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MODERN LANDSCAPE ORGANIZATION OF THE ALMATY CITY
Mulagulov G.A.
Mulagulov Grigoriy Andreyevich - Bachelor of Architecture, Postgraduate Student, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATBAYEV, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: the article is devoted to the topic of a review of the current landscape situation in the city of Almaty. The situation before the reorganization of public places and the landscape in the city is examined, and a parallel with the current situation is drawn.
Keywords: landscape, landscape architecture, public places, city reorganization, urban environment development.
The landscape architecture of public places is an integral part of public areas. The use of landscape architecture as the main component in building the human environment is a strong point in the design of public places, as it expands the boundaries of the possibilities of creating a comfortable environment.
Recently, the city of Almaty has been reorganizing public places. All improvements and updates are for the good of the city. Large pedestrian areas are affected, the city is provided with a new pedestrian boulevard, comfortable rest areas are arranged, sidewalks are improved, paving stones are laid on them.
The city of Almaty needs the need to update public areas. In the field of landscape, mass reorganizations and updates have not been made before, just as a qualitative approach to pedestrian zones has not been noticed in order to create a comfortable environment. So from the time of the city of Verny, the construction of important gardens and parks to this day began.
In 1856, in the floodplain of the Malaya Almatinka River, the "State Garden" was founded, occupying 42 hectares. After 79 years, the park received the name "Gorky Park", and since 1980 -the Central Park of Culture and Rest named after "Gorky Park". This oldest park in the territory of present-day Almaty is still a resting place for citizens and has a well-maintained territory [1].
Another large landscaped green area of the city appeared in the 1870s at the site of the village cemetery, later called the Pushkin Garden. The park changed its name regularly and only in 1942 received its current name - Park Named After Panfilov's 28 Guardsmen.
In 1932, the main botanical garden was founded on an area of about 100 hectares, engaged in the cultivation of ornamental plants. The park is a vast green area with sidewalks and recreation places for citizens. With the collapse of the USSR, the territory of the Almaty Botanical Garden, located in the elite area of the city, began to be of interest to large business developers. In 2006,
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the Botanical Garden was included in the list of "Specially Protected Natural Territories of Republican Significance". However, the number of people wishing to take possession of the elite territory of the garden has not decreased. This question remains open to this day [1].
Green building in Almaty took on a large scale during the postwar five-year plans. All existing parks received an updated landscape organization and the development of a pedestrian connection system. The improvement of city streets and sidewalks has also reached a new level of quality. More durable and high-quality tree species were planted and flower beds were ennobled.
After the construction of the Government House (now KBTU) in 1957, the spread square on Lenin Square, located near the monumental building, gained great popularity. Citizens nicknamed this square "the area of flowers" [2].
As of January 1, 1962, the green area per each resident of Alma-Ata was about 85 m2, in the next seven years the area increased to 140 m2 per inhabitant of the city. In addition, it was planned to increase up to 250 m2 until 1977, which, unfortunately, was not possible even today [3].
By decision of the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, D.A. Kunaev in 1975 created the New Square of the capital of Kazakhstan (so named in 1980), renamed in 1990 in the Republic Square. A large green massif has been planted around the square, a park has been organized behind the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan (now Almaty Akimat), and there is an alley along the central axis from the square towards Abay Avenue (Fig. 1). Currently, the square is one of the favorite places of citizens, as well as a place for wedding photo shoots [1].
Fig. 1. Panorama of the Republic Square [4]
Over 70% of the available greenery was planted during the years of Soviet power.
After the collapse of the USSR and the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the city of Almaty was the financial and economic center of the country. From the late 90s to 2008, the city experienced a period of economic boom and intensive construction. The construction of the underground railway took a long time, its opening was postponed many times, and, on December 1, 2011, the long-awaited opening of the subway took place. Now, on the site of Alatau station, one can observe the development of public space [5]. Nowadays, this is a young park, which will soon become a beautiful and blooming green massif, where citizens will walk and relax.
The first 15 years of independence in Almaty was dominated by the construction of residential and administrative centers, which continues to this day. Landscaping of the city in terms of
landscape began about 10 years ago and is actively ongoing now. Already, to a large extent, the transformed city is rapidly ennobled and landscaped.
In 2010, a large landscape array of the city was opened - the Park named after the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Along with the Baum grove, laid more than a hundred years ago, the Park named after the first President became yet another "lung" of the city. The park occupies an impressive 50 hectares of area and has become a favorite place for citizens, especially on wedding days. The opening of the park was a serious step towards the approach to greening the city, creating high-quality park areas.
In 2011, the first bicycle path appeared in Almaty, and it became the first in Kazakhstan and throughout Central Asia. By the end of 2017, there were more than 60 km of bicycle paths in the city. Now the city has a large number of bicycle parking. In mid-2017, the city began to build the BRT line (high-speed bus transport). This is aimed at reducing the use of the number of personal vehicles by citizens and creating a green eco-friendly city.
Much attention is also paid to the improvement of pedestrian zones. One of the first was reorganized Panfilova Street into a pedestrian boulevard with many small architectural forms, places of recreation, playgrounds and good lighting (Fig. 2). At the time of the creation of the pedestrian zone on Panfilova Street, a pedestrian boulevard was functioning in the city - Almaty Arbat (Zhibek-Zholy street), which has the status of the most walking street in the city. At the moment, the city continues to create a pedestrian network that permeates the city.
Fig. 2. View of the Kazakh State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater named after Abay from the pedestrian
boulevard on Panfilov Street
In the coming years, there is the prospect of reorganizing the Baum Grove into a kind of central city park similar to New York Central Park. Such an approach creates a perspective in the development of this district of the city - the creation of a new financial and business center of the city here.
Today, the city has transformed, the arrangement of the urban environment, including public places, through the renewal of coatings and a new high-quality approach to landscape improvement, actually played a big role in updating the city. But there is a lack of greening standards for the city, this indicator is quite small, but we still do not fit into it - at least 10 m2 per inhabitant of the city [6, 7]. While 50 years ago, the actual ratio of landscaping per person was about six and a half times greater in favor of landscaping the city.
Another problem associated with the landscape is the lack of attention to gardening in the courtyards of residential areas. In fact, the territories are in the jurisdiction of CAO (cooperative of apartment owners) and therefore the city department of improvement does not pay attention to these areas. Moreover, the estimated area of landscaping norms is taken from the sum of city parks and squares, the internal area of residential areas is simply not taken into account, and it is precisely this that is the common space of courtyard territories [8].
During the period of development of the city to its current state, a large number of landscaped areas and parks appeared in Almaty, which are important, both in environmental and aesthetic terms.
Today, Almaty is considered the leader in landscaping the urban environment in comparison with other cities of the Republic. Adhering to the further active development of urban improvement, Almaty can become a "Green City" and serve as a good example in the reorganization of the environment.
Speaking of the renewal of the city, in addition to aesthetic beauty, the situation is designed to "make culture" the urban population, to educate a careful attitude to the environment in people and arouse a sense of value of the environment. This is an important task today and in our current situation, among other things, we can say that the task must be effective and its result directed towards the future.
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