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62URBAN PLANNING CONCEPTS OF THE CAPITAL CITIES
OF KAZAKHSTAN
1 2 Donchenko S.A. , Samoilov K.I.
1Donchenko Semen Aleksandrovich - Bachelor of Arts (Architecture), Postgraduate Student;
2Samoylov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of Architecture, Professor, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: the article describes the features of the development concept of the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Nur-Sultan city, and two historical cultural centers that had previously performed the functions of the capital city- Almaty and Kzyl-Orda.
Keywords: development trends, architectural style, urban planning practice, urban infrastructure, architecture object.
The development of large megacities was connected either with the industrial factor, the so-called "city-forming enterprises" around which a city or settlement was formed, or this city was an important center in the administrative and political plan, combining also the function of a cultural center.
The approach to the creation and design of new cities was a difficult task, since from the project stage to the stage of full implementation, a time factor was needed, just like any large object, it passes the "test of time".
Historically, such objects are iconic, their value lies precisely in this, since they can also serve as peculiar dominants, being part of the urban landscape, and forming, together with other similar objects, the conceptual development of neighborhoods, streets, districts, etc. The following details are important here: this is a stylistic unity, the height of buildings, and density of buildings.
In the urban development practice of Kazakhstan, a significant role is played by the development and development concepts of three historically significant cities: Kzyl-Orda, Almaty, Nur-Sultan. These cities are not only large administrative and cultural centers, but they are also united by their affiliation as historical centers, inextricably linked with the history of Kazakhstan, and the development of domestic architecture.
Urban planning concepts in the first half of the 1920s were closely related to the influence of general development trends in the architecture of the USSR, since this influence, coupled with the use of national motives and partly architectural traditions, had a significant impact on the concept of urban development, especially with a capital status.
This can be fully observed on the example of the city of Kzyl-Orda (the capital since 1925) [3], where the basis of the general plan (architect I. V. Ryangin, engineer M. T. Tynyshpayev) of the development of the city center was laid radial planning system, the center of which was the territory of the former fortress. It was from the fortress that the main city highways [1] were fanning, along which the main administrative buildings and cultural institutions should be located. The construction of residential buildings (architect S. Andrievsky, 1925) for employees of republican organizations and members of the government should be single-story houses [1], which are residential blocks, divided into sections, thereby recalling a similar modern technology for the construction of residential buildings: the so-called "town houses". The entrance to this building was through an open area built into the volume of the house and acting as a veranda, where the roof of the building was supported by columns made of wood and decorated with national ornaments, which generally referred to similar structures in the architecture of Central Asian countries, especially the palace complex Tash-Hauli located in the old city of Khiva [4].
A constructive innovation was a peculiar "synthesis" of the Constructivism style and elements of traditional techniques for Central Asian architecture — the use of flat roofs, which are also an exploited space, in this case, using the example of the city club building and the building of an agricultural bank (architect N. Lvov, 1927), where the use of a motif characteristic of eastern
architecture of an open gallery consisting of lancet arches, and a dome crowning the central risalit, which is the dominant feature on the facade of the building, is special features [1].
Also of interest is the building of the city executive committee, p. 1927, which is a two-story building, L-shaped in plan, a feature of which is the facade of the building, decorated with 3 symmetrically located risalits, slightly advanced forward with respect to the rest of the facade plane, and as a whole, already representing a style close to early Soviet classicism [2, p. 14-28].
In the period from 1925 to 1930, public and administrative buildings were erected conceptually and stylistically in Kzyl-Orda, responding in their appearance as foreign analogues in architecture, especially to architects constructivists, in particular, the work of Le Corbusier (Villa " Savoy ") -here the building of the city club has similar features, it also has an exploited roof, structures on the 2nd floor level, which have both decorative and practical applications, such as sun protection, and as the basis for decorative climbing plants, etc.
By the beginning of the 1930s, in the architecture of the USSR and the Union republics, a fuzzy but still increasingly gaining momentum transition from avant-garde styles to more moderate and impressive styles, in particular to Soviet classicism (the school of architect Zholtovsky) [5, p. 50], which in the future will play a significant role in the stylistic design of building facades, which is also an important factor for creating the concept of building a city space.
The next stage in the formation of the domestic concept of urban development was the experience of developing a master plan of the city of Almaty, associated with the subsequent transfer of the capital.
Here already exists a fundamentally different street planning system, which was formed in the pre-revolutionary period. So for Alma-Ata in 1934, the development of a master plan was started, completed by 1936 by specialists from the Moscow Architecture and Planning Workshop No. 1 (architects A. I. Repkin and I. S. Gurevich) [6].
According to the plan, the population of the city by the end of the 60s was to grow from 71 thousand (data for 1929) to 400 thousand people who would live in one of the most picturesque and comfortable cities of the USSR. But in fact, in 1969, there were already 684 thousand people in Alma-Ata. When planning, natural factors were taken into account, such as elevation of the relief from north to south, its use to create an irrigation system, as well as providing the best view of the Zailiysky Alatau mountains [6].
Experts paid attention to the seismological situation in the city, they allowed the construction of brick and reinforced concrete buildings up to four floors high, and the construction of 6-7 storey buildings along highways. In addition, the danger of earthquakes required the creation of wide avenues and green areas to quickly unload buildings in the event of a cataclysm. Vast green belts also played an important role in the mudflow protection of the city - wide green belts should have appeared along the rivers. The plan preserved a rectangular grid of streets that existed in the city of Verny (Fig. 1), dividing the city into quarters with an area of 8-9 hectares [6].
According to the general plan, the main mass of the city was limited to the Malaya Almatinka river in the east, Bolshaya Almaty in the west, Tashkent street (Raiymbek batyr ave.) In the north, and in the south the city border passed near the current Timiryazev street.
In the stylistic plan, in the development of Almaty (Fig. 1), the first buildings in the style of Constructivism appeared in the early stages, in particular, the Chekist town located on ul. Nauryzbay-batyr [8], the building of the government house (architect M. Ginzburg), the building of the central Main Post Office and the telegraph, and buildings that have a transitional type — from constructivism to early soviet classicism — the main railway department of TURKSIBA, the house of ministries.
Abylay-Khan Ave. should have been the main thoroughfare, which at the same time played the role of the city-forming axis, but in the future this role was assigned to them. K. Baiseitova.
With the release of the law of November 4, 1955 No. 1871 "On eliminating excesses in design and construction", a departure from classical styles in architecture begins [7]. The classic style is being replaced by the Modernism style, sometimes combining the elements of functionalism and futurism. During this period, the buildings of the Palace of the Republic (formerly named after V.I.Lenin), the building of the Alma-Ata hotel, the building of the central library, which closed
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Abylay Khan Avenue, were built, and as a whole, the design of the new gene gradually begins. city plan, providing for the transfer of the administrative center of the city to the south, closer to Satpayev Ave.
By 1974, a new master plan was prepared providing for the construction of a new center-square, located on Satpayev Avenue, now the republic's square [9, p. 70], with an ensemble of buildings of the ministries symmetrically closing the square from the flanks together with residential buildings of 18-story buildings, and the main dominant-government house, located on a hill.
At the turn of the late 1960s and early 1970s, a number of major reconstructions of the central highways of the city were carried out: large administrative and residential buildings were erected along Dostyk Avenue, including the Political Education House, the Kazakhstan Hotel [10], an ensemble of residential buildings with premises for 1 floors for public institutions, a number of multi-storey buildings are being erected, the Republican Palace of Pioneers is being erected, residential buildings at the intersection of Dostyk Ave. Satpayev.
It is planned to build a new highway that would connect Raiymbek ave and the upper part of the city. The role of this highway is given first to the street. Zholdasbekova, but later Al-Farabi Ave., crossing the East bypass road, became such a highway.
In the early 1980s, Al-Farabi Avenue was actively expanding, and Abay Avenue was being improved. These two avenues are major connecting highways in the upper part of the city (in addition to Satpayev Ave. and Timiryazev St.).
Under this project, it was planned to develop the territory and behind the government house, up to Al-Farabi Ave., surrounded by the complex of Samal-1 and Samal-2 microdistricts on the east side, and by the complex of public buildings on the west side, but in this part it was later built only the Intercontinental Hotel [14, p. 693-697], and of the projected ones, only the Telecentre building was erected. In the western part of Al-Farabi Ave., the campus of the University named after Al-Farabi (formerly named after Kirov), which includes a campus, sports grounds, etc.
In the period from the 1970s to the 1980s, the building of the state museum of the republic, the building of the president's residence, the circus building, and the Kazakh Drama Theater were built. M. Auezov, Russian Drama Theater. M. Yu. Lermontov, bath complex "Arasan", etc.
By the beginning of the 1990s-2000s, after the capital was transferred to Nur-Sultan (Astana), despite the official loss of the capital status, some of the previously developed projects to continue the development of the southern part of the city were partially implemented, in particular in the construction of the complex " Nurly-Tau ", along the axis almost coinciding with the axis of Bayseitova street.
There was also a project for the development of new satellite cities along the highway in Kapchagai, according to the project, 4 mini-cities are being built near the metropolis, united into one conglomerate city: Gate City ("Gate"), Golden City ("Golden City"), Growing City ("Growing City"), Green City ("Green City"), (Fig. 2). The total built-up area, according to the plan, reaches 8006.7 hectares [13], satellite cities had to combine different zones, but for some reason this project was not implemented. Currently, a new project is being implemented, with the attraction of investments for the development of administrative buildings along Al-Farabi Ave. from Dostyk Ave. to Seifullin Ave., where the administrative buildings-complex of the financial center of Almaty were also partially built.
Thus, the main streets in the urban planning system play an important role: Dostyk Ave., Nazarbayev Ave., Abylay-Khan Ave., but the main highway or street that could serve as the city-forming axis in Almaty was not formed, since st. Baiseitova, who previously had a similar role, still does not represent a single whole space, both in stylistic image and in spatial-volumetric quality. The new master plan for the development of Almaty was approved in 2003, for a period until 2020. Since 2011, development is underway to create a new master plan, the validity of the new master plan for development is indicated until 2050. From 2012 to in 2016, new territories were included in the city, which proportionally expanded the boundaries of the city, especially the Medeu and Almaly districts of Almaty [16].
A new stage in the domestic history of urban development began at the turn of the 1990s and early 2000s. The formation of the capital's ensembles and the concept of development itself is carried out according to the project of the Japanese architect K. Kurokawa [15], such significant structures as integral symbolic and architectural ensemble appear, but using different styles (Astana Opera Theater building, the triumphal arch Migilik El, the residence building of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Ak-Orda"), (Fig. 4), from classic to modern (the Astana-Baiterek monument, the Palace of Independence, the Palace of Peace and Accord, heritage sites of Expo-2017) [12] to create a harmonious look of the modern city , where all objects of architecture and styles are subordinated to a single idea - to convey all the best achievements of mankind in the field of architecture, and to understand what the "city of the future" will look like, which is displayed in the book "Kazakhstan's Way" by President N. A. Nazarbayev: "Astana is a sign city, a dream sign embodied in reality "[11].
The development of the city of Nur-Sultan in 2005-2016 was proceeding rapidly, a number of objects were built that are important in the design of the urban space, since they are the dominants of this space and close either the perspective or even being free-standing. an island building are also dominant for the surrounding space - such objects as: Khan-Shatyr, the palace of peace and harmony, which is a pyramidal building, the house of ministries, which forms a rounded square, a number of residential complexes: for example, Triumph residential complex, made in the characteristic style of Stalin's skyscrapers [14, p. 834-835], buildings located along the embankment of the Yesil River (Ishim).
So, to ensure the stable growth of urban infrastructure, K. Kurokawa applied the principle of metabolism to the system of planning and functional zoning, a combination of a strong frame and mobile, replaceable elements. According to the project of K. Kurokawa, the task was also to preserve the old center, harmonious combination and interaction of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, modern architecture, static stable and variable elements of the architectural ensemble.
The highways connecting Nur-Sultan with the main administrative centers form three directions - the southern highway leading to the Nur-Sultan airport, and two priority directions -leading to the north and southeast towards Karaganda. It is in this direction that the city's territory is expected to grow and expand in accordance with K. Kurokawa's proposed linear zoning along the main waterway of the Esil River city. A number of features can be noted that determined the perception of the architectural appearance of Nur-Sultan, especially the sections of the linear center-avenue of the Republic, where traffic is moving in a southerly direction, a perspective effect is created - as you approach the central bridge, the height and building area increase, the building area opens up with free space with wide panorama of the Left Bank. According to the linear principle of building the structure of the urban plan, perpendicular to the main street are secondary, forming nodes of intersections and squares, which are attracted by important city-wide structures that require significant space.
A special thematic zoning of the territories forming the main highway (business zone, trade zone) took into account the old layout of Tselinograd-Akmola, some of the existing sections could not be transformed to new functions [17].
The new administrative center of Nur-Sultan (Fig. 3-4) is connected to the central avenue of the Republic by a bridge over the Yesil River and a wide transport highway. The steppe landscape contributes to the formation of wide open prospects, the new part of the city has a clearer planning structure-linear zoning according to the sketch of the plan of K. Kurokawa, including the green zone of the river. Yesil, a river town and a new administrative center [17].
The administrative center of Nur-Sultan is represented by a vast territory connected by a long esplanade - "water-green boulevard". In the center of the esplanade is a series of fountains along the landscaping zone. The Esplanade is functionally divided into three zones: central, western and eastern. At the entrance from the side of the city, Zapadnaya Square is indicated by a kind of "gate", an arch formed by the building of the Ministry of Energy, semicircular in plan. The structure of the area itself is represented by a system of flowing spaces located at different levels, which contributes to a consistent visual perception [17]. The dominant feature of the square is the building of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, which fixes the highest western point
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in the silhouette of the administrative center. The next dominant along the route is the Baiterek monument, located on the intersection axis of the main perpendicular axes of the central square. The prospect of the square ends with the Ak-Orda president's residence located on the main axis. Despite the small size of the structure, its central position is emphasized by the general nature of the construction of the Eastern Square and the entire Administrative Center [17]. Only two Baiterek monument structures and the president's residence are located clearly on the main axis of the center. The main axis of the center is continued beyond its main part. It crosses the water zone and passes in the east to the axis of the hill, which is the foundation of the Palace of Peace and Concord; in the West, the axis ends with an area on which the Khan-Shatyr shopping and entertainment center, designed by Norman Foster, rises 150 m [17].
The originality of the architectural appearance of the capital is due to the originally laid down principle of synthesis, mixing styles and concepts, a symbiosis of architectural and artistic traditions and approaches [17].
The development of innovative methods of designing and planning modern urban spaces creates certain elements of analogy, which can be seen in the conceptual development of the central districts of the cities of Nur-Sultan and Almaty. The use of diverse and stylistically heterogeneous techniques in the design of building facades creates an atmosphere that characterizes the features of modern architecture, and as a result, the conceptual development of new areas of the city.
The concept of further development of the capital city of Nur Sultan (Fig. 3) is closely connected with the trends of world architecture, the development of the city of Almaty, a major metropolis in the southern part of the country, is similarly taking place.
Fig. 1. Рlan Alma-Ata (Almaty), 1959-1962 (http://www.help-rus-student.ru/text/02/199.htm)
Fig. 2. 2-concept of 4 satellite cities in the city of Almaty (https://www.kn.kz/news/42211/)
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Fig. 3. Sketch of the development of the administrative center of Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana) (http: / /www.berlogos.ru/article/simbioz-starogo-i-novogo-v-gradostroitelstve-kisyo-kurokavy/)
Fig. 4. Аdjustment of the development of the general plan of the city of Nur-Sultan until 2030 (http://astana.gov .kz / ru /page /genplan)
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