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23THE ARCHITECTURAL SPECIFIC OF KZYLORDA CITY IN THE CAPITAL OF KAZAKHSTAN STATUS (1925-1929) Donchenko S.A.1, Samoilov K.I.2
'Donchenko Semen Alexandrovich — Bachelor of Arts (Architecture);
2Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich — Doctor of sciences (Architecture), Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, SATBAYEV UNIVERSITY, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: the architecture of the capitals has a number of features that distinguish it from other cities. Complexes of administrative buildings become the main ensembles. From this point of view, the city of Kzylorda, which was the capital of Kazakhstan in '925-1929, is of interest.
Keywords: architectural style, metropolitan architecture, architecture of the '920s, Kzylorda, "brick style", national style, constructivism, regular planning.
UDC 72.036 (574)
Founded in 1820 and becoming a city in 1867, the settlement, successively named Kamisty, Ak-Mechet, Perovsk, in 1925 received the status of the capital of the Republic and was renamed Kzylorda. By this time, the city had 941 households, including 126 municipalized houses [1; 2; 3]. The most notable were the buildings built at the turn of the century: Aitbay Mosque, Temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, city bathhouse, barracks, a complex of buildings of the Orenburg-Tashket railway station (station, depot, train brigade hotel, prosecutor's office, water tower) [4; 5; 6]. The architectural and artistic solution of these buildings was based on various interpretations of the Art Nouveau style and the "brick style" [4; 7; 8].
The Government Commission was instructed to leave for Ak-Mosque on February 20, 1925, and by March 10, 1925 it was supposed to provide the results of a survey of municipal and other houses, find suitable premises for government offices and government agencies, for servants' apartments, hotels, bathhouses, clubs, theaters, cinema, warehouses, etc.
The commission was to find the opportunity to accommodate 83 government agencies and 1,300 employees with families. In addition, she was required to examine the sanitary condition of the city, water supply, heating, dams and irrigation systems.
It was necessary to find suburban areas to determine the direction of future growth of the city, plan the city according to a certain line and draw up a master plan. The commission was led by A. Kenzhin, the Construction Bureau was headed by A.V. Budassi. One of the results of the Commission's work was a map of the city (Fig. 1).
The architect I.V.Ryangin was invited to the capital from Orenburg [9]. He believed that Kzyl-Orda, as the capital, would become the center of administrative, cultural and commercial life and would cause a large influx of people, he proposed to draw up a "regulatory" plan for 40 years from 1925 to 1965. Architect Ryangin gave the following calculation of population growth: in 1925 - 10 thousand inhabitants, in 1935 -25.6 thousand inhabitants, in 1955 - 55 thousand, in 1965 - 81 thousand. All work on surveying and leveling the land took place under the direct supervision and supervision of engineer M.Tynyshpayev.
In May 1925, I.V.Ryangin presented a draft version of the "regulatory" plan. The architect assigned the main administrative center of Kazakhstan to the main principles of the draft urban planning plan for the new capital: the main administrative buildings are grouped around the central square, the connection of the main central square with the station via a wide street with an average boulevard is the main street of the future city. The first part of it from the station is supposed to be rebuilt with commercial buildings. On the central square - the administrative center of the theater type, it can serve as congresses of the Soviets - it should be a monumental building of artistic processing, it offers a perspective view from all converging streets. All buildings in the central square are preferably processed in the same architectural style so that it produces a harmonious artistic impression. All quarters were numbered for registration of allotted plots.
A special commission recognized the proposed plan as acceptable. A Master plan of the city was created: the location of the future growth of the city in the north-east direction and the development of empty plots in the existing city were established. A detailed breakdown of the Plan of the future city, with the application of parks, boulevards, gardens, market squares, was not carried out because of the limited time. According to the documents of the construction committee, it was planned to build about 150 buildings in Kzylorda in two years. The construction of the capital in 1926-1927 took place more or less systematically [10].
Close attention was focused on the architectural and artistic design of buildings. The innovative approach has formed three directions of the search for the architectural style corresponding to the capital: neoclassicism, national style, constructivism (Fig.1).
The national-traditional direction, represented by the theme of the yurt, was widespread in the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s. The only examples in the 1920s are the first half of the 1930s. Brick style is presented. Neo-
Russian style isolated examples found in the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s. only with the theme of wood carvings. The theme of figured masonry and stucco details during the period does not occur at all. The neo-Russian direction is represented by the theme of stucco and wood carvings, which occurs in the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s, disappears in the second half of the 1930s. Disappearing at the beginning of the 20th century, the Eastern direction reappeared, being represented by various new topics. Common in the previous period. A new neoclassical trend appears, presented by a number of topics. So the themes of individual classic details, Doric pilasters, a simplified Doric theme, as well as fantasy order themes. The new direction that has emerged is the combination of Constructivism with Simplified Classics, which was widespread in the 1920s and the first half of the 1930s. A new multi-dark National-Neoclassical trend appears. Single manifesting in the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s the theme of ornamented classic orders appears [11].
A peculiar appeal to the forms of classicism was manifested in the development of the quarter number 47 on the Malnev street in the city of Kzylorda (1925). The most notable is the house where the front corner entrance is formed by a semi-open low-dome rotunda, and four-column porticoes with three-quarter columns are used in the facades. Details demonstrate the interpretation of the Greco-Doric order, and paired spiral-shaped patterns resembling the Kazakh ornamental muiz motif (horn) are placed in the frieze of the porticoes [8].
The building of the Agricultural Bank on the Peace street in the city of Kzylorda (1927, architect N. Lvov) demonstrates variations on the theme of the arcade gallery and the portal-dome entrance pavilion. It is significant that the corners of the portals and the sections of the columns in the parapet area are highlighted with curly teeth, and the arcade itself has an original two-tier solution.
According to B.A.Glaudinov, "in the architectural and spatial composition, interpretation of the forms of many of these buildings, one can see the authors' aspirations to create a" Kazakh style ", based more on copying the architectural forms of past eras of Central Asian architecture" [12, p. 52].
Putting at the forefront in the national traditions of shaping the problem of taking into account the local climate and everyday life, as S.O.Khan-Magomedov notes, "the constructivists conducted this position most consistently in their theoretical and practical works" [13, p. 582]. The buildings, the design of which was based on this approach, are being erected in this period in many cities of Kazakhstan. So, built according to the designs of S.Andrievsky in 1925-1926. Residential buildings, a club and a village at the hospital in Kzylorda are one- or two-story buildings with indoor and outdoor galleries, smooth plastered mud-brick walls and rectangular windows. The entrance to the club building is in the form of an arched porch.
Fig. 1. 1 — The Map of the city of Kzylorda, commission of A. Kenzhin, 1925 [2]; 2 - The author of the improvement plan of the city of Kzylorda: architect I. V.Ryangin [9]; 3 - House, Malnev str., Kzylorda (1925) [8]; 4, 5 - Agricultural Bank Building, Peace str., the city of Kzylorda (1927, architect N. Lvov) [8]; 6 - The building of the Club of Kzylorda (1926, architect S. Andrievsky) [8; 13]; 7 - Residential buildings, the city of Kzylorda (1925, architect S. Andrievsky) [8, 13]
At the end of 1927, the Government of the republic decided to transfer the capital of Kazakhstan from
Kzyl-Orda to Alma-Ata, in May 1929 it moved to the new capital. The relocation of the capital partially
reduced the pace of new construction. However, the ideas for the development of Kzylorda, laid down in
1925, formed the basis of subsequent master plans.
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