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ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF THE CANBERRA Donchenko SA.1, Samoilov K.I.2
1Donchenko Semen Alexandrovich - Bachelor of Arts (Architecture), Post Graduate Student;
2Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of Sciences (Architecture), Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: the article describes the formation of the new capital of Australia, the city of Canberra, describes the stages of the city's construction, and analyzes its development from manifestation to modernity as a major metropolitan metropolis.
Keywords: image of a new city, "ideal" city, zone structure, Australian community, "forest capital", "parliamentary triangle."
The development of new theories in urban planning practice at the beginning of the 20th century marked the emergence of ideas about more progressive and comfortable urban agglomerations, where the entire infrastructure is maximally adapted to the ergonomic needs of a person, and would correspond to his needs.
These ideas are not new in themselves; their prototypes have been known since the end of the 16th century [6, p. 95]. Australia, as a colony of the British Empire, has existed for many decades, and the rapid growth of industry and production as well as political influence on this continent justified the need to build a new political, economic and cultural center of the Australian Commonwealth - the choice was made in favor of a completely new city, which was supposed to be built on new place. The new city was equidistant from the two economic and cultural centers of Australia-Sydney and Melbourne, which led to parity between the two centers. The new capital was named Canberra. The name Canberra comes from the language of the aborigines and means "meeting place." The first European settlers in this territory were back in the 1820s [1]. Several competitions took place for the development of a master plan and a concept for the development of a new city with the notions inherent in that time about the most comfortable urban environment — this was expressed primarily in a large number of parks, squares, and in general the wide landscaping of most territories. Most cities in Australia are located along the coast of the ocean, due to environmental and climatic factors. Australia's second largest city, Sydney, is located on the coast, but it serves as a cultural and economic center.
In 1908, a competition was held for the best project of the capital city of the Australian Union, and in 1913 the project of Chicago architects Walter Burley and Marion Mahoney Griffin was adopted, which is why Australians called the capital "bush capital" (translated from English as "forest capital").
Despite the fact that the First World War and the Great Depression prevented the growth and development of the city, Canberra became a prosperous city after the Second World War.
As the seat of the Australian government, Canberra is the seat of the Australian Parliament, the Supreme Court, and numerous ministries and agencies. The city also has public and cultural institutions of national importance, such as the National Gallery of Australia and the National Museum of Australia. The federal government makes the largest contribution to the gross domestic product of the city and is the largest employer in Canberra [2].
The Molonglo River flows through the city, which in one of the places is blocked by a dam to maintain the water level in the artificial Burley Griffin Lake, located in the center of Canberra [2]. In the northwestern part, Molonglo flows into the Marrambidgee River (English Murrumbidgee), which flows in a northwestern direction towards the city of Iasi in New South Wales [2]. Within the Australian Capital Territory, near the Oaks Estate, the Queanbeyan River flows into the Molonglo River. Several streams also flow into the Molonglo and Marrambigi rivers, for example, Jerrabomberra Creek and Yarralumla Creek. Two of the streams, Ginninderra (Eng. Ginninderra) and Taggeranong (Eng. Tuggeranong), are blocked by dams, and they form the lakes Ginninderra (Eng. Ginninderra) and Taggeranong (Eng. Tuggeranong), [2], [3, p. 24-25]. Before Lake Burley Griffin appeared, Canberra was constantly flooded.
Canberra is based on a city plan developed by the American architect Walter Burley Griffin, one of the largest American architects of the 20th century [3, p. 26-27]. The city center has a system of radial and ring streets and is divided into two perpendicular axes: the water axis stretching along Burley Griffin Lake, and the land axis stretching north-east from the Parliament Building along ANZAC Parade Street to English. Australian War Memorial at the foot of Mount Ainsley. The territory known as the "Parliamentary Triangle" is formed by three axes: the first extends from Capital Hill, where the parliament building is located, along Commonwealth Avenue to the business center around City Hill, the second along Constitution Avenue. Constitution Avenue) to Defense County (Eng. Defense precinct) on Russell Hill (Eng. Russell Hill), the third -along Kings Avenue (Eng. Kings Avenue) to Capital Hill (Eng. Capital Hill).
The layout of the rest of Canberra comes from three hills surrounding the city: Ainsley, Black Mountain and Bimbury [4].
The urban part of Canberra has a zone structure: districts, urban centers, suburbs, industrial areas and villages stand out in it. The city is divided into seven districts, each of which is divided into districts and has its own commercial and social center [5, p. 64-65]. The districts were populated in the following order:
North Canberra: The county was inhabited in the 1920s and 1930s and subsequently expanded until the 1960s. Currently includes 14 districts [2].
South Canberra: Occupied from 1920 to 1960. Consists of 12 districts.
Woden Valley: first populated in 1963. 12 districts [2].
Belconnen (born Belconnen): first populated in 1967. 25 districts [2].
Weston Creek: Occupied in 1969. 8 areas.
Taggeranong (English Tuggeranong): populated in 1974. 19 districts.
Gangalin (born Gungahlin): populated in the 1990s. Currently 7 districts, planned expansion.
The Canberra North and South counties are for the most part based on Walter Burley Griffin's plan. In 1967, the National Capital Development Commission adopted the so-called "Y-plan", a plan for the future urban development of Canberra around a series of commercial and commercial areas, known as "urban centers" and interconnected by expressways, the location of which resembles the letter Y: at the base Y Taggeranong district is located, and at the ends are Belkonnen and Gangalin [4]. The development of Canberra, including urban planning and land use, is under the full control of the government. All land in the Australian Capital Territory is leased for a period of 99 years from the national government [4].
Most areas of the city have their own shops and, at the same time, are located near the larger shopping center, which serves several neighboring areas. Utilities and schools are often located near local shops or shopping centers. Many areas of Canberra are named after former Prime
Ministers of Australia, famous citizens of the country, early settlers or use names derived from the languages of Australian Aborigines [2].
The streets in certain areas of the city have a certain theme, for example, the streets in the Page area (English Page) bear the names of famous biologists and naturalists, and in the Duffy area (English Duffy) - Australian dams and dams. Foreign diplomatic missions are mainly located in the areas of Yarralumla (Eng. Yarralumla), Deakin (Eng. Deakin) and O'Malley (Eng. O'Malley). The three industrial districts of the city are Fyshwick, Mitchell, and Hume [2].
The old parliament building is distinguished by its monumentality and horizontal development, divided into three equal parts, each of which is crowned with a monumental attic, which also repeats the main direction of the facade line of the building. The decoration of the building is practically minimized, and is manifested only in the form of window openings and rusts at the corners of the building and the main risalits. The building is symmetrical in plan, closes the central axis of Canberra, and is its semantic end. On the central axis, behind the old parliament building, is the complex of buildings of the new parliament building, opened in 1988. The ensemble of the new parliament building is a complex of buildings built into an artificial hill, the height of which ranges from 4 to 5 floors of buildings built into it. Crowns the flagpole with a height of 81 m.
The development style of Canberra is mainly represented by individual buildings and practically does not differ in regularity, with the exception of the central district of the city, which also carries a semantic load. Initially, it was planned to build up Canberra with symmetrically located architectural ensembles located along the central highways and city squares.
But later on because the economic crisis (the Great Depression) and some other objective reasons this plan was abandoned, and it was only partially implemented.
The central part of the city is a round square, as planned according to the plan of M.M. Griffin and WB Griffin, encircling a complex of government buildings, as well as streets and avenues diverging from it. The main array of buildings is characterized by a large number of green spaces, and free visual spaces.
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