the southern outskirts of the city, in the quarter of modern streets Kabanbai batyr - Pushkin - Karasay batyr - Valikhanov, Kamennaya Square took shape. It got its name thanks to the first stone buildings of the Trinity Church and the parish school erected around it . The distribution of areas across the city was dictated by the features of the historical topography developed into the city structure. Their size, in dependence on the destinations, ranged from one quarter of the area (e.g., area for berry fruit market) to eight quarters (Pushkinskiy Square Square with Starokladbischenskim now park 28+ Guards Panfilovtsy) . This area, in later dubbed the city park, was the nucleus around which the city center began to take shape rapidly. In the quarters , adjacent to the largest area of the Faithful - Pushkin the square -raspolagalis administrative and public institutions. There is no doubt that the planning structure also had its drawbacks, in particular, the small size of the quarters. To have velicheniya building area had to merge neighborhoods, and this, in turn, overlap the meridian of the street and hobbled airing of the city and led to the loss of individual sections of the panoramic perception of the building on background of the mountains [12].
In 1879, forty-three streets of Verny were given names. One of the main streets of the city - Kolpakovsky Avenue (Dostyk Ave.) - went from south to north, passed through Gostinodvorovaya Square and ended on the Tashkent Alley. The second main street was Torgovaya Street (Zhibek Zholy St.), which went from west to east, passed along the southern side of Gostinodvor Square and ended at the Malaya Almatinka River. In 1874, a highway was arranged on Sobornaya Street from Pushkin Park, in the direction of the village . In 1895 Mr. ode to ylozheny first stone streets of the city -Avenue Kolpakovsky and staff. In 1913, there was 3 km in Verny. m big roads. Improvement works affected only the central part of the city, and then the sidewalks were arranged only in the most primitive way [13].
The city center, the so-called "first row", bounded by Kaznacheyskaya (ul.Kaldayakova), Torgovaya (ul.Zhibek Zholy), Sergiopolskaya (ul.Tulebaeva) and Komandirskaya (ul.Bogenbai batyr) was the most landscaped. The territorial formations formed in these years in Verny got their name. Thus, the actual "city" regarded as a central part of it, where are placed the souks, shopping arcades and areas located in the immediate bl and PVD Kolpakovsky to the prospectus. "Gardens" were located along the Malaya Almatinka River in areas designated for gardening [11].
Remains the same street slicing, placement of squares. Their functional purpose amplifies. By 1917, the area occupied by the city center, densely overgrown with
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buildings that carry a functional and emotional load, is tripled. The city spills over the border. Cutting quarters here mechanically spread from the city territory, continuing the meridian grid and latitudinal step of the quarters. The first boulevards, which were part of the modern green oasis, arose in Almaty in the middle of the XIX century. In 1856, in the center of the village of Big Almaty would l laid Sophia Boulevard, along the western border of at L Itza Uzun-Agash Later it became known as the street of the Boulevard , now named after Pushkin. In 1872, planting of trees began on the territory of Starokladbischensky park, which became the core of the future urban center. As seed feast was chosen as midalny tons of Paul. In 1873, 1450 were planted, and in 1874 , 2 thousand seedlings. In the city, in the main , were planted unpretentious, fast-growing wood , poplar species, elm, ash, maple. At the same time, Tashkent Boulevard was planting. Also near Verny were laid groves of willow and poplar.
In 1856, on an area of the eye l of 40 tithes was laid Verny Kazennyi garden (now the Central Park of Culture and Recreation in Almaty). Once l ary varieties of fruit and ornamental trees and shrubs come from the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden. The garden was designed by the gardener M. Krishtopenko, who had been in charge of it until 1869. Greenhouses and greenhouses were arranged in the garden, in which ornamental plants and crops were grown. Over time, the garden became of L yublennym vacation spot of townspeople . Divided into decorative and experienced side, he had a regular I -polar layout. The area Predna s The values for the rest, was broken pine and oak avenues and planted with decorative plants . In the lower part of the park was arranged an artificial pond with an island and l etnim pavilion on it.
With the arrival of E.O.Baum, large-scale landscaping works are unfolding in the city. His efforts in many places of the region opened nurseries. There were 25 of all state-owned forest nurseries arranged with funds from a forest loan, not counting Vernensky Grove and Zharkent Garden [14].
E.O.Baum made a lot of efforts so that every county, every settlement had either a state grove or a fruit garden. A vivid example of this is the groves in Vernensk district, consisting of different tree species. They occupied up to 200 acres. These were the so-called Verny grove plantation which began in 1868 and which in 1900 covered an area used olee 78 tithes and grove, planted in 1892, in the northern part of the city . Residents of the Faithful she is called the Baum Grove [14].
In the 70s of the XIX century the church garden was laid out, at the beginning of the XX century it was called Pushkin Garden, in 1927 - steam to the Federation. During the war years, at the request of the townspeople, the park was renamed in honor of 28 Panfilov's guards . By the beginning of the twentieth century, more than two and a half thousand hectares of gardens were planted in the city and the surrounding villages .
The traditions of urban development laid down by the Committee for the Construction of the Administrative Center of the Semirechensk Region of the city of Verny city continued in subsequent years. The city, which grew up on the basis of the Russian fortification of Verny, set to protect the borders of the empire from China, and which had a typical provincial character until the implementation of its first general plan of 1937, soon began to acquire metropolitan features.
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